Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern agriculture must respond to the growing global population. It must also face the following important challenges: producing, quantitatively and qualitatively, enough food to feed the world's population and preserving our soil heritage. These challenges must be overcome to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development goals. However, intensive agricultural practices have had a lasting effect on soil health (microbial and insect life, mineral and organic composition, structure, physico-chemical properties, etc.). The emergence of new agricultural practices (including urban practices), fertilisation methods, sources of amendments and plant nutrition and the use of bacteria and fungi to improve the efficiency of nutrient use by crops is interesting and represent sustainable solutions to maintain soil life and improve its fertility and feed plants for sufficient and quality agricultural production to promote sustainable agriculture. The valorisation of new and/or old sources of fertilisers and soil improvers either directly (direct input to the soil) or indirectly (physico-chemical transformation) can be used to avoid pollution and environmental impacts. Consumers around the world are, nowadays, sensitive and attentive to the quality of agricultural products, their impact on the environment, their health and that of the environment. It is therefore important to consider soil preservation and the naturalness of agricultural production in the context of new sources of nutrients, new technologies for plant fertilisation and improved soil fertility. The first edition was a tremendous success in communicating new knowledge in the field of sustainable agriculture, plant nutrition and maintaining soil fertility. We hope to renew this edition with even greater success. This topic invites contributions on new agricultural practices that maintain and/or restore soil life and fertility, new methods and technologies for mineral and organic feeding, plant fertilisation, new sources of and processes for providing healthy food without a negative impact on the soil, the use of cultivars that efficiently valorise soil resources, the use of plant cover and/or crop associations, knowledge on plant-microbe–soil interactions, recent developments in urban farming and artificial intelligence, biocontrol and soilborn disease.

Dr. Othmane Merah
Dr. Purushothaman Chirakkuzhyil Abhilash
Prof. Dr. Hailin Zhang
Prof. Dr. Dionisios Gasparatos
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Agriculture agriculture	3.6	6.3	2011	18.8 Days	CHF 2600
Agronomy agronomy	3.4	6.7	2011	17 Days	CHF 2600
Crops crops	1.9	2.4	2021	22.4 Days	CHF 1200
Grasses grasses	-	-	2022	26.5 Days	CHF 1200
Horticulturae horticulturae	3.0	5.1	2015	16.7 Days	CHF 2200
Plants plants	4.1	7.6	2012	16.5 Days	CHF 2700
Soil Systems soilsystems	3.5	5.4	2017	29.9 Days	CHF 1800
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	7.7	2009	17.9 Days	CHF 2400

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Open AccessArticle

Effects of Biogas Slurry Application on Vegetation Community Restoration in Degraded Grassland

by Yanhua Li, Yueqi Ma, Qunjia Yu, Chunlei Zhu, Andreas Wilkes and Chengjie Wang

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2605; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052605 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 388

Abstract

Biogas slurry is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and bioactive substances, making it an effective material for restoring degraded grasslands. Against this background, we conducted a field experiment in Zhenglan Banner, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, from 2024 to 2025, to study [...] Read more.

Biogas slurry is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and bioactive substances, making it an effective material for restoring degraded grasslands. Against this background, we conducted a field experiment in Zhenglan Banner, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, from 2024 to 2025, to study the short-term effects of biogas slurry fertilizer on vegetation characteristics and above- and belowground plant traits. The experiment comprised three treatments: a water control (CK), 50% diluted biogas slurry (BS_50%), and full-strength biogas slurry (BS_100%). All treatments were applied at a rate of 300 m³·ha⁻¹, with CK receiving an equivalent volume of water. The biogas slurry contained 0.11% nitrogen (N), 0.07% phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 0.09% potassium (K₂O). Results showed that, compared with the control, biogas slurry application increased plant height, coverage, and biomass by 8.04–54.00%, 5.48–17.76%, and 18.40–96.01% in the first year, respectively. Plant crude protein and crude fat also increased by 7.33–31.17% and 21.54–30.00%. In the second year, the increases were 26.41–50.22%, 6.16–20.55%, and 13.91–52.42% for plant height, coverage, and biomass and 4.46–28.27% and 14.24–19.89% for crude protein and crude fat, respectively. The carbon, nitrogen and isotope indices of leaves and roots also increased simultaneously. Biogas slurry application altered plant community composition, BS_50% transiently increased plant family richness, BS_100% exerted persistent inhibitory effects, and species diversity across all fertilization treatments showed a recovery trend in the second year. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis showed that treatment groups were clearly separated in 2024 but overlapped substantially in 2025. Root δ¹³C and root δ¹⁵N were key indicators distinguishing vegetation community characteristics. The results of this study confirmed that the application of biogas slurry fertilizer could actively improve the vegetation recovery of degraded grasslands. It provided reference support for the resource utilization of biogas slurry fertilizer and the sustainable management of grassland ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 3891 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Overfertilization Alters the Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Organic Carbon Decomposition Through Changes in Carbon Pool Composition

by Jiaxing Xu, Yan Han, Renjie Wang, Hu Xu, Changlu Hu, Shulan Zhang and Xueyun Yang

Agronomy 2026, 16(5), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16050571 - 5 Mar 2026

Viewed by 545

Abstract

Mitigating climate change necessitates a thorough understanding of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and its response to warming. The overuse of synthetic fertilizers can alter SOC composition and affect carbon cycling, potentially changing the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of SOC decomposition. This [...] Read more.

