International Journal of Molecular Sciences

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Infection and Immunity After Transplantation

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Bin Cho

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Guest Editor

MD–PhD, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
Interests: leukemia; child; hematologic neoplasms

Dr. Hyun Mi Kang

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Co-Guest Editor

Associate Professor, MD–PhD, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
Interests: transplantation immunity; infection; vaccine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the greatest challenges that patients who have undergone transplantation encounter, whether it be solid organ transplantation or bone marrow transplantation, is combatting opportunistic infections. A significant accumulation of evidence has enabled improvements in infection prophylaxis in these groups of patients, and the development of antimicrobials to combat and prevent infections has led to improved outcomes. Nevertheless, there remains a substantial knowledge gap leading to diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive challenges.

This Special Issue is focused on enhancing current knowledge on “Infection and Immunity after Transplantation”. From examining biomolecular targets for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, to investigating pathophysiologic mechanisms of immune responses to infections in post-transplant patients, as well as exploring therapeutic and preventive drugs on a molecular level, this Special Issue aims to enrich the scientific body of evidence on all aspects of infection and immunity after transplantation.

Prof. Dr. Bin Cho
Guest Editor

Dr. Hyun Mi Kang
Co-Guest Editor

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Research

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15 pages, 4852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinct Non-Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibody Signatures Correlate with Endothelial Crossmatch Status in Lung and Renal Transplant Recipients

by Fahd Alhamdan, Antonio Coppolino, Adil Sheikh, Anna Miele, Stefi Lee, Allison Gasiewski, Peter Brescia, Isabelle Wood, Arvin Venkat, Tany Thaniyavarn, Selvin Jacob, Mohamed Keshk, Stacia Meadowcroft, Mudassir M. Banday, Mohd Moin Khan, Don Hayes, Jr., Anil Chandrekar, Hilary Goldberg, Indira Guleria and Nirmal S. Sharma

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10562; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910562 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1640

Abstract

Non-HLA antibodies against heterogeneous targets on endothelial cells have been associated with allograft injuries. The endothelial cell crossmatch (ECXM) is used in the detection of non-HLA antibodies but remains non-discriminatory for specific antibody identification. The primary objective of this study was to delineate the specific non-HLA antibody signatures associated with ECXM positivity and to determine the correlation of ECXM status and non-HLA antibody signatures on allograft health. Serum specimens from 25 lung transplant recipients (LTRs) and 13 renal transplant recipients (RTRs) were collected as part of clinical evaluation, and testing for angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) and donor-specific MHC class I chain-related gene A (MICA) antibodies and ECXM was performed. Remnant sera were tested for non-HLA antibodies using the LABScreen™ Autoantibody (LSAUT) Group 1, 2, and 3 kits (One Lambda, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA). In both cohorts, the concordance of AT1R and MICA together or individually with ECXM+ status was poor (<0.7), suggesting the presence of other unaccounted antibodies. Autoantibody profiling revealed three distinct clusters targeting fibrotic products, cytoskeletal proteins, and cell signaling molecules. A comparative analysis of ECXM+ and ECXM− specimens identified nine and five differentially expressed antibodies in the LTR and RTR cohorts, respectively. Employing machine learning techniques (variable importance, feature selection, ROC-AUC), we derived a five-antibody panel (TNFα, collagen V, CXCL11, GDNF, GAPDH) and a two-antibody panel (TNFα, CXCL9) that effectively discriminated between ECXM+ and ECXM− status in the LTR and RTR cohorts, respectively. Distinct antibody signatures were identified in LTR and RTR cohorts that correlated with ECXM+ status and were associated with allograft dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection and Immunity After Transplantation)

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Review

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21 pages, 2275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Kynurenine Pathway after Kidney Transplantation: Friend or Foe?

by Izabela Zakrocka, Ewa M. Urbańska, Wojciech Załuska and Andreas Kronbichler

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 9940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189940 - 14 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

Kidney transplantation significantly improves the survival of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) compared to other forms of kidney replacement therapy. However, kidney transplant recipients’ outcomes are not fully satisfactory due to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, infections, and malignancies. Immune-related complications remain the biggest challenge in the management of kidney graft recipients. Despite the broad spectrum of immunosuppressive agents available and more detailed methods used to monitor their effectiveness, chronic allograft nephropathy remains the most common cause of kidney graft rejection. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is the main route of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, resulting in the production of a plethora of substances with ambiguous properties. Conversion of Trp to KYN by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting step determining the formation of the next agents from the KYN pathway. IDO activity, as well as the production of subsequent metabolites of the pathway, is highly dependent on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory conditions. Moreover, KYN pathway products themselves possess immunomodulating properties, e.g., modify the activity of IDO and control other immune-related processes. KYN metabolites were widely studied in neurological disorders but recently gained the attention of researchers in the context of immune-mediated diseases. Evidence that this route of Trp degradation may represent a peripheral tolerogenic pathway with significant implications for transplantation further fueled this interest. Our review aimed to present recent knowledge about the role of the KYN pathway in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of kidney transplant recipients’ complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection and Immunity After Transplantation)

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