Dear Colleagues,

For millions of years, fishes, like all living organisms, have adapted to their environment, which, globally speaking, has remained rather stable, at least since the last mass extinction 66 million years ago. However, in less than a century, human pressures have modified this environment so dramatically that living organisms have not had enough time to adapt to the new imposed conditions, and the occurrence of a sixth mass extinction has been predicted. Indeed, the increasing human populatuion has induced a growing need for food and an increasing reorganization of spaces, whatever the medium concerned, be it aquatic or terrestrial. The results of this include a dramactic ongoing reduction in and fragmentation of wild spaces, together with an increase in physical barriers and physical and chemical pollutants (light-at-night, noise, nanoparticles, heavy metals, electromagnetic fields, hydrocarbons, endocrine disruptors (PCBs, herbicides, pesticides, synthetic steroids) and more). Moreover, these same human activities are inducing dramatic climatic changes, with all of the associated threats. Thus, aquatic organisms are also facing increases in temperature (dramatic in freshwater environments) and the increased acidification and salinity of oceans, together with changes in sea currents, oxygen concentrations, eutrophication and blooms of algae and microorganisms, as well as the invasion of migratory species (which adds to those already introduced by human activities). This conjunction of threats places organisms, communities and ecosystems in danger. The current Special Topic aims at collecting original and review papers which investigate how one or more of these threats are affecting, individually or collectively, the metabolism and physiology of marine and freshwater species.

Dr. Jack Falcón
Dr. Arianna Servili
Guest Editors

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• global changes
• freshwater
• seawater
• metabolism
• physiology