Harmful Toxins and Chemicals in Processed Foods and Related Products: Occurrence, Formation, Detection, Assessment, Prevention and Control Strategies

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Quality and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 October 2026 | Viewed by 2771

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Interests: foodborne contaminants; toxicity and evaluation; detoxification and prevention; bioactive substances; health effects
Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
Interests: mycotoxin control and human health; analytical toxicology; food safety risk assessment
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the rapid development of the global food industry and the growing reliance of consumers on processed foods, the potential risks posed by chemical contaminants within the food supply chain have become a critical concern in the fields of public health and food safety. The proportion of the global disease burden attributable to food contamination has been steadily increasing, with harmful toxins and chemicals in processed foods serving as significant contributing factors. These contaminants may originate from various sources, including raw material contamination, byproducts of processing, improper storage conditions, migration from packaging materials, or the addition of unauthorized substances. As a result, consumers may face various acute or chronic health risks such as carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, immunosuppression, etc. Furthermore, the occurrence of emerging contaminants, along with the complex toxic effects of both traditional and/or emerging contaminants under real-world exposure scenarios, not only presents new challenges for food safety management but also demands enhanced research into the mechanisms of contaminant formation, the development of advanced detection techniques, comprehensive risk assessment frameworks, and the development of “green” prevention and control strategies. Therefore, it is imperative to integrate multidisciplinary cutting-edge technologies to effectively cope with evolving food safety risks in processed foods and facilitate the transition from "reactive detection" to "proactive prevention and control".

High-quality original research articles, reviews, short communications, and methodologies focusing on, but not limited to, the following topics are welcome to be submitted to this Special Issue:

Formation mechanisms of chemical contaminants in both traditional and novel food processes;

Developing innovative highly specific sensing technologies or point-of-care detection methods for complex food matrices;

Toxicological evaluation and risk assessment based on in vivo and in vitro experimental models, computational simulations, network pharmacology, and/or epidemiological data;

Novel approaches for the detoxification, degradation, and control of harmful toxins and chemicals in food;

The inhibitive capacity of natural products for the generation of harmful substances during food processing and their potential antagonistic effects on toxicities.

This Special Issue excludes papers focused on biological contaminants, such as pathogenic microorganisms, physical contaminants, and research related to clinical nutritional toxicology.

Dr. Hongyuan Zhou
Dr. You Zhou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • foodborne contamination
  • harmful toxins and chemicals
  • emerging risk factors
  • pollution levels and formation mechanisms
  • toxic effects and risk assessments
  • biosensors
  • detection methods
  • detoxification strategies
  • contamination control

