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NOD-like Receptors (NLRs) in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases
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NOD-like Receptors (NLRs) in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 7893

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hasan Zaki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
Interests: cell signaling; diet and metabolic disorders; gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer; gut microbiome; host–pathogen interaction; NOD-like receptors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sensing pathogen or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is the critical first step for an effective immune response against pathogens. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of PRRs which are dedicated to sensing pathogens and PAMPs in the cytoplasm. The biological functions of NLRs are diverse, and involve the assembly of the inflammasome complex, activation of the NF-kB and MAPK pathways, and inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways. Although the role of different NLR proteins in diverse microbial infections has been studied extensively, recent studies shed light on the critical role of NLRs in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This Special Issue aims to provide a summary of the role of NLRs in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

This Special Issue calls for original research, mini and full reviews, and perspectives that address the progress and current knowledge on the role of NLRs in diverse inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Reviews and original research focusing on the molecular mechanisms of NLR-mediated regulation of immune responses and cell signaling pathways are welcome.

Dr. Hasan Zaki
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1605 KiB  
Article
Sulfasalazine as an Immunomodulator of the Inflammatory Process during HIV-1 Infection
by Manuel G. Feria-Garzón, María T. Rugeles, Juan C. Hernandez, Jorge A. Lujan and Natalia A. Taborda
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(18), 4476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184476 - 11 Sep 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2991
Abstract
Background: HIV-1 induces an uncontrolled inflammatory response of several immune components, such as inflammasomes. These molecular complexes, associated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) activity, induce the maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18 and eventually induce pyroptosis. It has been previously demonstrated that HIV [...] Read more.
Background: HIV-1 induces an uncontrolled inflammatory response of several immune components, such as inflammasomes. These molecular complexes, associated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) activity, induce the maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18 and eventually induce pyroptosis. It has been previously demonstrated that HIV induces inflammasome activation, which is significantly lower in the gastrointestinal tissue and blood from people living with HIV-1 with spontaneous control of viral replication. Therefore, immunomodulatory agents could be useful in improving HIV prognosis. Objective: To evaluate the potential inhibitory effect of sulfasalazine (SSZ) on inflammasomes and TLRs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from people living with HIV and healthy donors. Methods: PBMCs were obtained from 15 people living with HIV and 15 healthy donors. Cells were stimulated with agonists of TLRs and inflammasomes and subsequently treated with SSZ. The concentration of IL-1β and the relative expression of NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP1, AIM2, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were quantified. Results: Cells treated with SSZ exhibited a decreased IL-1β production after inflammasome and TLR stimulation, as well as regulation of inflammasome-related genes, in both people with HIV and healthy individuals. The concentration of IL-1β was positively correlated with the CD4+ T-cell count and negatively with the viral load. Conclusion: Our results suggest that SSZ has an immunomodulatory effect on inflammasome and TLR activation that depends on the clinical HIV status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue NOD-like Receptors (NLRs) in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases)
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11 pages, 2273 KiB  
Article
THP-1 Cells and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production: An In Vitro Tool for Functional Characterization of NOD1/NOD2 Antagonists
by Žiga Jakopin and Emanuela Corsini
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(17), 4265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174265 - 30 Aug 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4609
Abstract
THP-1 cells express high levels of native functional nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), NOD2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptors, and have often been used for investigating the immunomodulatory effects of small molecules. We postulated that they would represent an ideal cell-based model [...] Read more.
THP-1 cells express high levels of native functional nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), NOD2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptors, and have often been used for investigating the immunomodulatory effects of small molecules. We postulated that they would represent an ideal cell-based model for our study, the aim of which was to develop a new in vitro tool for functional characterization of NOD antagonists. NOD antagonists were initially screened for their effect on NOD agonist-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. Next, we examined the extent to which the selected NOD antagonists block the NOD-TLR4 synergistic crosstalk by measuring the effect of NOD antagonism on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion from doubly activated THP-1 cells. Overall, the results obtained indicate that pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from THP-1 provides a valuable, simple and reproducible in vitro tool for functional characterization of NOD antagonists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue NOD-like Receptors (NLRs) in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases)
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