Mitigating climate change necessitates a thorough understanding of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and its response to warming. The overuse of synthetic fertilizers can alter SOC composition and affect carbon cycling, potentially changing the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of SOC decomposition. This study evaluated the Q₁₀ of SOC decomposition after long-term (37-year) excessive fertilization in a loess soil. Four treatments were compared: control (no nutrient input, CK); recommended rates of synthetic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers (CF_r); excessive rates of N and P fertilizers (CF_h); and CF_h plus organic manure (MCF_h). The Q₁₀ of SOC decomposition was investigated via an incubation experiment at temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C and 35 °C within 63 days. Compared with CF_r, long-term CF_h and MCF_h significantly increased SOC contents by 14% and 67%, and this increase was driven primarily by rises in mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC) of 28% and 62% and particulate organic carbon (POC) of 32% and 79%, respectively, under CF_h and MCF_h. While CF_h and MCF_h did not change the SOC composition, they increased the proportions of fine POC (fPOC) to SOC by 10% and 91%, and the ratio of light POC to SOC by 78% and 143%, respectively. Q₁₀ values ranged from 2.18 to 3.00 across all treatments, with a mean of 2.64. Both CF_h and MCF_h drastically enhanced the Q₁₀ values by 38% and 25% compared with CF_r at 15–25 °C. However, MCF_h significantly decreased the Q₁₀ value by 31% relative to CF_r at 25–35 °C. Partial least squares path modeling showed that soil physicochemical properties and labile carbon fractions differed significantly among treatments, with physical properties regulating labile carbon fractions. Fertilization significantly increased the Q₁₀ value at 15–25 °C owing to increased proportion of labile carbon fractions and decreased labile carbon content. Our results suggest that SOC gains from continuous addition of synthetic fertilizers are vulnerable to loss under warming. However, this loss could be alleviated by incorporation of organic manure. Thus, integration of organic manure into nutrient management practices could be an efficient way to counteract warming-induced SOC decomposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 913 KB  

Open AccessReview

From Byproduct to Breakthrough: Agronomic, Environmental, and Regulatory Aspects of Phosphogypsum Use in Agriculture

by Boutaina Yamani, Abdelhak Hamza, Abdelmounaim Yamani, Amine Batbat, Abdelmajid Zouahri, Mohammed El Guilli, Essaid Ait Barka and Mohammed Ibriz

Agronomy 2026, 16(4), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16040461 - 15 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 987

Abstract

Phosphogypsum (PG), a calcium sulfate-rich byproduct of phosphate fertilizer production, is generated in vast quantities worldwide and represents a major environmental management challenge. At the same time, its chemical composition makes PG a potentially valuable soil amendment, particularly for the reclamation of saline, [...] Read more.

Phosphogypsum (PG), a calcium sulfate-rich byproduct of phosphate fertilizer production, is generated in vast quantities worldwide and represents a major environmental management challenge. At the same time, its chemical composition makes PG a potentially valuable soil amendment, particularly for the reclamation of saline, sodic, and acidic soils. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on PG generation processes, physicochemical properties, agronomic performance, and associated environmental and health risks. Evidence from peer-reviewed studies demonstrates that appropriately managed PG applications can improve soil structure, enhance water infiltration, reduce sodium toxicity, alleviate aluminum stress, and increase crop productivity. However, PG contains variable levels of impurities, including heavy metals and naturally occurring radionuclides, which raise concerns regarding soil contamination, groundwater pollution, food safety, and human health, especially under high or repeated application rates. Regulatory frameworks governing PG use differ substantially between regions, reflecting inconsistencies in waste classification, radiological thresholds, and leaching criteria. This review highlights key knowledge gaps related to contaminant mobility, bioavailability, and long-term ecological impacts and discusses mitigation strategies such as purification, controlled application rates, and integrated regulatory oversight. By balancing agronomic benefits against environmental risks, this work provides a comprehensive framework for the safe valorization of phosphogypsum in agriculture, supporting sustainable land management and circular economy objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 780 KB  

Open AccessArticle

The Availability of Legacy Phosphorus for Rice Growth in Phosphorus-Rich Paddy Soils: A Two-Season Case Study

by Chun-Hui Yu, Pei-Tzu Kao and Shan-Li Wang

Agronomy 2026, 16(4), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16040456 - 14 Feb 2026

Viewed by 649

Abstract

Understanding the short-term availability of legacy phosphorus (P) in soils is important for improving fertilizer management and reducing unnecessary P inputs. This study evaluated whether soil legacy P could temporarily support rice growth under continuous cultivation and assessed the short-term potential for reducing [...] Read more.