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5516 KB  
Article
Redox State of Epigallocatechin Gallate Modulates Its Inhibition of Acrylamide Formation via the 3-Aminopropionamide Pathway
by Yajing Qi, Mengjie Gao, Jiahao Cheng, Tianxiang Yang, En Han and Bin Xu
Foods 2026, 15(10), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15101781 - 18 May 2026
Viewed by 240
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the impact of environmental factors on the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in inhibiting acrylamide formation and to clarify the role of the 3-aminopropionamide (3-APA) pathway in this process. Asparagine–glucose and 3-APA model systems were employed for the [...] Read more.
This study aimed to elucidate the impact of environmental factors on the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in inhibiting acrylamide formation and to clarify the role of the 3-aminopropionamide (3-APA) pathway in this process. Asparagine–glucose and 3-APA model systems were employed for the investigation. The results revealed that EGCG exerted a pronounced, condition-dependent inhibitory effect on acrylamide formation during the Maillard reaction. The maximum inhibition rate of 91% was observed at 180 °C and pH 6.0 without metal ions, while alkaline conditions, excessive heating, and Fe3+ markedly weakened the inhibitory capacity of EGCG. In the 3-APA model, a positive correlation (R2 = 0.9111) was found between acrylamide generation and EGCG oxidation, and the key o-quinone-derived adduct was identified as an indirect evidence for EGCG oxidation. Collectively, the redox state of EGCG, which is highly susceptible to food processing conditions, may modulate its anti-acrylamide activity. These findings provide valuable mechanistic insights for the rational application of EGCG to mitigate acrylamide contamination in thermally processed foods. Full article
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16 pages, 4224 KB  
Article
A Study on the Spatial Distribution of Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol in Oat Bran
by Honglei Qu, Pengshuai Li, Xiaoping Rong, Zhonghao Liu, Ruifen Kang, Wenqiong Chai and Qiugang Ma
Foods 2026, 15(5), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15050807 - 25 Feb 2026
Viewed by 572
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) are common Fusarium toxins that are found worldwide in contaminated wheat, corn, oats, and other foods. This study investigated the spatial distribution of ZEN and DON within bagged oat bran and the relationships among fungal taxa. A total [...] Read more.
Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) are common Fusarium toxins that are found worldwide in contaminated wheat, corn, oats, and other foods. This study investigated the spatial distribution of ZEN and DON within bagged oat bran and the relationships among fungal taxa. A total of 168 oat bran bags arranged in a three-dimensional space (X = 4, Y = 6, Z = 7) were tested for ZEN and DON concentrations via Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and fungal communities were analyzed by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing. Samples were grouped by air-exposed surfaces: G0 (no exposure, n = 48), G1 (one exposed surface, n = 80), G2 (two or three exposed surfaces, n = 40). Results showed strong positive correlations between ZEN and DON spatial distributions (r = 0.691~0.930), with G2 having significantly lower toxin levels than G0 and G1 (p < 0.05). Fusarium spp. (e.g., F. aethiopicum, F. pseudonygamai, and F. fujikuroi) were positively correlated with ZEN and DON (p < 0.05), indicating that they are the primary producers of these mycotoxins. Talaromyces (T. funiculosus and T. stollii) and Sarocladium (S. kiliense and S. strictum) were positively correlated with ZEN, DON, and Fusarium spp., while the yeasts D. hungarica, V. victoriae, and H. sinensis exhibited a negative association with those (p < 0.05). Overall, the distribution of ZEN and DON in bagged oat bran was heterogeneous in three-dimensional space, and the distribution pattern was related to air exposure. The extent of air exposure influenced the composition of the fungal community, and the taxa correlating with Fusarium spp. showed potential synergistic or antagonistic associations, collectively influencing the accumulation of mycotoxins. This study provides a reference basis for the prevention of mold contamination during the stacked bag storage of feedstuffs. Full article
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16 pages, 6136 KB  
Article
Dose–Effect Relationship of the Immunotoxicity, Neurotoxicity, Gastrointestinal Toxicity, and Hepatotoxicity of the Maillard Reaction Product 2-Acetylfuran
by Qiaosi Wei, Xiangxin Wang, Qingxue Chen, Shubo Luo, Dongying Cui, Sinan Mu, Jufang Li, Qinggang Xie and Yajun Xu
Foods 2026, 15(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030432 - 24 Jan 2026
Viewed by 809
Abstract
2-acetylfuran is a product of the Maillard reaction and is widely found, especially in heat-processed foods such as grain products, baked goods, and dairy products. Although 2-acetylfuran contributes to flavor, high concentrations may be toxic. Its target organs and dose–response relationships remain poorly [...] Read more.
2-acetylfuran is a product of the Maillard reaction and is widely found, especially in heat-processed foods such as grain products, baked goods, and dairy products. Although 2-acetylfuran contributes to flavor, high concentrations may be toxic. Its target organs and dose–response relationships remain poorly characterized. In this study, transgenic zebrafish with fluorescently labeled immune and neural systems were used to assess the effects of 2-acetylfuran on immune and neural development. Wild-type zebrafish were employed to assess the toxicity of 2-acetylfuran on locomotor ability, gastrointestinal development, and liver function. The maximum non-lethal concentration (MNLC) and the 10% lethal concentration (LC10) for zebrafish embryos were 0.844 and 0.889 μL/mL, respectively. Regarding immunotoxicity, at concentrations of 0.281, 0.844, and 0.889 μL/mL, 2-acetylfuran significantly reduced the numbers of neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages. Regarding locomotor and neurotoxicity, motor speed and total locomotor distance were significantly reduced at 0.844 and 0.889 μL/mL. These findings were consistent with neurodevelopmental assessments, in which 0.844 μL/mL 2-acetylfuran resulted in a significant increase in apoptotic cells in the central nervous system and markedly shortened peripheral motor nerve lengths. Regarding gastrointestinal toxicity, 0.844 and 0.889 μL/mL 2-acetylfuran significantly reduced the gastrointestinal area, while neutrophil counts showed no significant changes, suggesting a relatively mild effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Regarding hepatic toxicity, all tested concentrations of 2-acetylfuran primarily increased the delayed yolk sac absorption area. Furthermore, at 0.844 μL/mL, histological examination revealed hepatic pathological changes characterized by hepatocyte nuclear swelling, vacuolar degeneration, and hepatocyte necrosis. In summary, this study reveals the multi-organ toxicity profile of 2-acetylfuran in the zebrafish model, with particularly high sensitivity in the immune system and liver. This research provides theoretical support for risk assessment and process control of 2-acetylfuran in foods. Full article
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