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Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition

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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 January 2026 | Viewed by 4842

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Dr. Gao Qiu

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Interests: power system stability; power system operational planning; artificial intelligence applications in power systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Youbo Liu

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Interests: intelligent control; power system stability and control; active distribution network dispatch and control; energy storage; artificial intelligence applications in power systems
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Prof. Dr. Mao Yang

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Guest Editor

Electrical Engineering Department, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132011, China
Interests: automatic control; intelligent scheduling; microgrid optimal dispatch; integrated energy system; renewable energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Yuxiong Huang

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Guest Editor

School of Electric Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 713599, China
Interests: power system control; optimal control; reliability evaluation and machine learning technologies in power systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Low-carbon ambitions around the world have motivated a great number of advancements in the utilization of renewable energy. As a pivotal carrier for renewable energy, electric power systems are currently undergoing groundbreaking developments. For example, the stochasticity of renewable energy triggers the significant operational variability of power systems. In this case, unpredictable system oscillations, such as power oscillation, frequency instability, etc., can occur at any time once any inapplicable control or dispatch exists. Unfavorably, these improper control phenomena occur more easily since it can be intensely challenging to find a “one-size-fits-all” strategy to relieve oscillations or instability situations within the tremendous operational space of a renewable energy-penetrated power system. Moreover, a high proportion of power electronic devices necessitate electromagnetic transient analysis to better understand their impacts on power system stability. Thus, an overwhelming computing workload can emerge, making it more complicated to efficiently provide power system control or a dispatch strategy. Furthermore, renewable energy has widely supplanted conventional rotary generators. Given this scenario, newly appearing challenges (e.g., low-inertia and weak AC systems, etc.) are becoming key concerns for power system control and stability.

In this Special Issue, we encourage contributions addressing the barriers existing in renewable energy-penetrated power system stability analysis, control and dispatch. Recent advances in real-time simulation, intelligent control and artificial intelligence-based optimization and control are also welcome. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

(1) Stability analysis in renewable energy-penetrated power systems;

(2) Stability analysis in microgrids, active distribution networks and integrated energy systems;

(3) Fast control or dispatch of renewable energy-penetrated power systems;

(4) Fast control or dispatch of microgrids, active distribution networks and integrated energy systems;

(5) Control of power electronic devices;

(6) Control of flexible AC/DC transmission systems;

(7) Artificial intelligence applications in power system stability analysis, control and dispatch;

(8) Simulation techniques of transmission system microgrids, active distribution networks and integrated energy systems with the penetration of renewable energy.

Dr. Gao Qiu
Prof. Dr. Youbo Liu
Prof. Dr. Mao Yang
Dr. Yuxiong Huang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

power system stability and control
power system dynamics
intelligent-based power system analysis
power system simulation
artificial intelligence application

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Related Special Issue

Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated in Electronics (11 articles)

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Research

27 pages, 2930 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on a New Shared Energy Storage Market Mechanism Based on Wind Power Characteristics and Two-Way Sales

by Yi Chai, Qinghai Hao, Ce Wang, Yunfei Tian, Jing Peng, Peng Sun and Mao Yang

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4038; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204038 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of the world’s increasing reliance on renewable energy, the inherent intermittency and volatility of wind and solar energy pose significant challenges to the stability and economic benefits of the power system. In regions rich in renewable energy resources such as Gansu Province, due to low operational efficiency and underdeveloped market mechanisms, the potential of new energy storage systems is often not fully exploited. This paper proposes an integrated shared energy storage model designed to suppress wind power fluctuations and a two-way market trading mechanism designed to maximize social welfare to solve these problems. Firstly, a hybrid energy storage system combining electrochemical- and hydrogen-based energy storage is constructed. The modular coordination strategy is adopted to dynamically allocate power capacity, and the wind energy fluctuation suppression technology is proposed to achieve fluctuation suppression at multiple time scales. Secondly, a combined dual bidding mechanism is introduced, allowing for combined bidding across time periods and resource types, to better capture user preferences and enhance market flexibility. The model is represented as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem aimed at maximizing social welfare, and then transformed into a linear equivalence problem to enhance the traceability of the calculation. The branch and bound algorithm is adopted to solve this problem. Finally, the simulation results based on the bidding data of a certain area enhanced the participation of participants and improved the fairness of the market and the overall social welfare. This system effectively enhances the grid-friendliness of renewable energy grid connection and provides a scalable and replicable framework for highly renewable energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1585 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Line Rating and Transformer-Life-Loss-Related Unit Commitment Under Extreme High-Temperature Conditions

