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Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications
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Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Functional Polymer Coatings and Films".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 21715

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Andrea Kalendová

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
Interests: protective organic and inorganic coatings; conductive polymers; anticorrosive pigments; thermal stable coatings and pigments; fillers for coatings; antimicrobial polymer coatings; water-based coatings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Materials are protected, refined or modified (chemically and/or physically) by coating their surfaces with protective films of various types. Such a film makes up an integral coat which possesses measurable properties and whose thickness is in the order from 101 nanometers to 101 micrometers depending on its purpose. What does the term “Functional polymer coating” actually mean? Note the two attributes, “polymer” and “functional”, used to characterize the “coating” in more detail. The basis, or backbone, of any polymer coating is a film-forming substance that is able, owing to its molecular structure and certain properties, to transform into a three-dimensional polymeric matrix, or polymer coating. Such film-forming substances are included, e.g., in paint binders, which are typically solutions of film-forming substances in suitable solvents. The film-forming substances are usually organic materials creating the film/coating through chemical processes, such as oxidation, radical polymerization, polycondensation, polyaddition, and so on, transforming the initial low-molecular-weight compounds into high-molecular-weight substances. A coating can also be formed through physical processes, such as solvent evaporation and solidification of a material that was melted before it was applied to the surface to be protected. And third, a polymer coating is also created through physicochemical processes, such as a chemical reaction occurring after solvent evaporation. The film-forming substances are applied to the substrate materials in the liquid, pasty or powdered state to form a polymer coating possessing the desired properties on the material surface. A number of important inorganic materials serving as polymer coating binders also exist, and it is the film-forming substance that determines the key properties of the polymeric matrix formed (the target polymer coating), whether transparent or pigmented. Furthermore, a polymer coating also contains pigments and additives. Additives play the role of stabilizers, coalescents, fluidizing agents, etc., while pigments improve the paint’s covering power, help to attain the desired dry film thickness or add certain functional properties.

Wherein the polymer coatings are to possess important functional properties, various ways of development and improvement are pursued in order to attain quite unique properties—physical, chemical or biological—playing an important role in the coating’s response and resistance to the effects of the external environment. Antimicrobial, conductive, anticorrosion, and “self-healing” properties are the main desired beneficial properties of such coatings. They can appreciably affect the properties of the polymer film—its chemical resistance, UV resistance, surface properties, and film-forming properties. Thus, the range of unique properties based on which a coating can be classed as a functional polymer coating is very broad. The term “intelligent” polymer coating is also used, and it is in fact encountered more and more frequently.

The final result as regards the coating properties depends critically on good selection of both the binder and the functional ingredient. A successful application of natural and nontoxic materials with a view to obtaining a high-quality functional polymer coating is crucial for ensuring environmental balance and reducing the cost of hazardous material disposal. Furthermore, the use of the ingredients in the nanoform, added either during the synthesis or later, during the paint system formulation, is of interest, bringing about various beneficial properties of the final coatings.

To sum up, a polymer coating material is associated with a number of aspects, including not only synthesis of the polymeric material ingredients but also formulation of the functional polymer coating and selection of appropriate applications and conditions of formation of the functional polymer coating. Extensive research and development activities have been taking place and certainly will continue to do so in the future. Functional polymer coatings are also in the focus of the Special Issue of Coatings, with a view to explaining, clarifying, and summarizing the main aspects of this topic.

In particular, the topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  1. Binders for functional polymer coatings;
  2. Binders for functional polymer coatings and their synthesis;
  3. Environmentally friendly binders for functional polymer coatings;
  4. Modern ingredients of functional polymer coatings, synthesis and applications;
  5. Environmentally friendly pigments and/or additives for functional polymer coatings;
  6. Synthesis and application of functional polymer coatings possessing desired target properties;
  7. Synthesis and application of functional polymer coatings—antimicrobial, anticorrosion, conductive, thermally stable with new properties: examples
  • Synthesis and application of functional polymer coatings—with antimicrobial effects;
  • Synthesis and application of functional polymer coatings—with corrosion inhibition effects;
  • Synthesis and application of functional polymer coatings—thermally stable or flame retarding;
  • Synthesis and application of functional polymer coatings—a superhydrophobic surface.

