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Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 71418

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Special Issue Editor

Department of Drug Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
Interests: the HO-1/HO-2 system and DDAH/NOS pathway in different biological systems and physiopathological conditions; evaluation of the biological activity of natural and newly synthesized molecules capable of interfering with the activity of various enzymes such as dihydrofolate reductase, nitric oxide synthetase (nNOS, eNOS, iNOS), heme oxygenase (HO-1, HO-2); identification of the biochemical mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of nutraceuticals
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heme oxygenase (HO) is the enzyme that catalyzes the regioselective oxidative catabolism of heme, with the simultaneous release of carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and biliverdin, which is then reduced to bilirubin. The first consequence of this enzymatic activity is a cyto-protective effect in various stress-related conditions. Two main isoforms of heme oxygenase are present in humans: HO-1, inducible, and HO-2, constitutive. HO-1 may be induced in many organs and tissues by a variety of stimuli, such as the same substrate heme, heat shock, ROS and stressful conditions. Therefore, its critical role is cell protection against such insults. HO-1 may be both up- and down-regulated. During the past decade, a large number of studies have been carried out to delineate the diverse roles of HO-1 in inflammatory, neurodegenerative and other stress conditions. Due to its cyto-protective effects, HO-1 up-regulation may be useful in many stress-related diseases. On the contrary, HO-1 over-expression may contribute to tissue injury under certain unfavorable conditions such as neurodegeneration and carcinogenesis. Therefore, HO-1 inhibition mediated by natural or synthetic compounds may be useful.

The Special Issue, “Protective and detrimental role of heme oxygenase-1”, of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences will include a selection of original research papers and reviews aimed to understanding the dual role (protective and detrimental) of HO-1 and the signaling pathway involved. Moreover, original research papers and reviews aimed at the identification of natural molecules or new synthetic compounds able to modulate HO-1 activity/expression will help make HO-1 a potential therapeutic target for the amelioration of various diseases.

Prof. Valeria Sorrenti
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • HO-1
  • oxidative stress
  • natural compounds
  • HO-1 inducers
  • HO-1 inhibitors

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 169 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial of Special Issue “Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1”
by Valeria Sorrenti
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(19), 4744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194744 - 24 Sep 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1655
Abstract
The Special Issue, “Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1”, of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, includes original research papers and reviews, some of which were aimed to understanding the dual role (protective and detrimental) of HO-1 and the signaling pathway [...] Read more.
The Special Issue, “Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1”, of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, includes original research papers and reviews, some of which were aimed to understanding the dual role (protective and detrimental) of HO-1 and the signaling pathway involved [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)

Research

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13 pages, 2339 KiB  
Article
Beneficial Role of HO-1-SIRT1 Axis in Attenuating Angiotensin II-Induced Adipocyte Dysfunction
by Hari Vishal Lakhani, Mishghan Zehra, Sneha S. Pillai, Nitin Puri, Joseph I. Shapiro, Nader G. Abraham and Komal Sodhi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(13), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133205 - 29 Jun 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4367 | Retraction
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II), released by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), contributes to the modulatory role of the RAAS in adipose tissue dysfunction. Investigators have shown that inhibition of AngII improved adipose tissue function and insulin resistance in mice with metabolic syndrome. Heme [...] Read more.
Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II), released by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), contributes to the modulatory role of the RAAS in adipose tissue dysfunction. Investigators have shown that inhibition of AngII improved adipose tissue function and insulin resistance in mice with metabolic syndrome. Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potent antioxidant, has been demonstrated to improve oxidative stress and adipocyte phenotype. Molecular effects of high oxidative stress include suppression of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), which is amenable to redox manipulations. The mechanisms involved, however, in these metabolic effects of the RAAS remain incompletely understood. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that AngII-induced oxidative stress has the potential to suppress adipocyte SIRT1 via down regulation of HO-1. This effect of AngII will, in turn, upregulate mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The induction of HO-1 will rescue SIRT1, hence improving oxidative stress and adipocyte phenotype. Methods and Results: We examined the effect of AngII on lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines in mouse pre-adipocytes in the presence and absence of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), HO-1 inducer, tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), and HO-1 inhibitor. Our results show that treatment of mouse pre-adipocytes with AngII increased lipid accumulation, superoxide levels, inflammatory cytokine levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and adiponectin levels. This effect was attenuated by HO-1 induction, which was further reversed by SnMP, suggesting HO-1 mediated improvement in adipocyte phenotype. AngII-treated pre-adipocytes also showed upregulated levels of MR and suppressed SIRT1 that was rescued by HO-1. Subsequent treatment with CoPP and SIRT1 siRNA in mouse pre-adipocytes increased lipid accumulation and fatty acid synthase (FAS) levels, suggesting that beneficial effects of HO-1 are mediated via SIRT1. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates for the first time that HO-1 has the ability to restore cellular redox, rescue SIRT1, and prevent AngII-induced impaired effects on adipocytes and the systemic metabolic profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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12 pages, 3720 KiB  
Article
Betula etnensis Raf. (Betulaceae) Extract Induced HO-1 Expression and Ferroptosis Cell Death in Human Colon Cancer Cells
by Giuseppe Antonio Malfa, Barbara Tomasello, Rosaria Acquaviva, Carlo Genovese, Alfonsina La Mantia, Francesco Paolo Cammarata, Monica Ragusa, Marcella Renis and Claudia Di Giacomo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(11), 2723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112723 - 03 Jun 2019
Cited by 77 | Viewed by 4872
Abstract
Betula etnensis Raf. (Birch Etna) belonging to the Betulaceae family grows on the eastern slope of Etna. Many bioactive compounds present in Betula species are considered promising anticancer agents. In this study, we evaluated the effects of B. etnensis Raf. bark methanolic extract [...] Read more.
Betula etnensis Raf. (Birch Etna) belonging to the Betulaceae family grows on the eastern slope of Etna. Many bioactive compounds present in Betula species are considered promising anticancer agents. In this study, we evaluated the effects of B. etnensis Raf. bark methanolic extract on a human colon cancer cell line (CaCo2). In order to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the extract, cellular redox status, cell cycle, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in ferroptosis induction were evaluated. Cell viability and proliferation were tested by tetrazolium (MTT) assayand cell cycle analysis, while cell death was evaluated by annexin V test and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Cellular redox status was assessed by measuring thiol groups (RSH) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels and (γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase) γ-GCS and HO-1 expressions. The extract significantly reduced cell viability of CaCo2, inducing necrotic cell death in a concentration-depending manner. In addition, an increase in ROS levels and a decrease of RSH content without modulation in γ-GCS expression were detected, with an augmentation in LOOH levels and drastic increase in HO-1 expression. These results suggest that the B. etnensis Raf. extract promotes an oxidative cellular microenvironment resulting in CaCo2 cell death by ferroptosis mediated by HO-1 hyper-expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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12 pages, 5345 KiB  
Article
High-Pressure Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Mixture is Effective for Lung Preservation
by Atsushi Fujiwara, Naoyuki Hatayama, Natsumi Matsuura, Naoya Yokota, Kaori Fukushige, Tomiko Yakura, Shintaro Tarumi, Tetsuhiko Go, Shuichi Hirai, Munekazu Naito and Hiroyasu Yokomise
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(11), 2719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112719 - 03 Jun 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2799
Abstract
(1) Background: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degrades heme and generates carbon monoxide (CO), producing various anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects. This study aimed to confirm the effects of CO on the ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) of donor lungs using a high-pressure gas (HPG) preservation method. [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degrades heme and generates carbon monoxide (CO), producing various anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects. This study aimed to confirm the effects of CO on the ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) of donor lungs using a high-pressure gas (HPG) preservation method. (2) Methods: Donor rat and canine lungs were preserved in a chamber filled with CO (1.5 atm) and oxygen (O2; 2 atm) and were ventilated with either CO and O2 mixture (CO/O2 group) or air (air group) immediately before storage. Rat lungs were subjected to heterotopic cervical transplantation and evaluated after reperfusion, whereas canine lungs were subjected to allogeneic transplantation and evaluated. (3) Results: Alveolar hemorrhage in the CO/O2 group was significantly milder than that in the air group. mRNA expression levels of HO-1 remained unchanged in both the groups; however, inflammatory mediator levels were significantly lower in the CO/O2 group than in the air group. The oxygenation of graft lungs was comparable between the two groups, but lactic acid level tended to be higher in the air group. (4) Conclusions: The HO-1/CO system in the HPG preservation method is effective in suppressing IRI and preserving donor lungs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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16 pages, 2508 KiB  
Communication
Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibition Sensitizes Human Prostate Cancer Cells towards Glucose Deprivation and Metformin-Mediated Cell Death
by Marco Raffaele, Valeria Pittalà, Veronica Zingales, Ignazio Barbagallo, Loredana Salerno, Giovanni Li Volti, Giuseppe Romeo, Giuseppe Carota, Valeria Sorrenti and Luca Vanella
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(10), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102593 - 27 May 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4132
Abstract
High levels of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 have been frequently reported in different human cancers, playing a major role in drug resistance and regulation of cancer cell redox homeostasis. Metformin (MET), a drug widely used for type 2 diabetes, has recently gained interest for [...] Read more.