by Hong Zhou, Liang Lu, Ke Yang, Li Shen, Yiyu Wen and Qing Wang

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4027; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204027 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The increasing frequency of extreme high-temperature events has led to deteriorating thermal stability in power transmission lines and accelerated life of transformers. Conventional unit commitment (UC) employs static line rating (SLR) and neglects transformer lifetime degradation, posing hidden risks to system security in high-temperature and heavy-load scenarios. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a dispatch method that incorporates dynamic line rating (DLR) and transformer life loss under extreme high-temperature conditions. First, the conductor temperature-rise mechanism is formulated using the thermal balance theory, upon which a temperature-dependent DLR calculation model is developed. Second, the coupling relationship between transformer hot-spot temperature, load ratio, and ambient temperature is quantified, and an ambient temperature-driven transformer life cost function is formulated using linear damage accumulation theory. Finally, a unit commitment (UC) optimization model is established to minimize unit generation costs, transformer lifetime loss costs, and wind curtailment penalties costs, while satisfying power balance, transmission capacity, and other operational constraints. Simulation results on the IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate that, compared to conventional models, the proposed method improves transmission capacity utilization in high-temperature conditions by 12%, reduces transformer life loss costs by 69%, and lowers total operating costs by 4.9%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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34 pages, 2977 KB

Open AccessArticle

Load Characteristic Analysis and Load Forecasting Method Considering Extreme Weather Conditions

by Mingyi Sun, Dai Cui, Chenyang Zhao, Shubo Hu, Jiayi Li, Yiran Li, Gengfeng Li and Yiheng Bian

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 3978; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14203978 - 10 Oct 2025

Viewed by 279

Abstract

In the context of climate change and energy transition, the growing frequency of extreme weather events threatens the safety and stability of power systems. Given the limitations of existing research on load characteristic analysis and load forecasting during extreme weather events, this paper proposes a load-integrated forecasting model that accounts for extreme weather. First, an improved power load clustering method is proposed, combining Kernel PCA for nonlinear dimensionality reduction and an enhanced k-means algorithm, enabling both qualitative analysis and quantitative representation of load characteristics under extreme weather. Second, an optimal combination forecasting model is developed, integrating improved SVM and enhanced LSTM networks. Building upon the improved power load clustering algorithm, a load-integrated forecasting model considering extreme weather is established. Finally, based on the proposed load-integrated forecasting model, a time-series production simulation model considering extreme weather is constructed to quantitatively analyze the power and electricity balance risks of the system. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed integrated forecasting model can effectively analyze load characteristics under extreme weather and achieve more accurate load forecasting, which can provide guidance for the planning and operation of new power systems under extreme weather conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 2117 KB

Open AccessArticle

Model for Post-Disaster Restoration of Power Systems Considering Helicopter Scheduling and Its Cost–Benefit Analysis

by Shubo Hu, Jing Xu, Xin Hu, Meishan Zhang, Chengcheng Li, Gengfeng Li and Yiheng Bian

Electronics 2025, 14(19), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193903 - 30 Sep 2025

Viewed by 122

Abstract

In recent years, helicopters have shown stronger advantages than ground transportation in post-disaster emergency response due to their strengths of rapid response and cross-domain maneuverability. Especially against the backdrop of the increasing frequency of extreme weather and natural disasters, the issues of power supply guarantee and power grid security caused by extreme events have become increasingly severe. Making full use of helicopter resources can better meet the needs of repairing inaccessible faulty facilities in power systems after disasters and quickly restoring power supply. This paper studies the behavioral mechanism and application basis of helicopters participating in the post-disaster emergency response of power systems. It obtains route planning that reflects the maneuvering characteristics of helicopters by constructing a spatial route-planning model, and proposes a post-disaster restoration method for power systems with the joint action of helicopters and energy storage to verify its feasibility and superiority. Finally, the restoration model is supplemented from the perspectives of a cost consumption and benefit analysis of helicopter application, and verified in the improved IEEE 30-bus system. The results show that helicopters greatly reduce the loss of emergency load curtailment after disasters and have good economic benefits in the applied scenarios. The proposed analysis method can help balance the improvement in resilience and economic feasibility in helicopter deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 3242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synchronous Stability Analysis and Enhanced Control of Power Systems with Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Converters Considering Converter Distribution

