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In the last few years, restless sleep has been described as the key element of many clinical issues in childhood, leading to the recognition of “restless sleep disorder” (RSD) as a new proposed diagnostic category. The essential aid of vi...

The last ten years have seen the development and publication of numerous national and international guidelines devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. These include guidelines by the American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Acad...

Chronic insomnia (insomnia disorder—ID) afflicts up to 10% of the adult population, increases with age and affects more women than men. ID is associated with significant daytime impairments and an increased risk for developing major somatic and...

The two-process model of sleep regulation has served as a conceptual framework in the last four decades for understanding sleep physiology. In the 1970s, long-term recordings of sleep in rats were obtained thanks to EEG telemetry. NonREM sleep and RE...

Dementia prevention is a global public health priority, and lifestyle interventions, including nutrition, have gained interest for their potential to maintain cognitive health. Among nutritional interventions, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3...

Adolescence is a pivotal period of development marked by significant physiological and psychological changes, making youth particularly susceptible to mental health challenges, including depression. A growing body of research has highlighted the impo...

The brain and its health are essential for our (physical mental, social, and spiritual) wellbeing, for being able to realize our potential as individuals, and also for a fair, well-functioning, and productive society. However, today the world is faci...

Biological, environmental, behavioral, and social factors can influence sleep and lead to sleep disorders or diseases. Sleep disorders are common, numerous, and heterogeneous in terms of their etiology, pathogenesis, and symptomatology. The managemen...

The thalamus, and its projections to the cerebral cortex, are crucial for regulating sleep rhythms, such as sleep spindles, and for maintaining arousal and sleep homeostasis. Moreover, they play a significant role in memory, executive functioning, an...

Together with (physical and mental) exercise, diet, and social activities, sleep is a key health behavior that occupies one third of our lives, yet remains neglected. In the first part of this review, we present the current knowledge on how sleep pro...

Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) encompass a highly diverse group of conditions that affect the skeletal muscles, peripheral nervous system, or motor endplate. Depending on the underlying disease, common characteristics include progressive muscle weakn...

Robust evidence suggests that the glymphatic system plays a key role in preserving brain health. Indeed, its activity in maintaining homeostasis by clearing neurotoxic proteins such as beta-amyloid from the human brain is essential. Sleep represents...

Memory disorders are common in clinical practice. This review focuses on the rehabilitation of anterograde amnesia, the inability to learn and retrieve new information, in non-degenerative brain disease. Diverse mnemonic strategies may be helpful in...

Rocking devices are widely used across different age groups to facilitate sleep. This review discusses the current literature on rocking devices and how passive vestibular stimulation influences sleep architecture, sleep oscillations, and cognitive p...

Several recent studies reported on some patients developing Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) following coronavirus disease 2019, but, to the best of our knowledge, this case is the first reported in Italy on an onset of a CJD genetic form (gCJD)...

Background: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been shown to improve the outcomes of certain stroke patients. Our objective was to assess the feasibility of employing HBOT in daily practice in unselected stroke patients with mild-to-moderate residu...

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, with symptoms that greatly affect quality of life (QoL). One of the most prevalent symptoms of MS is fatigue, also one of the main factors reducing QoL...

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia in which the customary generalized skeletal muscle atonia of REM sleep, “REM-atonia”, is compromised, allowing for the injurious acting-out of dreams. RBD can be idiopathic/isolated (iRBD)...

Background/Objectives: Social media addiction has increased among adolescents, and this addiction has negatively affected their health. It is necessary to investigate how this addiction brings negative effects to adolescents. This study aimed to exam...

This report presents two cases of pregnant women positive for folate receptor alpha (FRα) autoantibodies who received folinic acid supplementation. Both had previously given birth to children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In su...

Narcolepsy is a chronic central disorder of hypersomnolence most frequently arising during childhood/adolescence. This review article examined the literature concerning the etiology, prevalence, clinical course, and treatment of children with type 1...

A large number of disease-modifying immunotherapies are available for the treatment of people with multiple sclerosis. Many disease-modifying immunotherapies show scarce or no safety data in pregnancy and breastfeeding and are labeled as being contra...

(1) Background: There has been a recent growth in evidence regarding the use, value and impact of photobiomodulation therapy for individuals with fibromyalgia. However, the nature of the evidence has, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, not...

When we are asleep, we lose the ability to promptly respond to external stimuli, and yet we spend many hours every day in this inherently risky behavioral state. This simple fact strongly suggests that sleep must serve essential functions that rely o...

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is essential for assessing traumatic brain injury and predicting patient outcomes, yet studies indicate that nurses often have only a basic understanding of the GCS. In Saudi Arabia, research on this topic is limited, sug...

Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a relatively rare but probably underestimated disorder, where affected patients exhibit nocturnal eating episodes with impaired consciousness and subsequent amnesia. SRED has originally been classified as NREM...

The field of sleep research is both broad and rapidly evolving. It spans from the diagnosis of sleep-related disorders to investigations of how sleep supports memory consolidation. The study of sleep includes a variety of approaches, starting with th...

Nearly 25 years have passed since the ground-breaking discovery that hypocretin deficiency underlies human narcolepsy with cataplexy. Over time, it has become increasingly evident that hypocretin deficiency goes beyond the conventional core symptoms,...

Recently, it has become increasingly clear that there is a bidirectional relationship between sleep/circadian rhythms and neurodegeneration. Knowledge about this topic further improved after the description of the glymphatic system, which is mainly a...

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) may cause disorders of consciousness (DoC) in the form of coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), or minimally conscious state (MCS). Despite significant advancements made over the last two decades in detect...

PAPT syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by progressive ataxia and palatal tremor (rhythmic movements of the soft palate). The first large study of PAPT patients was published in 2004, included a total of 28 sporadic PAPT cases, and...

Although parasomnias are nocturnal phenomena occurring during sleep or during arousals from sleep, there is increasing evidence that they are associated with daytime dysfunction as well. However, systematic studies in this field are scarce. The aim o...

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common neuropsychiatric condition with a complex etiology. Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) is a novel but well-observed procedure for treating the disorder. However, the long-term durability of SGB has yet to b...

The importance of sleep for healthy brain function is widely acknowledged. However, it remains unclear how the internal generation of dreams might facilitate cognitive processes. In this perspective, we review a computational approach inspired by art...

This systematic review and meta-analysis of global peer-reviewed neuroimaging findings preliminarily assessed the magnitude of effect sizes (ES) of the influences of family poverty/low socioeconomic status (SES) on children’s neurocognition and...

Headaches can be nociplastic, neuropathic, and nociceptive. Pain related to the latter two categories occurs in the presence of nerve lesions and nociceptive stimuli; attributing pain to the last category requires a list of potential causes and argum...

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as powerful tools for in vivo gene therapy, enabling long-term transgene expression in targeted tissues with minimal pathogenicity. This review examines the AAV serotypes used in clinical gene therapy...

Sleep is essential for health, well-being, creativity, and productivity. Sleep loss and sleep–wake circadian disorders (SWCDs) affect at least one in three individuals but are underdiagnosed and undertreated for different reasons: First, the im...

Study objectives: Sleep and circadian rhythms disorders are frequent in the acute stroke. Sleep modifications are likely to contribute to the development of stroke-related delirium, a common neuropsychiatric complication of acute stroke. This systema...

The Swiss Narcolepsy Network (SNaNe) was founded in 2017 as a non-profit organization with the vision of improving the care of patients with narcolepsy, central disorders of hypersomnolence (CDH), and rare sleep disorders. The SNaNe aims at maximizin...

Background: The relationship between sleep and creativity is a topic of much controversy. General benefits of napping have been described not only in sleep-deprived individuals and in shift workers, but also in people with sufficient night sleep. How...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior and interests. Psychic distress is common among individuals with ASD, especially in its mild...

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is referred to as a “silent epidemic” due to its limited awareness in the general public. Nevertheless, it can cause chronic, lifelong physical and cognitive impairments with severe impact on quali...

Background: Genetic and epigenetic modifiers of age at onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are largely unknown. It remains unclear whether DNA methylation (DNAm) age acceleration is linked to age at onset in PD patients of different ethnicities w...

The study of brain disorders has long been central to both neurology and psychiatry, with these two disciplines evolving as distinct yet deeply interconnected fields. In fact, these specialties often share overlapping symptoms, neural pathways, and t...

Exploring cognitive abilities is necessary in educational contexts, where such insights shape decisions about student placement and teaching methods. Traditionally, educational assessments have been leaned on academic performance to guide decisions r...

This review article addresses the complex issues faced by individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) who are planning a family, becoming pregnant, or wishing to breastfeed their baby. Recommendations and guidelines were discussed and agreed upon by neu...

On behalf of the SNS and SSNS, we are pleased to present the abstracts of the Joint Annual Meeting to be held in Zurich, Switzerland, on 23–24 November, 2023. In total, 119 abstracts have been selected: 4 abstracts for the Plenary Sessions, 12...

Across many resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) studies, dementia is associated with changes to the power spectrum and fractal dimension. Here, we describe a novel method to examine changes in the fractal dimension over time and within frequen...

Post-COVID-19 syndrome is an ongoing challenge for healthcare systems as well as for society. The clinical picture of post-COVID-19 syndrome is heterogeneous, including fatigue, sleep disturbances, pain, hair loss, and gastrointestinal symptoms such...