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Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation
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Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2025) | Viewed by 8849

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Keimei Oh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan
Interests: plant science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Phytohormones are naturally occurring small organic molecules or substances that influence physiological processes in plants at very low concentrations. They are important chemical messengers or signals that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of plant hormone action contributes to the understanding of plant biology.

By now, various studies have highlighted the role of phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, and brassinosteroids (BRs) in plant growth and development. The involvement of abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates has been well established in the plant responses toward environmental stresses.

This Special Issue will focus on recent advances in the function and mechanism of phytohormones. We welcome novel original research related to the functions of phytohormones in plant growth, development, and environmental stress adaptation.

Dr. Keimei Oh
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • phytohormones
  • plant growth and development
  • environmental stress
  • regulation gene expression
  • new phytohormones
  • chemical regulation
  • chemical biology of phytohormones
  • molecular genetics
  • biochemistry
  • genetic regulation mechanism

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 3631 KiB  
Article
Metabolite Analysis of Camellia oleifera Fruit Pericarp Using UPLC-MS/MS: A Comparative Study of Three Oil Tea Varieties
by Shengqun Chen, Jiajuan Xu, Shuang Qu, Xia Jiang and Gang Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 11973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252211973 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 961
Abstract
Camellia oleifera, a widely cultivated woody oil crop, holds economic significance because of its ability to grow without encroaching on cultivated land. The pericarp of C. oleifera is abundant in flavonoids and phenolic acids, which offer significant nutritional benefits. This study used [...] Read more.
Camellia oleifera, a widely cultivated woody oil crop, holds economic significance because of its ability to grow without encroaching on cultivated land. The pericarp of C. oleifera is abundant in flavonoids and phenolic acids, which offer significant nutritional benefits. This study used metabolomic technology (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to discern metabolite variances in the pericarp of three C. oleifera types (COT, BFOT, and SFOT) during the maturity stage and subsequently analyzed and compared them. A total of 1117 metabolites were detected in the study, including 277 flavonoids, 221 phenolic acids, 108 lipids, 93 amino acids and their derivatives, 83 organic acids, 59 nucleotides and their derivatives, 57 alkaloids, 52 lignans, 44 tannins, 23 terpenoids, and 100 miscellaneous metabolites (such as sugars, alcohols, vitamins, and other unclassified substances). Clustering and PCA analyses revealed distinct separation of COT, BFOT, and SFOT, indicating variances in metabolites within the pericarp peels of these three C. oleifera types. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that 143 shared differential metabolites were primarily associated with amino acid biosynthesis. These findings are expected to significantly enhance the current knowledge of the C. oleifera pericarp and pave the way for future development and use efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation)
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27 pages, 19893 KiB  
Article
Abscisic Acid Affects Phenolic Acid Content to Increase Tolerance to UV-B Stress in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall.
by Xiangru Zhou, Fushuai Gong, Jiawei Dong, Xiaoru Lin, Kun Cao, Hongwei Xu and Xiaofu Zhou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021234 - 19 Jan 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1762
Abstract
The presence of the ozone hole increases the amount of UV radiation reaching a plant’s surface, and UV-B radiation is an abiotic stress capable of affecting plant growth. Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. (R. chrysanthum) grows in alpine regions, where strong UV-B radiation [...] Read more.
The presence of the ozone hole increases the amount of UV radiation reaching a plant’s surface, and UV-B radiation is an abiotic stress capable of affecting plant growth. Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. (R. chrysanthum) grows in alpine regions, where strong UV-B radiation is present, and has been able to adapt to strong UV-B radiation over a long period of evolution. We investigated the response of R. chrysanthum leaves to UV-B radiation using widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics. Although phytohormones have been studied for many years in plant growth and development and adaptation to environmental stresses, this paper is innovative in terms of the species studied and the methods used. Using unique species and the latest research methods, this paper was able to add information to this topic for the species R. chrysanthum. We treated R. chrysanthum grown in a simulated alpine environment, with group M receiving no UV-B radiation and groups N and Q (externally applied abscisic acid treatment) receiving UV-B radiation for 2 days (8 h per day). The results of the MN group showed significant changes in phenolic acid accumulation and differential expression of genes related to phenolic acid synthesis in leaves of R. chrysanthum after UV-B radiation. We combined transcriptomics and metabolomics data to map the metabolic regulatory network of phenolic acids under UV-B stress in order to investigate the response of such secondary metabolites to stress. L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and phenylpyruvic acid contents in R. chrysanthum were significantly increased after UV-B radiation. Simultaneously, the levels of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 2-phenylethanol, anthranilate, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, α-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid in this pathway were elevated in response to UV-B stress. In contrast, the study in the NQ group found that externally applied abscisic acid (ABA) in R. chrysanthum had greater tolerance to UV-B radiation, and phenolic acid accumulation under the influence of ABA also showed greater differences. The contents of 2-phenylethanol, 1-o-p-coumaroyl-β-d-glucose, 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid and 3-o-feruloylquinic ac-id-o-glucoside were significantly elevated in R. chrysanthum after external application of ABA to protect against UV-B stress. Taken together, these studies of the three groups indicated that ABA can influence phenolic acid production to promote the response of R. chrysanthum to UV-B stress, which provided a theoretical reference for the study of its complex molecular regulatory mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation)
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18 pages, 2720 KiB  
Article
New Brassinosteroid Analogs with 23,24-Dinorcholan Side Chain, and Benzoate Function at C-22: Synthesis, Assessment of Bioactivity on Plant Growth, and Molecular Docking Study
by Vanessa Aitken, Katy Diaz, Mauricio Soto, Andrés F. Olea, Mauricio A. Cuellar, Maria Nuñez and Luis Espinoza-Catalán
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(1), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010419 - 28 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of brassinosteroids (BRs) analogs with chemical modification in the side alkyl chain is a matter of current interest. Recently, a series of BR analogs with phenyl or benzoate groups in the alkyl chain have been reported. The effect [...] Read more.
The synthesis and biological evaluation of brassinosteroids (BRs) analogs with chemical modification in the side alkyl chain is a matter of current interest. Recently, a series of BR analogs with phenyl or benzoate groups in the alkyl chain have been reported. The effect of substitution in the aromatic ring on the biological activities of these new analogs has been evaluated, and the results suggest that the bioactivity is enhanced by substitution with an F atom. In this context, we have synthesized, characterized, and evaluated a series of new analogs of 23,24-bisnorcholenic type in which the benzoate group at the C-22 position is substituted with an F atom at “ortho or para” positions. Plant growth-promoting activities were evaluated by using the rice lamina inclination test and bean second internode biotest. The results obtained with both bioassays indicate that the compound with an F atom in the para position on the aromatic ring is the most active BR analog and in some cases is even more active than brassinolide. The docking study confirmed that compounds with an F atom adopt an orientation similar to that predicted for brassinolide, and the F atom in the “para” position generates an extra hydrogen bond in the predicted binding position. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation)
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25 pages, 6616 KiB  
Article
Drought Stress Alleviator Melatonin Reconfigures Water-Stressed Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plants’ Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Capacity, and Endogenous Phytohormone Profile
by Neveen B. Talaat
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(22), 16228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216228 - 12 Nov 2023
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 1976
Abstract
The production of crops is severely limited by water scarcity. We still do not fully understand the underlying mechanism of exogenous melatonin (MT)-mediated water stress tolerance in barley. This study is the first of its kind to show how MT can potentially mitigate [...] Read more.
The production of crops is severely limited by water scarcity. We still do not fully understand the underlying mechanism of exogenous melatonin (MT)-mediated water stress tolerance in barley. This study is the first of its kind to show how MT can potentially mitigate changes in barley’s physio-biochemical parameters caused by water deficiency. Barley was grown under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 30% of field capacity) and was foliar sprayed with 70 μM MT. The results showed that exogenously applied MT protected the photosynthetic apparatus by improving photosynthetic pigment content, photochemical reactions of photosynthesis, Calvin cycle enzyme activity, gas exchange capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence system, and membrane stability index. Furthermore, the increased levels of salicylic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, melatonin, and indole-3-acetic acid, as well as a decrease in abscisic acid, indicated that foliar-applied MT greatly improved barley water stress tolerance. Additionally, by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase and decreasing hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage, MT application lessened water stress-induced oxidative stress. According to the newly discovered data, MT application improves barley water stress tolerance by reprogramming endogenous plant hormone production and antioxidant activity, which enhances membrane stability and photosynthesis. This study unraveled MT’s crucial role in water deficiency mitigation, which can thus be applied to water stress management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation)
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Review

