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Energies
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Biomass, Biofuels and Waste: 2nd Edition
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Biomass, Biofuels and Waste: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A4: Bio-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 23 May 2024 | Viewed by 1961

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Małgorzata Wilk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Heat Engineering and Environment Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: thermal processes; hydrothermal carbonization; torrefaction; pyrolysis; combustion; thermal analysis; post-processing water analysis; fuel property evaluation; biomass; waste; sewage sludge
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, the political situation has significantly influenced the demand for bioenergy production. The global energy market has been forced to reduce the consumption of natural gas. Additionally, global warming and the depletion of natural sources has imposed the implementation of many actions towards the development of renewable sources and the reduction in fossil fuel usage. Therefore, biomass, biofuels and waste are welcome as eco-friendly alternatives. In addition, new developing technologies should also be applied to sufficiently increase the production of biofuels and to utilize the potential of biomass or waste and the adequate disposal of by-products. Therefore, pre-treatment processes such as torrefaction, hydrothermal carbonization and slow pyrolysis processes are required to improve the properties of biomass or waste and turn them into successful biofuels. Thermal conversion methods, e.g., combustion, gasification or pyrolysis, must be undertaken to process biomass, biofuels or waste into energy or other applications including fuel cells, biofertilizers or absorbents, etc. Every aspect of these processes must be carefully studied. Therefore, a number of actions regarding waste management should also be introduced, including, among others: the reduction in waste generation, including food, mineral and plastic waste; the efficient segregation of municipal mixed solid waste; and the application of thermal processes in order to transform the combustible portion of waste into energy.

This Special Issue aims to present the most recent advancements related to experimental and numerical studies as well theory and design concerning biomass, biofuels and waste conversion technologies. In addition, the benefits and problems associated within their production will be highlighted. Research papers and reviews describing the state of the art are within the scope of this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Małgorzata Wilk
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomass
  • biofuel
  • waste
  • sewage sludge
  • municipal solid waste
  • refuse-derived fuel
  • renewable fuels
  • waste management
  • liquid waste disposal
  • fuel characterization
  • circular economy
  • sustainability
  • thermal processing
  • hydrothermal carbonization
  • liquefaction
  • stream explosion
  • torrefaction
  • pyrolysis
  • gasification
  • combustion and incineration
  • anaerobic digestion and fermentation
  • wet oxidation
  • hydrogen
  • material recovery
  • energy recovery
  • energy balance
  • evaluation of fuel quality
  • life cycle and risk assessment
  • technoeconomic analysis
  • environmental consideration
  • biological processes
  • dark fermentation
  • biorefinery

