Responses and Adaptation of Trees to Environmental Stress

A Special Issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907) belonging to the section "Forest Ecophysiology and Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2026) | Viewed by 4753

Editors


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Guest Editor
MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, IIFA–Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
Interests: ecology and conservation; forest science; tree ecophysiology; close-to-nature silviculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Forest Research Center (CEF), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: climate change; plant ecophysiology; tree physiology; cork oak woodlands; shrub encroachment; drought; extreme events; water relations

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, IIFA–Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
Interests: plant ecology; plant physiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Trees are subject to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought, extreme temperatures, pollution, wildfires, salinity, nutrient deficiencies, and so on. To survive these challenges, they employ a range of structural, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. However, with the intensifying effects of climate change, trees may reach the limits of their resilience, becoming more vulnerable to additional stressors like pests, diseases, and a heightened risk of wildfires. Indeed, widespread forest die-off events have been documented across the globe for decades, compromising these ecosystems and the services they provide. In this context, understanding how trees respond and adapt to environmental stress is crucial. Beyond advancing fundamental knowledge, this understanding can lead to the development of tools for proactive management, helping to mitigate and adapt to climate change. For instance, it could guide the elaboration of new species distribution maps, enhance strategies for carbon sequestration, and improve the management of both natural and production forests. Thus, this Special Issue aims to present selected contributions on the latest advances in understanding the responses and adaptations of trees to environmental stress.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Natural and production forests;
  • Field and controlled conditions;
  • Laboratory experiments (molecular, cell or organ level);
  • Field approach (plant to ecosystem level).

Dr. Constança Camilo Alves
Dr. Raquel Lobo-do-Vale
Dr. Margarida Vaz
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • tree ecosystem
  • climate change
  • abiotic stress
  • molecular and genetic mechanisms
  • tree structure and function
  • functional ecology
  • remote sensing and models