by Xin Luo, Zhiying Chen, Fei Duan, Yilong He and Pengwei Sun

Electronics 2025, 14(17), 3539; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173539 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 617

Abstract

Under the backdrop of low-carbon energy transition, the increasing integration of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) converters into power systems is profoundly altering transient synchronous stability. A critical challenge lies in analyzing synchronous stability in grids with high penetration converters and improving converter control strategies to enhance stability. This paper selects virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-based converters as representative GFM units to investigate synchronous stability and control in hybrid systems with both VSG and GFL converters. To simplify stability analysis, this study proposes a novel distribution scheme of power supplies based on an assessment of the ability of different sources to reshape synchronous stability. Specifically, synchronous generators (SGs) and GFL converters are located in the power sending area, while VSGs are deployed in the power receiving area. Under this configuration, synchronous risk is predominantly determined by the power-angle difference between VSGs and SGs. Subsequently, the mechanism by which voltage stability affects synchronous stability between SGs and VSGs is revealed. Furthermore, enhanced control strategies for both VSG and GFL converters are proposed which adjust their transient active/reactive power response characteristics to enhance synchronous stability between SGs and VSGs. Finally, the theoretical analysis and control strategies are validated through simulations on a multi-machine, two-area interconnected power system. Under the proposed enhanced control strategies for GFLs and VSGs, the first-swing power-angle amplitude between VSGs and SGs is reduced by 60% and 49%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2635 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Synchronous Stability Analysis and Control Improvement for Power Systems with Grid-Following Converters

by Zhiying Chen and Lin Guan

Electronics 2025, 14(16), 3263; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163263 - 17 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 485

Abstract

Amid the global transition towards sustainable energy, the increasing integration of power sources equipped with grid-following (GFL) voltage source converters (VSCs) into power systems has significantly impacted transient synchronous stability. How to analyze the transient synchronous mechanism of power systems with GFL and how to fully utilize GFL to enhance the transient synchronous stability are critical challenges. Therefore, based on the extended equal area criterion (EEAC), the influence mechanism of the transient voltage stability on the transient synchronous stability of multi-machine power systems is analyzed. Furthermore, an explicit power angle equation is derived, incorporating the distribution location and active power characteristics of GFL, to explain their impact on the transient synchronous stability between synchronous generators (SGs). Inspired by the above insights, an improved control strategy of GFL is proposed for transient stability enhancement. The proposed strategy can effectively accelerate the voltage recovery speed and enhance the transient synchronous stability under different coherence grouping scenarios. Finally, the correctness of the mechanism analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are validated on the simplified system of a real power grid using the PSCAD platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 3070 KB

Open AccessArticle

Global Sensitivity Analysis of Tie-Line Power on Voltage Stability Margin in Renewable Energy-Integrated System

by Haifeng Zhang, Song Gao, Jiajun Zhang, Yunchang Dong, Han Gao and Deyou Yang

Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2757; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142757 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 402

Abstract

With the increasing load and renewable energy capacity in interconnected power grids, the system voltage stability faces significant challenges. Tie-line transmission power is a critical factor influencing the voltage stability margin. To address this, this paper proposes a fully data-driven global sensitivity calculation method for the tie-line power-voltage stability margin, aiming to quantify the impact of tie-line power on the voltage stability margin. The method first constructs an online estimation model of the voltage stability margin based on system measurement data under ambient excitation. To adapt to changes in system operating conditions, an online updating strategy for the parameters of the margin estimation model is further proposed, drawing on incremental learning principles. Subsequently, considering the source–load uncertainty of the system, a global sensitivity calculation method based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) is proposed, utilizing online acquired voltage stability margin and tie-line power data, to accurately quantify the impact of tie-lines on the voltage stability margin. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified through the Nordic test system and the China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) standard test case; the results show that the error of the proposed method is less than 0.3%, and the computation time is within 1 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 3540 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Carbon Economic Scheduling Strategy for Multi-Microgrids with Communication Mechanism-Enabled Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning

by Lei Nie, Bo Long, Meiying Yu, Dawei Zhang, Xiaolei Yang and Shi Jing

Electronics 2025, 14(11), 2251; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112251 - 31 May 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 868