High levels of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 have been frequently reported in different human cancers, playing a major role in drug resistance and regulation of cancer cell redox homeostasis. Metformin (MET), a drug widely used for type 2 diabetes, has recently gained interest for treating several cancers. Recent studies indicated that the anti-proliferative effects of metformin in cancer cells are highly dependent on glucose concentration. The present work was directed to determine whether use of a specific inhibitor of HO-1 activity, alone or in combination with metformin, affected metastatic prostate cancer cell viability under different concentrations of glucose. MTT assay and the xCELLigence system were used to evaluate cell viability and cell proliferation in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. Cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species were analyzed by flow cytometry. The activity of HO-1 was inhibited using a selective imidazole-based inhibitor; genes associated with antioxidant systems and cell death were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Our study demonstrates that metformin suppressed prostate cancer growth in vitro and increased oxidative stress. Disrupting the antioxidant HO-1 activity, especially under low glucose concentration, could be an attractive approach to potentiate metformin antineoplastic effects and could provide a biochemical basis for developing HO-1-targeting drugs against solid tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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13 pages, 1726 KiB  
Article
Protective Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) and Novel Cape Analogue as Inducers of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats
by Valeria Sorrenti, Marco Raffaele, Luca Vanella, Rosaria Acquaviva, Loredana Salerno, Valeria Pittalà, Sebastiano Intagliata and Claudia Di Giacomo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(10), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102441 - 17 May 2019
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 3944
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of insulin producing β-cells of the pancreas, with consequent insulin deficiency and excessive glucose production. Hyperglycemia results in increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) [...] Read more.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of insulin producing β-cells of the pancreas, with consequent insulin deficiency and excessive glucose production. Hyperglycemia results in increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) with consequent oxidative/nitrosative stress and tissue damage. Oxidative damage of the pancreatic tissue may contribute to endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the potentially protective effects of phenethyl ester of caffeic acid (CAPE), a natural phenolic compound occurring in a variety of plants and derived from honeybee hive propolis, and of a novel CAPE analogue, as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducers, could reduce pancreatic oxidative damage induced by excessive amount of glucose, affecting the nitric oxide synthase/dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (NOS/DDAH) pathway in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Our data demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase/gamma-Glutamyl-cysteine ligase (iNOS/GGCL) and DDAH dysregulation may play a key role in high glucose mediated oxidative stress, whereas HO-1 inducers such as CAPE or its more potent derivatives may be useful in diabetes and other stress-induced pathological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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14 pages, 2353 KiB  
Article
The Role of Heme Oxygenase 1 in the Protective Effect of Caloric Restriction against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
by Maayan Waldman, Vadim Nudelman, Asher Shainberg, Romy Zemel, Ran Kornwoski, Dan Aravot, Stephen J. Peterson, Michael Arad and Edith Hochhauser
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(10), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102427 - 16 May 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3751
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) leads to cardiomyopathy characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis, all of which are exacerbated by angiotensin II (AT). SIRT1 and its transcriptional coactivator target PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) leads to cardiomyopathy characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis, all of which are exacerbated by angiotensin II (AT). SIRT1 and its transcriptional coactivator target PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) modulates mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant protection. We have previously shown the beneficial effect of caloric restriction (CR) on diabetic cardiomyopathy through intracellular signaling pathways involving the SIRT1–PGC-1α axis. In the current study, we examined the role of HO-1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice subjected to CR. Methods: Cardiomyopathy was induced in obese diabetic (db/db) mice by AT infusion. Mice were either fed ad libitum or subjected to CR. In an in vitro study, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined in cardiomyocytes exposed to different glucose levels (7.5–33 mM). We examined the effects of Sn(tin)-mesoporphyrin (SnMP), which is an inhibitor of HO activity, the HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), and the SIRT1 inhibitor (EX-527) on diabetic cardiomyopathy. Results: Diabetic mice had low levels of HO-1 and elevated levels of the oxidative marker malondialdehyde (MDA). CR attenuated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), increased HO-1 levels, and decreased MDA levels. SnMP abolished the protective effects of CR and caused pronounced LVH and cardiac metabolic dysfunction represented by suppressed levels of adiponectin, SIRT1, PPARγ, PGC-1α, and increased MDA. High glucose (33 mM) increased ROS in cultured cardiomyocytes, while SnMP reduced SIRT1, PGC-1α levels, and HO activity. Similarly, SIRT1 inhibition led to a reduction in PGC-1α and HO-1 levels. CoPP increased HO-1 protein levels and activity, SIRT1, and PGC-1α levels, and decreased ROS production, suggesting a positive feedback between SIRT1 and HO-1. Conclusion: These results establish a link between SIRT1, PGC-1α, and HO-1 signaling that leads to the attenuation of ROS production and diabetic cardiomyopathy. CoPP mimicked the beneficial effect of CR, while SnMP increased oxidative stress, aggravating cardiac hypertrophy. The data suggest that increasing HO-1 levels constitutes a novel therapeutic approach to protect the diabetic heart. Brief Summary: CR attenuates cardiomyopathy, and increases HO-1, SIRT activity, and PGC-1α protein levels in diabetic mice. High glucose reduces adiponectin, SIRT1, PGC1-1α, and HO-1 levels in cardiomyocytes, resulting in oxidative stress. The pharmacological activation of HO-1 activity mimics the effect of CR, while SnMP increased oxidative stress and cardiac hypertrophy. These data suggest the critical role of HO-1 in protecting the diabetic heart. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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13 pages, 2593 KiB  
Article
Hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn Rats Is Associated with Decreased Inflammatory Response in LPS-Mediated Systemic Inflammation
by Petra Valaskova, Ales Dvorak, Martin Lenicek, Katerina Zizalova, Nikolina Kutinova-Canova, Jaroslav Zelenka, Monika Cahova, Libor Vitek and Lucie Muchova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(9), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092306 - 09 May 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
Decreased inflammatory status has been reported in subjects with mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. However, mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory actions of bilirubin (BR) are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to assess the role of BR in systemic inflammation using hyperbilirubinemic Gunn [...] Read more.
Decreased inflammatory status has been reported in subjects with mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. However, mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory actions of bilirubin (BR) are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to assess the role of BR in systemic inflammation using hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats as well as their normobilirubinemic littermates and further in primary hepatocytes. The rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 6 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for 12 h, their blood and liver were collected for analyses of inflammatory and hepatic injury markers. Primary hepatocytes were treated with BR and TNF-α. LPS-treated Gunn rats had a significantly decreased inflammatory response, as evidenced by the anti-inflammatory profile of white blood cell subsets, and lower hepatic and systemic expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10. Hepatic mRNA expression of LPS-binding protein was upregulated in Gunn rats before and after LPS treatment. In addition, liver injury markers were lower in Gunn rats as compared to in LPS-treated controls. The exposure of primary hepatocytes to TNF-α with BR led to a milder decrease in phosphorylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit compared to in cells without BR. In conclusion, hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn rats is associated with an attenuated systemic inflammatory response and decreased liver damage upon exposure to LPS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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14 pages, 1955 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Cobalt Protoporphyrin IX and Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) Dimer Treatments and Its Interaction with Nitric Oxide in the Locus Coeruleus of Mice with Peripheral Inflammation
by Patricia Moreno, Rafael Alves Cazuza, Joyce Mendes-Gomes, Andrés Felipe Díaz, Sara Polo, Sergi Leánez, Christie Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi and Olga Pol
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(9), 2211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092211 - 05 May 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2823
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and carbon monoxide were shown to normalize oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions induced by neuropathic pain in the central nervous system, but their effects in the locus coeruleus (LC) of animals with peripheral inflammation and their interaction with nitric [...] Read more.