Prof. Dr. Andrea Kalendová
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1394 KiB  
Article
Biobased Materials for the Development of Biodegradable Slow-Release Fertilizers
by Przemysław Boberski, Kamila Torchała, Hanna Studnik, Jan Wójcik, Marek Główka and Nikodem Kuźnik
Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081215 - 19 Aug 2022
Viewed by 2453
Abstract
According to the regulations of the European Parliament on fertilizer products, by July 2024, all substances used for coating fertilizers should be biodegradable. A series of coated fertilizers was prepared, which differed in the amount of applied coating layer. The core of the [...] Read more.
According to the regulations of the European Parliament on fertilizer products, by July 2024, all substances used for coating fertilizers should be biodegradable. A series of coated fertilizers was prepared, which differed in the amount of applied coating layer. The core of the composition was granular ammonium nitrate, which contains 27% nitrogen. The effects of the amount of oil layers were examined. The article shows the results of IR testing and Iodine Value of the materials used. The coated fertilizer was evaluated for the release of nutrients under water conditions according to the standard ISO 21263, and the water samples were taken after every day for a 7-day period. The nitrogen content was analysed by elemental analysis. Microscopic pictures of the fertilizer composition were taken before release. The obtained product had potential controlled-release properties and was environmentally friendly. The tested material shows high potential as a component of a two-layer coated fertilizer. This type of fertilizer could be particularly useful in agricultural and horticultural applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications)
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23 pages, 27457 KiB  
Article
New Corrosion Inhibitors Based on Perylene Units in Epoxy Ester Resin Coatings
by Miroslav Kohl, Fouzy Alafid, Marek Bouška, Anna Krejčová, Yash Raycha, Andréa Kalendová, Radim Hrdina and Ladislav Burgert
Coatings 2022, 12(7), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070923 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1898
Abstract
Four new compounds from perylene dianhydride were prepared and tested for their anti-corrosion properties. Dizinc salt of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid and dimagnesium salts of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid, 5,5′-(1,3,8,10-tetraoxo-1,3,8,10-tetrahydroanthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d′e′f′] diisoquinoline-2,9-diyl) bis(2-hydroxybenzoic acid) and N,N′-bis[3,3′-(dimethylamino)propylamine]-3,4,9,10-perylenediimide were characterized by analytical methods (SEM, EDX, X-ray) and [...] Read more.
Four new compounds from perylene dianhydride were prepared and tested for their anti-corrosion properties. Dizinc salt of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid and dimagnesium salts of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid, 5,5′-(1,3,8,10-tetraoxo-1,3,8,10-tetrahydroanthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d′e′f′] diisoquinoline-2,9-diyl) bis(2-hydroxybenzoic acid) and N,N′-bis[3,3′-(dimethylamino)propylamine]-3,4,9,10-perylenediimide were characterized by analytical methods (SEM, EDX, X-ray) and parameters used in the field of paints (density, oil number and critical volume concentrations of pigment). The pigments (in a pigment volume concentration series) were used to prepare paints also containing a perylene C26H14N2O4 (Compound I) derivative pigment plus inert titanium dioxide to maintain a constant concentration of solids in the paint film. A mixture containing zinc nitroisophthalate and both the perylene derivative and titanium dioxide served as the reference material. The paints were applied to steel panels in two layers with a ruler. The organic coatings were subjected to electrochemical measurements and accelerated cyclic corrosion tests. The highest corrosion resistance was found for the coating containing C24H8O8Mg2. Superior to the coating containing either C26H14N2O4 or the conventional corrosion inhibitor C8H5N06-Zn, this pigment type acted mainly by a mechanism based on the compound’s complexation capacity at the metallic surface/organic coating/corrosion medium interface. The organic coatings containing perylene acid salts also attained high mechanical resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications)
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15 pages, 4703 KiB  
Article
UV Blocking and Oxygen Barrier Coatings Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Packaging Applications
by Iftikhar Ahmed Channa, Jaweria Ashfaq, Sadaf Jamal Gilani, Aqeel Ahmed Shah, Ali Dad Chandio and May Nasser bin Jumah
Coatings 2022, 12(7), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070897 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4051
Abstract
Photodegradation and oxidation are major causes of the deterioration of food, resulting in darkening, off-flavors, and nutrient deficiency. To reduce this problem, novel functional polymeric materials are being developed to retain food’s light sensitivity. Nanofillers are also used in a polymeric film to [...] Read more.
Photodegradation and oxidation are major causes of the deterioration of food, resulting in darkening, off-flavors, and nutrient deficiency. To reduce this problem, novel functional polymeric materials are being developed to retain food’s light sensitivity. Nanofillers are also used in a polymeric film to produce effective UV blockings and oxygen barrier coatings so that the degradation of the food can be delayed, thereby increasing the shelf life. For this purpose, polyvinyl alcohol coatings were prepared by the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles. Polyvinyl alcohol is a naturally excellent barrier against oxygen, and the addition of ZnO particles at the nanoscale size has demonstrated effective UV blocking capabilities. In this work, the hydrothermal technique is used to produce ZnO nanoparticles, and these produced particles are then incorporated into the polyvinyl alcohol to produce thin films. These films are characterized in terms of the compositional, macroscopic, microscopic, and optical properties via X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as UV–VIS spectroscopy. ZnO nanoparticles at different concentrations were incorporated into the PVA solution, and the films were processed via the blade coating method. With the addition of ZnO, the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of pure PVA was not altered and remained stable, and the lowest OTR was recorded as 0.65 cm3/m2·day·bar. Furthermore, the addition of ZnO increased the water contact angle (WCA) of PVA, and the highest WCA was recorded to be around more than 70°. Due to this, water permeability decreased. Additionally, PVA/ZnO films were highly flexible and bendable and maintained the OTR even after going through bending cycles of 20K. Furthermore, the addition of ZnO showed a significant UV blocking effect and blocked the rays below a wavelength of 380 nm. Finally, the optimized films were used for packaging applications, and it was observed that the packaged apple remained fresh and unoxidized for a longer period as compared with the piece of apple without packaging. Thus, based on these results, the PVA/ZnO films are ideally suited for packaging purposes and can effectively enhance the shelf life of food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications)