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2586 KiB  
Article
Oxidative Liquefaction, an Approach for Complex Plastic Waste Stream Conversion into Valuable Oxygenated Chemicals
by Hamza Mumtaz, Sebastian Werle, Roksana Muzyka, Szymon Sobek and Marcin Sajdak
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051086 - 24 Feb 2024
Viewed by 449
Abstract
Various waste streams including municipal solid waste (MSW), polymer waste from personal protective equipment (PPE) used in medical fields, and composite waste from wind turbine blades (WTBs) demand modern waste management and recycling approaches. Ultimate and proximate analysis of mentioned samples revealed a [...] Read more.
Various waste streams including municipal solid waste (MSW), polymer waste from personal protective equipment (PPE) used in medical fields, and composite waste from wind turbine blades (WTBs) demand modern waste management and recycling approaches. Ultimate and proximate analysis of mentioned samples revealed a higher content of carbon—28.2 ± 8.0, 80.1 ± 2.3, and 50.3 ± 2.3, respectively—exhibiting sufficient potential to be converted into secondary carbon-based compounds. For this purpose, oxidative liquefaction of selected waste materials was carried out following a detailed experimental plan, a centred composite design for WTBs, and a central composite face-centred plan for MSW and PPEs. Temperature, pressure, oxidant concentration, reaction time, and waste-to-liquid ratio were the parameters of key interest, and their values were tested at a range of 200–350 °C, 20–40 bar, 15–60%, 30–90 min, and 3–25%, respectively, depending upon the type of waste. As a result, total polymer degradation (TPD) was recorded for three types of waste and the results were satisfactory, encouraging the decomposition of primary waste in liquid oxygenated chemical compounds (OCCs). Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionisation Detection (GC-FID) helped us quantify the number of OCCs for each waste sample. Energy consumption during the process was also recorded and optimisation of the experimental plan based on maximum TPD and OCCs yields against the minimum energy consumption was performed to make the process tech-economic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass, Biofuels and Waste: 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 1939 KiB  
Article
Enzymatic In Situ Interesterification of Rapeseed Oil with Methyl Formate in Diesel Fuel Medium
by Violeta Makareviciene, Kiril Kazancev, Egle Sendzikiene and Milda Gumbyte
Energies 2024, 17(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020282 - 5 Jan 2024
Viewed by 522
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the process of enzymatic biodiesel synthesis by directly using rapeseed as a raw material, extracting the oil contained within and interesterifying with a mixture of methyl formate and mineral diesel, choosing the amount of mineral [...] Read more.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the process of enzymatic biodiesel synthesis by directly using rapeseed as a raw material, extracting the oil contained within and interesterifying with a mixture of methyl formate and mineral diesel, choosing the amount of mineral diesel so that the ratio between it and the rapeseed oil in the seeds was 9:1. As the final product of the interesterification process, a mixture of mineral diesel and biodiesel was obtained directly, which is conventionally produced by mixing the mineral diesel and biodiesel. The tests were performed using enzymatic catalysis using the lipase Lipozyme TL TIM. Process optimization was performed using the response surface methodology. A model describing the interaction of three independent variables and their influence on the yield of rapeseed oil methyl esters was developed. The physical and chemical indicators of the product obtained under optimal interesterification conditions were evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass, Biofuels and Waste: 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 2727 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Sunflower Husk Ash in the Production of Polyurethane Materials
by Patrycja Zakrzewska, Monika Kuźnia, Beata Zygmunt-Kowalska, Anna Magiera and Aneta Magdziarz
Energies 2023, 16(24), 8080; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16248080 - 15 Dec 2023
Viewed by 653
Abstract
Energy produced from waste biomass is more environmentally friendly than that produced from fossil resources. However, the problem of managing waste from the thermal conversion of biomass arises. The overarching goal of this article was to propose a method of utilizing biomass ash [...] Read more.
Energy produced from waste biomass is more environmentally friendly than that produced from fossil resources. However, the problem of managing waste from the thermal conversion of biomass arises. The overarching goal of this article was to propose a method of utilizing biomass ash (sunflower husk) as a filler that positively affects the properties of rigid polyurethane foams. The scope of the presented research is to obtain and characterize rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with the addition of two types of fillers: sunflower husks (SHs) and sunflower husk ash (SHA). First, an analysis of the fillers was carried out. The carbon content of SHs (C~49%) was ten times higher in comparison to SHA’s carbon content (C~5%). The morphology of the fillers and the particle size distribution were determined, which showed that in the case of SHs, particles with a size of 500–1000 µm predominated, while in SHA, the particles were 1–20 µm. The content of inorganic compounds was also determined. Potassium and calcium compounds were the most abundant in both fillers. The second part of the research was the analysis of polyurethane materials with the addition of fillers. The obtained results indicate that filler addition had a positive effect on the dimensional stability of the foams by eliminating the risk of material shrinkage. The biodegradation process of polyurethane materials was also carried out. The reference foam weight loss after 8 weeks was ~10%, while the weight loss of the foam containing SHA was over 28%. Physical and mechanical properties, cell structure, and thermal stability tests were also carried out. The use of bio-waste fillers creates a possibility for the partial replacement of petrochemical products with environmentally friendly and recycled materials, which fits into the circular economy strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass, Biofuels and Waste: 2nd Edition)
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