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and carbon monoxide were shown to normalize oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions induced by neuropathic pain in the central nervous system, but their effects in the locus coeruleus (LC) of animals with peripheral inflammation and their interaction with nitric oxide are unknown. In wild-type (WT) and knockout mice for neuronal (NOS1-KO) or inducible (NOS2-KO) nitric oxide synthases with inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), we assessed: (1) antinociceptive actions of cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP), an HO-1 inducer; (2) effects of CoPP and tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer (CORM-2), a carbon monoxide-liberating compound, on the expression of HO-1, NOS1, NOS2, CD11b/c, GFAP, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the LC. CoPP reduced inflammatory pain in different time-dependent manners in WT and KO mice. Peripheral inflammation activated astroglia in the LC of all genotypes and increased the levels of NOS1 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK 1/2) in WT mice. CoPP and CORM-2 enhanced HO-1 and inhibited astroglial activation in all genotypes. Both treatments blocked NOS1 overexpression, and CoPP normalized ERK 1/2 activation. This study reveals an interaction between HO-1 and NOS1/NOS2 during peripheral inflammation and shows that CoPP and CORM-2 improved HO-1 expression and modulated the inflammatory and/or plasticity changes caused by peripheral inflammation in the LC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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13 pages, 3250 KiB  
Article
Genetic Restoration of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression Protects from Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice
by Julien Pogu, Sotiria Tzima, Georges Kollias, Ignacio Anegon, Philippe Blancou and Thomas Simon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(7), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071676 - 03 Apr 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2989
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the development of autoimmune diseases by presenting self-antigen to T-cells. Different signals modulate the ability of APCs to activate or tolerize autoreactive T-cells. Since the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by [...] Read more.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the development of autoimmune diseases by presenting self-antigen to T-cells. Different signals modulate the ability of APCs to activate or tolerize autoreactive T-cells. Since the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by APCs has been associated with the tolerization of autoreactive T-cells, we hypothesized that HO-1 expression might be altered in APCs from autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We found that, compared to control mice, NOD mice exhibited a lower percentage of HO-1-expressing cells among the splenic DCs, suggesting an impairment of their tolerogenic functions. To investigate whether restored expression of HO-1 in APCs could alter the development of diabetes in NOD mice, we generated a transgenic mouse strain in which HO-1 expression can be specifically induced in DCs using a tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation system. Mice in which HO-1 expression was induced in DCs exhibited a lower Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) incidence and a reduced insulitis compared to non-induced mice. Upregulation of HO-1 in DCs also prevented further increase of glycemia in recently diabetic NOD mice. Altogether, our data demonstrated the potential of induction of HO-1 expression in DCs as a preventative treatment, and potential as a curative approach for T1D. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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15 pages, 3837 KiB  
Article
Heme Oxygenase 1 Impairs Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity in Prostate Cancer
by Daiana B. Leonardi, Nicolás Anselmino, Javier N. Brandani, Felipe M. Jaworski, Alejandra V. Páez, Gisela Mazaira, Roberto P. Meiss, Myriam Nuñez, Sergio I. Nemirovsky, Jimena Giudice, Mario Galigniana, Adalí Pecci, Geraldine Gueron, Elba Vazquez and Javier Cotignola
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(5), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051006 - 26 Feb 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3974
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are used during prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, they may also have the potential to drive castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) growth via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Given the association between inflammation and PCa, and the anti-inflammatory role of heme oxygenase 1 [...] Read more.