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12 pages, 2817 KiB  
Article
Soft Ion Sputtering of PAni Studied by XPS, AFM, TOF-SIMS, and STS
by Christopher M. Goodwin, Zachary E. Voras, Xiao Tong and Thomas P. Beebe, Jr.
Coatings 2020, 10(10), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100967 - 12 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
Herein is a study of the soft sputtering method, gas cluster ion sputtering (GCIS), and its effects on the atomic, morphologic, and band structure properties of polyaniline (PAni) as studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, [...] Read more.
Herein is a study of the soft sputtering method, gas cluster ion sputtering (GCIS), and its effects on the atomic, morphologic, and band structure properties of polyaniline (PAni) as studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The GCIS source used was a 1000 argon atom cluster with 4 keV energy, which resulted in a sputter yield of 3.4 ± 0.2 × 10−3 nm3 per argon atom. Soft ion sputtering reduced the sample by explicitly removing the oxidized contaminants as determined by surface sensitive techniques: XPS and Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). By the use of STS we found that by removing the oxidized components, an overall shift of electronic states occurred, transitioning the states closer to the Fermi edge by 0.3 V. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications)
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16 pages, 2402 KiB  
Article
Environmentally Friendly Water-Based Self-Crosslinking Acrylate Dispersion Containing Magnesium Nanoparticles and Their Films Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties
by Denisa Steinerová, Andréa Kalendová, Jana Machotová and Marcela Pejchalová
Coatings 2020, 10(4), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040340 - 01 Apr 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3858
Abstract
A water-based polymeric acrylate dispersion (latex) containing MgO nanoparticles, which had been added at a concentration of 1.5% (with respect to the monomers) during the preparation procedure, was investigated as an environmentally friendly binder for sanitary interior paints. The properties of this new [...] Read more.
A water-based polymeric acrylate dispersion (latex) containing MgO nanoparticles, which had been added at a concentration of 1.5% (with respect to the monomers) during the preparation procedure, was investigated as an environmentally friendly binder for sanitary interior paints. The properties of this new latex were compared to those of a reference system free of the magnesium nanoparticles, synthesized by the same route, i.e., by semi-continuous emulsion polymerization. Tests were made in order to ascertain the mechanical and chemical properties, flash corrosion resistance and antimicrobial effect of the latex films. The results revealed that the new latex containing magnesium nanoparticles provided solvent-resistant coating films having pronounced antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacterial and fungal strains. The desirable antimicrobial properties can be ascribed to the sharp-edged character of magnesium nanoparticles, the peroxidation of lipids and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, no flash corrosion was formed beneath coating films containing magnesium nanoparticles, which can be attributed to the alkaline action due to the dissolution of a fraction of MgO in latex medium. The results of all of the tests provided evidence of the superiority of the polymeric dispersion with the magnesium nanoparticles to the reference system containing no nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications)
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23 pages, 16968 KiB  
Article
Waterborne Coating Binders Based on Self-Crosslinking Acrylic Latex with Embedded Inorganic Nanoparticles: A Comparison of Nanostructured ZnO and MgO as Crosslink Density Enhancing Agents
by Jana Machotová, Andréa Kalendová, Barbora Zlámaná, Jaromír Šňupárek, Jiří Palarčík and Roman Svoboda
Coatings 2020, 10(4), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040339 - 01 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6252
Abstract
This paper is focused on a simple preparation of functional acrylic latex coating binders comprising embedded nanoparticles originating from ZnO and MgO, respectively, in the role of interfacial ionic self-crosslinking agents. The incorporation of surface-untreated powdered nano-oxides into the coating binder was achieved [...] Read more.
This paper is focused on a simple preparation of functional acrylic latex coating binders comprising embedded nanoparticles originating from ZnO and MgO, respectively, in the role of interfacial ionic self-crosslinking agents. The incorporation of surface-untreated powdered nano-oxides into the coating binder was achieved in the course of the latex synthesis performed by a technique of the two-step emulsion polymerization. By means of this technological approach, latexes comprising dispersed nanoparticles in the content of ca 0.5–1.1 wt % (based on solids) were successfully prepared. For the interfacial covalent self-crosslinking, diacetone acrylamide repeat units were introduced into the latex polymer to ensure functionalities for the subsequent reaction with adipic acid dihydrazide. The latex storage stability and coating performance were compared with respect to the type and concentration of the incorporated nanoparticles. It was determined that all latex coating binders comprising nanoparticles exhibited long-term storage stability and provided interfacially crosslinked transparent smooth coating films of high gloss, excellent solvent resistance, and favorable physico-mechanical properties. Moreover, latexes with embedded nanoparticles, which originated from MgO, manifested a pronounced drop in minimum film forming temperature and provided highly water whitening resistant coating films. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Coatings: From Synthesis to Applications)
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