Understanding the short-term availability of legacy phosphorus (P) in soils is important for improving fertilizer management and reducing unnecessary P inputs. This study evaluated whether soil legacy P could temporarily support rice growth under continuous cultivation and assessed the short-term potential for reducing P fertilizer applications. Field experiments were conducted over two consecutive rice cropping seasons in paddy soils located in Taoyuan (TY) and Changhua (CH), Taiwan. Rice grain yield, grain P concentration, and soil P dynamics were compared between plots receiving chemical fertilizers (CF) and those without chemical P fertilization (NCF). Results showed no significant differences in grain yield or grain P concentration between CF and NCF treatments over the two cropping seasons. Sequential P extraction and P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analyses of soils collected before planting and after harvest revealed a redistribution of soil P from moderately and slowly labile pools to more labile fractions during rice cultivation. These changes suggest that legacy P contributed to maintaining plant-available P during the short experimental period. Overall, this study provides short-term (two-season) field evidence that, in P-enriched paddy soils, legacy P can partially supply rice P demand without additional P fertilization. However, the long-term sustainability of this strategy and its applicability under different soil and management conditions require further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2104 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Evaluation of Gabbro Rock for Its Application in Agriculture as a Soil Remineralizer

by Karen Muñoz-Salas, María Guzmán-Florez, Xilena Galezo-Diaz, Claudete Gindri Ramos, Fausto A. Canales, Ruben Cantero-Rodelo and Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi

Agriculture 2026, 16(4), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16040398 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 697

Abstract

Dependence on fertilizers limits the sustainability of tropical agriculture. Remineralization using rock byproducts offers a solution that is conditioned by the mineralogical–soil interaction. This study evaluated the agronomic and geochemical potential of a gabbro rock byproduct (GRB) as a bulk amendment in yellow [...] Read more.

Dependence on fertilizers limits the sustainability of tropical agriculture. Remineralization using rock byproducts offers a solution that is conditioned by the mineralogical–soil interaction. This study evaluated the agronomic and geochemical potential of a gabbro rock byproduct (GRB) as a bulk amendment in yellow maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation in Atlántico, Colombia. The specific objectives were (1) to characterize the mineralogy and geochemistry of the local GRB; (2) to quantify its neutralizing and fertilizing effect in an acidic Arenosol soil; and (3) to evaluate the biometric response of yellow maize (Zea mays L.) in a field trial. The trial was conducted in an acidic haplic Arenosol (pH 5.4) in 2023, with a 70-day cycle, comparing three management systems: M1 (control), M2 (47 Mg·ha⁻¹ GRB, seed type: ICA-109), and M3 (47 Mg·ha⁻¹ GRB, seed type: V-114). The assessed GRB, with 52.75% SiO₂ and 5.46% CaO, is rich in calcic plagioclase, clinopyroxenes, and zeolites. Application of GRB at 47 Mg·ha⁻¹ in treatment M3 coincided with marked changes in soil properties over the course of the trial, with pH rising from 5.4 to 6.4, cation exchange capacity from 5.0 to 12.1 cmol_c·kg⁻¹, and available phosphorus from 9.8 to 35.0 mg·kg⁻¹. Plants in M3 showed statistically significant increases (p < 0.001) in ear weight (median: 150 g vs. 60.5 g in M1) and in vegetative development. Because the trial was pseudo-replicated, used a high single-dose “shock-loading” rate, involved different maize genotypes across treatments, and covered only one 70-day cycle, these results should be interpreted as exploratory and site-specific. Even so, they indicate that GRB can act as an effective acidity corrector and slow-release multinutrient source under Arenosol conditions, with relevance for circular-economy strategies. Future work should evaluate agronomically doses, include replicated multi-cycle trials, and incorporate comparative and risk-assessment analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1284 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Soil Management Practices on Olive Orchard Soil Health and Arthropod Diversity in Messenia, Greece

by Kodie Chontos, Christos Pantazis and Håkan Berg

Agronomy 2026, 16(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16040404 - 7 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 731

Abstract

Soil degradation driven by intensive management practices has become of increasing concern for olive cultivation, as trends for desertification and loss of arable land have emerged across the Mediterranean basin. Agroecological management practices, such as mulching made from olive tree pruning remains, have [...] Read more.

Soil degradation driven by intensive management practices has become of increasing concern for olive cultivation, as trends for desertification and loss of arable land have emerged across the Mediterranean basin. Agroecological management practices, such as mulching made from olive tree pruning remains, have shown potential for improving soil structure, nutrient retention and biodiversity. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of how soil management influences soil properties and arthropod diversity in small-scale olive orchards in a heterogeneous landscape in south-west Greece. Soil was sampled from 11 orchards managed under one of two systems: conventional (herbicide use, tillage, mowing) and agroecological (cover cropping, mulching), encompassing a diversity of management practices. Physicochemical properties were measured alongside soil arthropod abundance and diversity, allowing for comparisons at two levels: between management systems and among practices nested within each system. When compared across broader systems, the agroecological orchards, compared to conventional orchards, had greater porosity (56.38% and 48.75%), and soil organic matter (8.99% and 6.87%), though differences in soil composition likely accounted for some of the variation. Additionally, metrics for arthropod diversity were improved under agroecological management, with 21% higher Shannon diversity and 16.8% greater evenness compared to conventional management. Ordination analysis and generalized linear models further supported these findings illustrating the relationship between agroecological management, soil health and arthropod diversity. These results support a growing body of research which illustrate the potential of agroecological management in enhancing soil health and biodiversity in olive orchards and contributing to the development of more resilient agroecosystems within the Mediterranean basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 5328 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Responses of Leaf Nutrient Dynamics, Soil Nutrients, and Microbial Community Composition to Different Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Varieties

by Fengyun Xiang, Tianya Liu, Mengchen Yang, Zheng Zhang, Qian Yang and Jifu Li

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010091 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 489

