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Accurate assessment of compacted snow strength is critical for ensuring the safety and performance of snow runways in cold environments. The Russian Snow Penetrometer (RSP) is widely used in snow science and engineering due to its simplicity, portabi...

Snow construction plays a crucial role in military operations in cold regions, providing tactical fortifications, thermal insulation, and emergency infrastructure in environments where conventional building materials are scarce or require extensive i...

Glacial lakes in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) are rapidly evolving due to accelerated glacier retreat driven by climate change. Here we present a comprehensive inventory of glacial lakes using Sentinel-1 SAR data with adaptive backscatter thresholding...

With ongoing climate transformations, reliable Arctic sea ice forecasts are essential for understanding impacts on shipping, ecosystems, and climate teleconnections. This research examines physics-free neural architectures versus physics-informed sta...

A previous analysis of Antarctic acoustic data relevant to quantifying frazil contributions to sea ice accretion is reconsidered to address inconsistencies with river frazil results acquired with similar instrumentation but augmented to suppress inst...

This study assesses the impact of climate change and glacier retreat on river runoff in the high-altitude Terek River Basin using the physically based ECOMAG hydrological model. Sensitivity experiments examined the influence of glaciation, precipitat...

Glaciers and glacierets of the Kuznetsky Alatau Mountains are distributed at altitudes of 1200–1500 m above sea level, which is not typical for continental areas. The main factor contributing to the persistence of glaciation here is abundant wi...

Morphological problems for distinguishing between glacier ice, glacier ice with a debris cover (debris-covered glaciers), and rock glaciers are outlined with respect to recognising and mapping these features. Decimal latitude–longitude [dLL] va...

Fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology can monitor vibrational strain of vast areas with fine spatial resolution at high sampling rates. The fiber optic cable portion of DAS may directly monitor, measure, and map potentially unsafe...

Knowledge of surface water extent is critical for ecological and disaster monitoring. However, surface water extraction from optical satellite imagery is challenging due to the impact of weather. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can penetrate cloud cov...