Glucocorticoids are used during prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, they may also have the potential to drive castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) growth via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Given the association between inflammation and PCa, and the anti-inflammatory role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), we aimed at identifying the molecular processes governed by the interaction between HO-1 and GR. PCa-derived cell lines were treated with Hemin, Dexamethasone (Dex), or both. We studied GR gene expression by RTqPCR, protein expression by Western Blot, transcriptional activity using reporter assays, and nuclear translocation by confocal microscopy. We also evaluated the expression of HO-1, FKBP51, and FKBP52 by Western Blot. Hemin pre-treatment reduced Dex-induced GR activity in PC3 cells. Protein levels of FKBP51, a cytoplasmic GR-binding immunophilin, were significantly increased in Hemin+Dex treated cells, possibly accounting for lower GR activity. We also evaluated these treatments in vivo using PC3 tumors growing as xenografts. We found non-significant differences in tumor growth among treatments. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed strong nuclear GR staining in almost all groups. We did not observe HO-1 staining in tumor cells, but high HO-1 reactivity was detected in tumor infiltrating macrophages. Our results suggest an association and crossed modulation between HO-1 and GR pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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15 pages, 4911 KiB  
Article
Myristica fragrans Kernels Prevent Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Inducing Anti-Apoptotic Genes and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway
by Mohamed A. Dkhil, Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim, Taghreed A. Hafez, Murad A. Mubaraki, Walid F. Mohamed, Felwa A. Thagfan and Saleh Al-Quraishy
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(4), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040993 - 25 Feb 2019
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6778
Abstract
Paracetamol is responsible for acute liver failure in humans and experimental animals when taken at high doses and transformed into a reactive metabolite by the liver cytochrome P450. On the other hand, nutmeg is rich with many phytochemical ingredients that are known for [...] Read more.
Paracetamol is responsible for acute liver failure in humans and experimental animals when taken at high doses and transformed into a reactive metabolite by the liver cytochrome P450. On the other hand, nutmeg is rich with many phytochemical ingredients that are known for their ability to inhibit cytochrome P450. Hence, the present experiment was aimed at studying the hepatoprotective effect of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), kernel extract (MFKE) in respect to paracetamol (acetaminophen; N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (APAP))-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, focusing on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. Liver toxicity was induced in rats by a single oral administration of APAP (2 g/kg). To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of MFKE against this APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, rats were pre-treated with either oral administration of MFKE at 300 mg/kg daily for seven days or silymarin at 50 mg/kg as a standard hepatoprotective agent. APAP intoxication caused a drastic elevation in liver function markers (transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin), oxidative stress indicators (lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide), inflammatory biomarkers (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor ĸB) and the pro-apoptotic BCL2 Associated X (Bax) and caspases-3 genes. Furthermore, analyses of rat liver tissue revealed that APAP significantly depleted glutathione and inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes in addition to downregulating two key anti-apoptotic genes: Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Pre-treatment with MFKE, however, attenuated APAP-induced liver toxicity by reversing all of these toxicity biomarkers. This hepatoprotective effect of MFKE was further confirmed by improvement in histopathological findings. Interestingly, the hepatoprotective effect of MFKE was comparable to that offered by the reference hepatoprotector, silymarin. In conclusion, our results revealed that MFKE had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, and it is suggested that this hepatoprotective effect could be linked to its ability to promote the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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Review

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24 pages, 1404 KiB  
Review
Heme, Heme Oxygenase, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress—A New Insight into the Pathophysiology of Vascular Diseases
by Tamás Gáll, György Balla and József Balla
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(15), 3675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153675 - 26 Jul 2019
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 4713
Abstract
The prevalence of vascular disorders continues to rise worldwide. Parallel with that, new pathophysiological pathways have been discovered, providing possible remedies for prevention and therapy in vascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in a number of vasculopathies, [...] Read more.