Abstract

To investigate the effects of different Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. varieties on leaf nutrients, soil nutrients, and microbial community composition, this study selected Yuelou No. 3 and Huiji No. 2, two major cultivars from the primary production area of Shishou City. The two varieties [...] Read more.

To investigate the effects of different Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. varieties on leaf nutrients, soil nutrients, and microbial community composition, this study selected Yuelou No. 3 and Huiji No. 2, two major cultivars from the primary production area of Shishou City. The two varieties were cultivated at different locations under standardized agronomic management practices, and a systematic comparative analysis was carried out over a 10-month sampling period from March to December 2024. The analysis encompassed their leaf nutrients (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and relative chlorophyll content), soil nutrients (organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium), and microbial community characteristics. The results revealed significant varietal differences in leaf nutrient content: the average total phosphorus content of Yuelou No. 3 (0.44%) was higher than that of Huiji No. 2 (0.39%), while Huiji No. 2 exhibited higher total nitrogen (3.73%), total potassium (3.86%), and SPAD (44.72). Leaf nutrient content in both varieties followed a pattern of nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus, with peak phosphorus and potassium demand occurring earlier in Yuelou No. 3. Additionally, Yuelou No. 3 contained higher organic matter (12.73 g/kg) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (103.02 mg/kg), while Huiji No. 2 showed enhanced soil pH (7.02), available phosphorus (6.96 mg/kg), and available potassium (180.00 mg/kg). Soil available nutrient dynamics displayed a pattern of slow change during the early stage, a rapid increase during the middle stage, and stabilization in the later stage. Microbial analysis revealed no significant differences in alpha diversity between the two varieties, although Yuelou No. 3 showed marginally higher diversity indices during early to mid-growth stages. In contrast, beta diversity showed significant separation in PCoA space. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Ascomycota were the dominant microbial phyla. Dominant genera included Kaistobacter, Mortierella, and Neocosmospora, among others, with variety-specific relative abundances. Redundancy analysis further supported the variety-specific influence of soil physicochemical properties on microbial community structure, with available phosphorus, available potassium, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen identified as key factors shaping community composition. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the impact of different Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. varieties on soil–plant–microbe interactions and suggests potential directions for future research on fertilization and management strategies tailored to varietal differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1439 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Lab- and Pilot-Scale Effects of Spirulina (Limnospira sp.) Biomass Produced from Brewery Wastewater Treatment as a Biofertilizer for Barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Passo Fundo, Brazil

by Arthur Lima e Silva, Daniel Kurpan, Arthur Costa dos Santos, Thalia de Souza Silva, Isadora de Oliveira Santo, Victor Rafael Leal de Oliveira, Bruna de Lemos Novo, Layon Carvalho de Assis, Michelle Amario, Raphael de Oliveira Ribeiro, Bernardo Ferreira Braz, Fernando Henrique Cincotto, Ricardo Erthal Santelli, Elisabete Barbarino, Rosane de Oliveira Nunes, Daniel Perrone, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira, Luiz Carlos Bertolino, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire and Anita Ferreira do Valle

Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222397 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 952

Abstract

Microalgae have been proposed for the bioremediation of wastewater, as well as for biofertilization and biostimulation of several plant species. This study used Limnospira sp. biomass produced in brewery wastewater to formulate a pelletized biofertilizer. Its efficacy in promoting barley (Hordeum vulgare [...] Read more.

Microalgae have been proposed for the bioremediation of wastewater, as well as for biofertilization and biostimulation of several plant species. This study used Limnospira sp. biomass produced in brewery wastewater to formulate a pelletized biofertilizer. Its efficacy in promoting barley (Hordeum vulgare) growth was then compared with chemical fertilizers and a control group without fertilization on lab- and pilot-scale setups. On a 100-day lab-scale experiment under controlled light (260–280 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) and temperature (20 ± 2 °C), minor differences in plant growth were observed, whereas the elemental composition of the barley plants did not differ, including toxic elements. On a pilot-scale agricultural setup (5 m²) under environmental conditions, barley productivity, protein content, and the percentage of class I grains (diameter ≥ 2.5 mm) significantly increased based on the different dressing techniques used (p < 0.05). Using the microalgae-based biofertilizer for both base and top dressing increased productivity, protein content, and grain size (% class I) by 26.9%, 14.4%, and 8.78%, respectively, compared to using chemical fertilizers (NPK 5:20:20 and urea). These results indicate the great potential of using microalgae biomass from wastewater treatment as biofertilizer for more sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 561 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Coated Phosphorus Fertilizers and Application Methods on Soil Fertility, Yield, and Ionic Regulation of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown in Saline Soil

by Sara A. El-Shabasy, Tamer H. Khalifa, Tarek M. El-Zehery and Alaa El-Dein Omara

Crops 2025, 5(5), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5050068 - 29 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1089

Abstract

Salinity is a major limitation on common bean productivity, while phosphorus in many soils is often immobilized, limiting its availability to plants. This study investigated the effects of coated and uncoated superphosphate fertilizers, applied at different rates and using distinct methods, on soil [...] Read more.