Abstract

To facilitate power system decarbonization, optimizing clean energy integration has emerged as a critical pathway for establishing sustainable power infrastructure. This study addresses the multi-timescale operational challenges inherent in power networks with high renewable penetration, proposing a novel stochastic dynamic programming framework that synergizes intraday microgrid dispatch with a multi-phase carbon cost calculation mechanism. A probabilistic carbon flux quantification model is developed, incorporating source–load carbon flow tracing and nonconvex carbon pricing dynamics to enhance environmental–economic co-optimization constraints. The spatiotemporally coupled multi-microgrid (MMG) coordination paradigm is reformulated as a continuous state-action Markov game process governed by stochastic differential Stackelberg game principles. A communication mechanism-enabled multi-agent twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (CMMA-TD3) algorithm is implemented to achieve Pareto-optimal solutions through cyber–physical collaboration. Results of the measurements in the MMG containing three microgrids show that the proposed approach reduces operation costs by 61.59% and carbon emissions by 27.95% compared to the least effective benchmark solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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32 pages, 7153 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Explicit Transient Rotor Angle Stability Criterion Involving the Fault Location Factor of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Integrated Power Systems

by Yuanhan Zhong, Gao Qiu, Junyong Liu, Tingjian Liu, Youbo Liu and Wei Wei

Electronics 2025, 14(8), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081526 - 9 Apr 2025

Viewed by 668

Abstract

Current transient stability analysis of power systems with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) draws upon the assumption that nodal electromagnetic power equals to zero during the fault period. The omission of electromagnetic power degrades the fidelity of transient stability analysis and renders the analytical impact of fault location on stability indiscernible. To address this limitation, a DFIG-integrated power system-oriented transient stability mechanism analysis method is proposed involving fault location factors. Firstly, a foundational analysis model is established by integrating a simplified DFIG representation with the improved DC power flow corrected by the fault’s instantaneous short-circuit voltage. Secondly, the non-metallic symmetrical short-circuit fault is equivalently treated as a power injection source, and the faulted electromagnetic power of generators is derived. The proposed equivalence is roughly correct, as its faulted energy integral is validated to approximate ground-truth. Lastly, combining the above analytical formulas and extended equal area criterion (EEAC), a time-domain simulation-free explicit transient stability criterion incorporating fault location factor is settled. Simulation results in a double-generator system with DFIG integration confirm that, compared to existing transient stability criterion, the proposed criterion can expand the stability assessable area by approximately 10% while maintaining accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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36 pages, 18918 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Energy High-Impact Process Weather Classification Method Based on Sensitivity Factor Analysis and Progressive Layered Extraction

by Zhifeng Liang, Zhao Wang, Nan Wu, Yue Jiang and Dayan Sun

Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071336 - 27 Mar 2025

Viewed by 648

Abstract

For the electricity system with a high proportion of new energy, the extreme weather events caused by climate change will make the new energy power supply present an extremely complicated situation, thus affecting the safe and stable operation of the power system. In order to solve the above problems, this study proposes a classification method of the extreme weather process based on the Progressive Layered Extraction (PLE) model considering the weather-sensitive factors with high impact on new energy. This method analyses the sensitive factors affecting the new energy output from the two perspectives of abnormal output and abnormal prediction error, defines the high-impact weather process, and divides the standard set. According to the standard set, a high-impact weather process identification model based on PLE is constructed to provide more accurate early warning information. The proposed method is applied to a new energy cluster in Jiangxi Province, China. Compared with the traditional classification task model, the accuracy of the proposed method is increased by 1.30%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated, 2nd Edition)

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