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21 pages, 2725 KiB  
Review
Sulfate Availability and Hormonal Signaling in the Coordination of Plant Growth and Development
by Anna Wawrzyńska and Agnieszka Sirko
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073978 - 3 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1923
Abstract
Sulfur (S), one of the crucial macronutrients, plays a pivotal role in fundamental plant processes and the regulation of diverse metabolic pathways. Additionally, it has a major function in plant protection against adverse conditions by enhancing tolerance, often interacting with other molecules to [...] Read more.
Sulfur (S), one of the crucial macronutrients, plays a pivotal role in fundamental plant processes and the regulation of diverse metabolic pathways. Additionally, it has a major function in plant protection against adverse conditions by enhancing tolerance, often interacting with other molecules to counteract stresses. Despite its significance, a thorough comprehension of how plants regulate S nutrition and particularly the involvement of phytohormones in this process remains elusive. Phytohormone signaling pathways crosstalk to modulate growth and developmental programs in a multifactorial manner. Additionally, S availability regulates the growth and development of plants through molecular mechanisms intertwined with phytohormone signaling pathways. Conversely, many phytohormones influence or alter S metabolism within interconnected pathways. S metabolism is closely associated with phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (AUX), brassinosteroids (BR), cytokinins (CK), ethylene (ET), gibberellic acid (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and strigolactones (SL). This review provides a summary of the research concerning the impact of phytohormones on S metabolism and, conversely, how S availability affects hormonal signaling. Although numerous molecular details are yet to be fully understood, several core signaling components have been identified at the crossroads of S and major phytohormonal pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation)
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