Salinity is a major limitation on common bean productivity, while phosphorus in many soils is often immobilized, limiting its availability to plants. This study investigated the effects of coated and uncoated superphosphate fertilizers, applied at different rates and using distinct methods, on soil properties, plant growth, and ion regulation in common beans grown in saline soil over two seasons (2023–2024). Treatments combined two fertilizer types (coated with potassium sulfate and uncoated), two P rates (360 and 480 kg/ha), and two application methods: (1) conventional application, broadcasting followed by plowing to 30 cm depth during soil preparation; (2) surface application, broadcasting without incorporation. Six treatments were applied: T₁: 360 kg/ha of uncoated superphosphate (conventional method); T₂: 480 kg/ha of uncoated superphosphate (conventional method); T₃: 360 kg/ha of coated superphosphate (conventional method); T₄: 480 kg/ha of coated superphosphate (conventional method); T₅: 360 kg/ha of coated superphosphate (surface method); and T₆: 480 kg/ha of coated superphosphate (surface method). The results demonstrated that soil pH was unaffected across treatments. However, T₄ and T₆ significantly improved nutrient availability (N, P, and K), biomass, grain yield, and seed nutritional quality (protein, P, K, and Ca). Despite increased soil EC, these treatments enhanced ionic balance (higher K/Na and Ca/Na ratios) indicating improved stress tolerance. Importantly, T₃ (360 kg/ha coated) performed comparably to T₂ (480 kg/ha uncoated), suggesting that coated superphosphate at lower rates can reduce input costs without compromising yield. These results demonstrate the agronomic and environmental benefits of coated superphosphate, particularly under saline conditions, through enhanced nutrient use efficiency and improved crop performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 902 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Biofertilizers on Soil Quality and Vegetative Development of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Yaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus) in the Central Peruvian Jungle

by Andrea Castro-Cárdenas, Juanita Ciriaco-Poma, Juan Z. Dávalos-Prado and Víctor Soto-Aquino

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020055 - 20 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2270

Abstract

The sustainability of agricultural production and the conservation of tropical ecosystems face significant challenges due to processes such as climate change and soil degradation. This study evaluated the impacts of three biofertilizers—biol (T02), vermicompost (T03), and bokashi (T04)—on soil quality and the vegetative [...] Read more.

The sustainability of agricultural production and the conservation of tropical ecosystems face significant challenges due to processes such as climate change and soil degradation. This study evaluated the impacts of three biofertilizers—biol (T02), vermicompost (T03), and bokashi (T04)—on soil quality and the vegetative development of two typical plants, Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Yaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus), cultivated in the Asháninka locality in the Central Peruvian Jungle. Using a completely randomized experimental design, it was generally found that treatments T04 and, to a lesser extent, T03 improved the soil quality and consequently enhanced the vegetative development of Mahogany and Yaca. Compared with the untreated controls (T01), these biofertilizers generated less dense and more porous soils and increased the water retention, organic matter, pH, and the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. They also promoted greater biodiversity. These qualities, in turn, stimulated the vegetative development of Mahogany and Yaca, whose leaves showed considerable content of chlorophyll A and B and total chlorophyll. Thus, T03 and especially T04 proved to be effective biofertilizers for the treatment of tropical soils, promoting efficient plant growth and development in species such as Mahogany and Yaca. These findings highlight the great potential of the biofertilizers T03 and T04 in achieving sustainable agricultural production, as well as for the conservation and improvement of tropical forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 3451 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Cutting-Edge Technology Using Blended Controlled-Release Fertilizers and Conventional Monoammonium Phosphate as a Strategy to Improve Phosphorus Coffee Nutrition During the Coffee Development Phase

by Mateus Portes Dutra, Leonardo Fernandes Sarkis, Damiany Pádua Oliveira, Hugo de Almeida Santiago, Gustavo Tadeu de Sousa Resende, Maria Elisa Araújo de Melo, Adrianne Braga da Fonseca, Cristhian José Hernández López, Euler dos Santos Silva, Aline dos Santos Zaqueu, Gustavo Henrique Furtado de Lima, João Marcelo Silva, Adélia Aziz Alexandre Pozza and Douglas Guelfi

Soil Syst. 2025, 9(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020047 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 2725

Abstract

Controlled-release fertilizers contain polymeric coatings that modify the dynamics of phosphorus (P) release in soil. This study aimed to characterize P release from physical mixtures between conventional and controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), quantify soil P availability, and assess agronomic responses of coffee plants during [...] Read more.