The prevalence of vascular disorders continues to rise worldwide. Parallel with that, new pathophysiological pathways have been discovered, providing possible remedies for prevention and therapy in vascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in a number of vasculopathies, including atherosclerosis, vascular brain events, and diabetes. Heme, which is released from hemoglobin or other heme proteins, triggers various pathophysiological consequence, including heme stress as well as ER stress. The potentially toxic free heme is converted by heme oxygenases (HOs) into carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin (BV), the latter of which is reduced to bilirubin (BR). Redox-active iron is oxidized and stored by ferritin, an iron sequestering protein which exhibits ferroxidase activity. In recent years, CO, BV, and BR have been shown to control cellular processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defense. This review covers our current knowledge about how heme induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (HIERS) participates in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders and highlights recent discoveries in the molecular mechanisms of HO-mediated cytoprotection in heme stress and ER stress, as well as crosstalk between ER stress and HO-1. Furthermore, we focus on the translational potential of HIERS and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and brain hemorrhage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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15 pages, 918 KiB  
Review
The Protective Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Atherosclerotic Diseases
by Yoshimi Kishimoto, Kazuo Kondo and Yukihiko Momiyama
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(15), 3628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153628 - 24 Jul 2019
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 4459
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of heme to generate ferrous iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. These products have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. Although HO-1 is expressed at low [...] Read more.
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of heme to generate ferrous iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. These products have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. Although HO-1 is expressed at low levels in most tissues under basal conditions, it is highly inducible in response to various pathophysiological stresses/stimuli. HO-1 induction is thus thought to be an adaptive defense system that functions to protect cells and tissues against injury in many disease settings. In atherosclerosis, HO-1 may play a protective role against the progression of atherosclerosis, mainly due to the degradation of pro-oxidant heme, the generation of anti-oxidants biliverdin and bilirubin and the production of vasodilator CO. In animal models, a lack of HO-1 was shown to accelerate atherosclerosis, whereas HO-1 induction reduced atherosclerosis. It was also reported that HO-1 induction improved the cardiac function and postinfarction survival in animal models of heart failure or myocardial infarction. Recently, we and others examined blood HO-1 levels in patients with atherosclerotic diseases, e.g., coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Taken together, these findings to date support the notion that HO-1 plays a protective role against the progression of atherosclerotic diseases. This review summarizes the roles of HO-1 in atherosclerosis and focuses on the clinical studies that examined the relationships between HO-1 levels and atherosclerotic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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18 pages, 948 KiB  
Review
A Dual Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Cancer Cells
by Shih-Kai Chiang, Shuen-Ei Chen and Ling-Chu Chang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010039 - 21 Dec 2018
Cited by 271 | Viewed by 14334
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is known to metabolize heme into biliverdin/bilirubin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron, and it has been suggested to demonstrate cytoprotective effects against various stress-related conditions. HO-1 is commonly regarded as a survival molecule, exerting an important role in cancer progression [...] Read more.
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is known to metabolize heme into biliverdin/bilirubin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron, and it has been suggested to demonstrate cytoprotective effects against various stress-related conditions. HO-1 is commonly regarded as a survival molecule, exerting an important role in cancer progression and its inhibition is considered beneficial in a number of cancers. However, increasing studies have shown a dark side of HO-1, in which HO-1 acts as a critical mediator in ferroptosis induction and plays a causative factor for the progression of several diseases. Ferroptosis is a newly identified iron- and lipid peroxidation-dependent cell death. The critical role of HO-1 in heme metabolism makes it an important candidate to mediate protective or detrimental effects via ferroptosis induction. This review summarizes the current understanding on the regulatory mechanisms of HO-1 in ferroptosis. The amount of cellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the determinative momentum for the role of HO-1, in which excessive cellular iron and ROS tend to enforce HO-1 from a protective role to a perpetrator. Despite the dark side that is related to cell death, there is a prospective application of HO-1 to mediate ferroptosis for cancer therapy as a chemotherapeutic strategy against tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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1 pages, 151 KiB  
Retraction
Retraction: Lakhani et al. Beneficial Role of HO-1-SIRT1 Axis in Attenuating Angiotensin II-Induced Adipocyte Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 3205
by International Journal of Molecular Sciences Editorial Office
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(18), 10081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810081 - 18 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
The journal retracts the article “Beneficial Role of HO-1-SIRT1 Axis in Attenuating Angiotensin II-Induced Adipocyte Dysfunction” [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1)
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