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2148 KB  
Article
Clonal Integration and Root Morphological Plasticity Influence the Response of Indocalamus latifolius to Nitrogen Heterogeneity in the Soil
by Jiancheng Zhao and Zhenya Yang
Forests 2026, 17(8), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17080891 - 30 Jul 2026
Viewed by 413
Abstract
Clonal plants generally possess greater growth adaptability under heterogeneous resource environments. Indocalamus latifolius (Keng) McClure has rarely been investigated regarding its clonal integration mechanisms and morphological plasticity under heterogeneous nitrogen (N) conditions. In this study, I. latifolius were exposed to different N distribution [...] Read more.
Clonal plants generally possess greater growth adaptability under heterogeneous resource environments. Indocalamus latifolius (Keng) McClure has rarely been investigated regarding its clonal integration mechanisms and morphological plasticity under heterogeneous nitrogen (N) conditions. In this study, I. latifolius were exposed to different N distribution regimes with either connected or severed ramets. Biomass, root morphological, non-structural carbohydrate, and N were determined to investigate how clonal integration and root morphological plasticity enable I. latifolius to respond to heterogeneous N availability. Results revealed that compared with uniform N addition, the two localized N treatments promoted biomass accumulation of ramets in high-N patches, and localized N addition to daughter ramets was more beneficial to biomass accumulation of the clonal system. Clonal integration achieved through rhizome connection promoted growth and N accumulation in daughter ramets, increased root length and root soluble sugar content of ramets in low-N patches and reduced average root diameter. Overall, resource allocation was prioritized to daughter ramets and high-N patches; clonal integration drove compensatory root proliferation and morphological adjustment for ramets in low-N patches. This study advances the understanding of adaptive strategies adopted by clonal plants in heterogeneous habitats and lays a theoretical foundation for precision nutrient management of I. latifolius. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses and Adaptation of Trees to Environmental Stress)
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17 pages, 8016 KB  
Article
Physiological and Transcriptomic Insights into Waterlogging Responses of Liriodendron Hybrids
by Miao Hu, Xiaoyan Yang, Aihong Yang, Ping Hu, Xiaoling Yu, Faxin Yu, Caihui Chen and Xunzhi Ouyang
Forests 2026, 17(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17010050 - 30 Dec 2025
Viewed by 827
Abstract
Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress that restricts plant growth, productivity, and survival by disrupting root aeration and altering hormonal homeostasis. To elucidate the physiological and molecular responses associated with flooding tolerance in Liriodendron hybrids (Liriodendron chinense × Liriodendron tulipifera), this [...] Read more.
Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress that restricts plant growth, productivity, and survival by disrupting root aeration and altering hormonal homeostasis. To elucidate the physiological and molecular responses associated with flooding tolerance in Liriodendron hybrids (Liriodendron chinense × Liriodendron tulipifera), this study investigated its morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic changes under 0, 1, 3, and 6 days of waterlogging. Roots exhibited rapid decay, while leaves showed delayed chlorosis and reduced chlorophyll content. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities reflected enhanced antioxidant capacity, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreasing and peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities increasing. Hormone measurements indicated organ-specific patterns, including abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves and decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) levels in both roots and leaves. Transcriptome profiling revealed extensive transcriptional adjustments in hormone biosynthesis, signaling, and stress-responsive pathways, including divergent regulation of ABA-associated genes in leaves and roots and broad downregulation of auxin- and gibberellin-related genes. Key ABA biosynthetic genes (NCED1, ABA2) and signaling components (PYL4, PP2C, ABF) were upregulated in leaves but downregulated in roots, whereas auxin (YUC6) and gibberellin (GA20ox) genes were generally suppressed. These coordinated physiological and molecular responses suggest organ-differentiated adaptation to waterlogging in Liriodendron hybrids, highlighting candidate pathways and genes for further investigation and providing insights for improving flooding tolerance in woody species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses and Adaptation of Trees to Environmental Stress)
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33 pages, 42480 KB  
Article
Wood Anatomy Properties and Global Climate Change Constraints of Forest Species from the Natural Forest of Mozambique
by Eugénia Joaquim-Meque, José Louzada, Francisco Tarcísio Moraes Mady, Valquíria Clara Freire de Souza, Margarida L. R. Liberato and Teresa Fidalgo Fonseca
Forests 2025, 16(6), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16061018 - 17 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
Mozambique’s natural forests are increasingly affected by climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable exploitation, threatening both biodiversity and rural livelihoods. This study examines the wood anatomical characteristics of five commercially important tree species—Spirostachys africana Sond., Afzelia quanzensis Welw., Millettia stuhlmannii Taub., Pterocarpus angolensis [...] Read more.
Mozambique’s natural forests are increasingly affected by climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable exploitation, threatening both biodiversity and rural livelihoods. This study examines the wood anatomical characteristics of five commercially important tree species—Spirostachys africana Sond., Afzelia quanzensis Welw., Millettia stuhlmannii Taub., Pterocarpus angolensis DC., and Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard—to assess their vulnerability to drought, cyclones, and floods. The aim is to enhance current knowledge regarding their wood anatomy and to clarify how these anatomical traits could help to identify species most vulnerable to climate extremes. Wood samples were collected from native forests and analyzed in laboratories in Brazil and Portugal using standardized anatomical methods according to IAWA guidelines. The results show that Afzelia quanzensis, Millettia stuhlmannii, Pterocarpus angolensis, and Colophospermum mopane have solitary vessels with vestured pits and thick-walled fibers, which improve hydraulic conductivity and drought resistance. Colophospermum mopane shows the greatest anatomical adaptation to climatic stressors. By contrast, Spirostachys africana has narrow, grouped vessels and thin walls, indicating higher susceptibility to embolism and limited resilience. Cyclone resistance is associated with higher wood density and parenchyma abundance, which enhance mechanical stability and recovery. Flood resilience, however, appears to depend more on leaf and root adaptations than on wood anatomy alone. These findings highlight the role of wood structure in climate adaptability and underline the urgency of integrating anatomical data into forest management strategies to support the conservation and sustainable use of Mozambique’s forest resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses and Adaptation of Trees to Environmental Stress)
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