Controlled-release fertilizers contain polymeric coatings that modify the dynamics of phosphorus (P) release in soil. This study aimed to characterize P release from physical mixtures between conventional and controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), quantify soil P availability, and assess agronomic responses of coffee plants during the establishment phase. Two main types of P fertilizer were evaluated: conventional monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and a blend (physical mixture of conventional MAP and controlled-release P fertilizers). Both fertilizers were applied at 0, 134, 268, and 403 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅. Our findings revealed a blend longevity of 3 and 6 months. P fertilization contributed to an increase in leaf area (1134.7 cm² plant⁻¹) and shoot biomass (602.8 kg ha⁻¹) and raised P in the soil (0.061 mg dm⁻³ per kg of P₂O₅ applied). P accumulation in the coffee plants ranged between 3 and 4 kg ha⁻¹. Other macronutrient accumulations in aerial parts were of the following ranges (in kg ha⁻¹): 47–60 for N, 36–46 for K, 18–22 for Ca, 5–7 for Mg, and 3–4 for S. Micronutrients accumulated (in g ha⁻¹): 454–657 for Fe; 117–160 for B; 117–149 for Mn; 58–71 for Cu; and 34–43 for Zn. Up to 74% of the nutrients were distributed in the leaves. We concluded that the use of blends did not impose any limitation on P nutrition for coffee plants and led to biomass gains (18.9%) in plagiotropic branches. P fertilization proved essential for supporting the initial growth of coffee plants and increasing coffee leaf area and P levels in the soil and promotes adequate levels of P accumulation in plants, leading to improvements in coffee crop nutrition in the establishment phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 1518 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Inorganic and Organic Fertilization Effects on the Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Fruit Quality in Solanum melongena L. Plants

by Theocharis Chatzistathis, Virginia Sarropoulou, Evgenia Papaioannou and Anastasia Giannakoula

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040872 - 30 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4149

Abstract

Plant growth, nutrient uptake and fruit quality may be influenced by fertilization practices. A 64-day greenhouse pot experiment, with a 6X1 factorial, i.e., Solanum melongena L. (cv. ‘Lagkadas’) plants, grown on soil substrate and submitted to six fertilization treatments (Patent Kali, Ammonium Nitrate [...] Read more.

Plant growth, nutrient uptake and fruit quality may be influenced by fertilization practices. A 64-day greenhouse pot experiment, with a 6X1 factorial, i.e., Solanum melongena L. (cv. ‘Lagkadas’) plants, grown on soil substrate and submitted to six fertilization treatments (Patent Kali, Ammonium Nitrate + Patent Kali, Tree Branch Chips, Poultry Manure, Tree Branch Chips + Poultry Manure, and non-fertilization—CONTROL) was conducted. The objectives were to investigate the impact of fertilization on: (i) plant growth, (ii) nutrition, (iii) photosystem II activity and (iv) fruit quality. The main results were the following: a) the highest total plant and fruit biomass values were recorded in poultry manure, followed by those in the ammonium nitrate + patent kali treatment; (b) in most cases, total plant macronutrient content was significantly higher in the poultry manure-treated plants; (c) the optimum and most balanced plant nutrition, fruit total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity levels were achieved in the poultry manure, tree branch chips + poultry manure and ammonium nitrate + patent kali treatments; (d) significant decline in the values of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, performance index and fruit quality was found in the tree branch chips and CONTROL plants. It was concluded that the kind of fertilization significantly influenced biomass, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content and fluorescence, as well as fruit quality of Solanum melongena L. plants. Thus, it should be thoroughly investigated, towards substituting high fertilization rates by manure applications and improving fruit quality, with human health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2484 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosis of Macronutrients in Patchouli Leaves and Response to Fertilizers in Inceptisols of Aceh: A Case Study in Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia

by Zuraida Zuraida, Sufardi Sufardi, Helmi Helmi and Yadi Jufri

Agriculture 2025, 15(6), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060651 - 19 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2163

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the nutrient status in the leaves of patchouli grown in Inceptisols soil in Aceh, Indonesia. The experiment utilized a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The study’s factor was applying fertilizer nutrients across eight treatments designed according [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate the nutrient status in the leaves of patchouli grown in Inceptisols soil in Aceh, Indonesia. The experiment utilized a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The study’s factor was applying fertilizer nutrients across eight treatments designed according to omission trials. The response to fertilizer nutrients was analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations in patchouli leaves 120 days after planting seedlings in pots. The patchouli seeds used were local varieties from Aceh (“Tapak Tuan”). Urea (45% N), triple phosphate/SP-36 (15.65% P), potassium chloride (49.8% K), calcium carbonate (40% Ca), magnesium oxide (60% Mg), and S elementary (88.9% S) are used as fertilizer sources of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. The Inceptisols soil used was topsoil (0–20 cm). The experimental results showed that fertilizer nutrient stress treatment influenced the nutrient content of patchouli leaves in Inceptisols. The concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca in the patchouli leaves were below the adequacy threshold, showing deficiency symptoms. The critical nutrient levels in patchouli plants for macroelements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were 4.5%, 0.35%, 1.2%, 2.5%, and 0.25%, respectively. Only Mg reached the nutrient adequacy standard in patchouli. The limiting nutrients for patchouli plants in Aceh Besar Inceptisols are N, P, K, and Ca. It is necessary to add nutrients of N, P, K, and C macro fertilizers to increase the growth and yield of patchouli in Aceh Besar, Indonesia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 5828 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Silicon Nano-Fertilizer-Enhanced Soybean Resilience and Yield Under Drought Stress

by Jian Wei, Lu Liu, Zihan Wei, Qiushi Qin, Qianyue Bai, Chungang Zhao, Shuheng Zhang and Hongtao Wang

Plants 2025, 14(5), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050751 - 1 Mar 2025

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2809

Abstract

Drought stress threatens agriculture and food security, significantly impacting soybean yield and physiology. Despite the documented role of nanosilica (n-SiO₂) in enhancing crop resilience, its full growth-cycle effects on soybeans under drought stress remain elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Drought stress threatens agriculture and food security, significantly impacting soybean yield and physiology. Despite the documented role of nanosilica (n-SiO₂) in enhancing crop resilience, its full growth-cycle effects on soybeans under drought stress remain elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of n-SiO₂ at a concentration of 100 mg kg⁻¹ in a soil medium for enhancing drought tolerance in soybeans through a full life-cycle assessment in a greenhouse setup. To elucidate the mechanisms of n-SiO₂ action, key physiological, biochemical, and yield parameters were systematically measured. The results demonstrated that n-SiO₂ significantly increased silicon content in shoots and roots, restored osmotic balance by reducing the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio by 40%, and alleviated proline accumulation by 35% compared to the control, thereby mitigating osmotic stress. Enzyme activities related to nitrogen metabolism, including nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), improved by 25–30% under n-SiO₂ treatment compared to the control. Additionally, antioxidant activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, increased by 15%, while oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased by 20–25% compared to the control. Furthermore, yield components were significantly enhanced, with pod number and grain weight increasing by 15% and 20%, respectively, under n-SiO₂ treatment compared to untreated plants in drought conditions. These findings suggest that n-SiO₂ effectively enhances drought resilience in soybeans by reinforcing physiological and metabolic processes critical for growth and yield. This study underscores the potential of n-SiO₂ as a sustainable amendment to support soybean productivity in drought-prone environments, contributing to more resilient agricultural systems amidst increasing climate variability. Future research should focus on conducting large-scale field trials to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of n-SiO₂ applications under diverse environmental conditions to assess its practical viability in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1306 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Balance of Citrus Across the Mandarin Belts of India

by Anoop Kumar Srivastava, Ambadas Dattatray Huchche, Leon-Etienne Parent, Suresh Kumar Malhotra, Vasileios Ziogas and Lohit Kumar Baishya

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030254 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1720

Abstract

India is a major producer of mandarin oranges. However, the average fruit yield remains below potential due in part to multiple nutrient deficiencies. Our objective was to elaborate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) log-ratio standards accounting for nutrient interactions and the dilution the leaf [...] Read more.

India is a major producer of mandarin oranges. However, the average fruit yield remains below potential due in part to multiple nutrient deficiencies. Our objective was to elaborate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) log-ratio standards accounting for nutrient interactions and the dilution the leaf tissue. We hypothesized that equally or unequally weighted dual nutrient log ratios integrated into centered log ratios (clr) or weighted log ratios (wlr) influence the accuracy of the CND diagnosis. The database comprised 494 observations on ‘Nagpur’, ‘Khasi’, and ‘Kinnow’ cultivars surveyed in contrasting agroecosystems of India. Weights were provided by gain ratios that indicated the importance of the dual log ratio on crop performance. The cutoff yield was set at the upper high-yield quarter for each variety. Centered log ratios (clrs) and weighted log ratios (wlrs) returned accuracies of 0.7–0.8 depending on the machine learning classification model. The gain ratios were not contrasted enough to make a difference between clr and wlr. We derived clr and wlr nutrient standards following the Gradient Boosting model. In a case study, the clr and wlr returned similar diagnoses. The capacity of clr and wlr to generalize to unseen cases and correct nutrient imbalance should be further verified in fertilizer trials. The diagnosis could also be conducted at a local scale, thanks to the Euclidian geometry and additivity of clr and wlr variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1751 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Macronutrients on the Growth, Essential Oil Production, and Quality of Echinophora platyloba (DC.) in Natural Ecosystems

by Somayeh Mohammadi, Sina Fallah and Filippo Maggi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020185 - 8 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1360

Abstract

Echinophora platyloba DC. (Apiaceae) is recognized for its important secondary metabolites and antifungal agents. To evaluate the effects of macronutrient fertilizers on the growth parameters and essential oils yield of E. platyloba, a study was conducted in 2018 at Shahrekord University, Iran. [...] Read more.

Echinophora platyloba DC. (Apiaceae) is recognized for its important secondary metabolites and antifungal agents. To evaluate the effects of macronutrient fertilizers on the growth parameters and essential oils yield of E. platyloba, a study was conducted in 2018 at Shahrekord University, Iran. The treatments included the individual and combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, along with control groups. The results revealed that nitrogen application significantly influenced biomass accumulation in stems, leaves, and inflorescences, with phosphorus-treated plants showing a notable increase in leaf weight. Compared to a positive control, phosphorus increased the essential oil yield by 488%, while nitrogen enhanced biomass accumulation by 165%. The primary compounds identified included (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-sesquilavandolol, and β-pinene, with percentages ranging between 21.3–32.1%, 14.1–42.0%, and 2.0–8.8%, respectively. The levels of β-pinene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-decalactone, and spathulenol were found to be higher in the phosphorus and potassium treatments than in nitrogen. In contrast, limonene, linalool, geraniol, and (E)-sesquilavandulol concentrations were greater in the nitrogen treatment compared with phosphorus and potassium treatments. In conclusion, phosphorus fertilization can substantially increase the essential oil yield in E. platyloba compared to other treatments, potentially enhancing production per unit area, which supports farmers’ income and helps prevent the degradation of this species in natural habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 5476 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Co-Fertilization Affects Pinus yunnanensis Seedling Distribution of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Different Organs After Coppicing

by He Sun, Yu Wang, Lin Chen, Nianhui Cai and Yulan Xu

Plants 2025, 14(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030462 - 5 Feb 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1565

Abstract

The effects of nutritional additions on the non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. following coppicing were examined in this work. Three levels of phosphorous (P) addition, namely P₀ (0 g/plant), P (2 g/plant), and P+ (4 g/plant), and two levels of [...] Read more.

The effects of nutritional additions on the non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) of Pinus yunnanensis Franch. following coppicing were examined in this work. Three levels of phosphorous (P) addition, namely P₀ (0 g/plant), P (2 g/plant), and P+ (4 g/plant), and two levels of nitrogen (N) additions, namely N0 (0 g/plant) and N+ (0.6 g/plant) The treatments consisted of D1 (N₀P), D2 (N+P₀), D3 (N₀P), D4 (N+P), D5 (N₀P), and D6 (N+P+), utilizing an orthogonal design to assess how these nutrients influence NSC levels and their components throughout many plant organs in P. yunnanensis. The findings showed that fertilization enhanced NSCs and their components’ contents in P. yunnanensis. P treatment greatly raised NSC levels in sprouts as well as starch (ST) content in stems and sprouts. N treatment greatly raised soluble sugar (SS) and NSC content in stems and greatly accelerated the contents of NSCs and their components in sprouts. The combined application of N and P further improved SS content in stems. Fertilization effects varied over time, with significant increases in NSC content observed at different stages: at 0 d, fertilization significantly raised NSCs and their components in needles; at 90 d, roots and stems showed increases in both NSCs and their components’ contents; at 180 d, stem ST content significantly increased; and at 270 d, NSCs and their components’ contents across all organs were significantly increased. Especially in roots, stems, and sprouts, the combined N (0.6 g/plant) and P (2.0 g/plant) treatment (D4) produced the highest NSC concentration among the treatments. This suggested that NSC formation in plants might be greatly promoted by a balanced N and P fertilization ratio acting in concert. Moreover, fertilizer, as part of a general management plan, has long-term and significant benefits on plant development, especially after coppicing, accelerating recovery, expanding growth potential, and thereby strengthening the plant’s capacity to adapt to environmental changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1672 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Soil Health in Rice Cultivation: Optimized Zn Application and Crop Residue Management in Calcareous Soils

by Ranjan Laik, Elsaffory Bakry Awad Eltahira, Biswajit Pramanick, Nidhi, Santosh Kumar Singh and Harold van Es

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020489 - 10 Jan 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2801

Abstract

Crop residue, a readily available biomass, is the largest source of organic matter in soil, and zinc (Zn) significantly influences microbial activity. Understanding the optimal Zn rates for enhanced biological activity in crop residue-amended soils is crucial. A study at RPCAU, Pusa, examined [...] Read more.

Crop residue, a readily available biomass, is the largest source of organic matter in soil, and zinc (Zn) significantly influences microbial activity. Understanding the optimal Zn rates for enhanced biological activity in crop residue-amended soils is crucial. A study at RPCAU, Pusa, examined the combined effects of Zn applications and long-term crop residue amendments on soil biological properties in a rice–wheat cropping system. Conducted on Zn-deficient calcareous soil, the experiment used a split-plot design with four crop residue levels (0, 25, 50, and 100%) and four Zn rates (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 kg ha⁻¹). Crop residues were incorporated each season, while Zn was applied initially in 1994 and again in 2018. The results showed significant improvements in soil organic carbon, organic C-stock, and reductions in soil bulk density. A linear–plateau regression model revealed that Zn application at 10 kg ha⁻¹ increased soil active carbon and soil respiration by 35% and 53%, respectively, with the required crop residue levels at 73.73% and 90.28%. ACE protein increased by 9.6% with Zn application at 5 kg ha⁻¹, with a required crop residue level of 91.06%. The highest values of soil available nutrients and grain yield of rice were observed with 100% residue incorporation and 10 kg ha⁻¹ Zn application. Thus, applying 10 kg ha⁻¹ Zn along with 100% crop residue incorporation significantly improves soil biological properties and soil organic carbon levels in calcareous soil under a rice–wheat cropping system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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