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Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 26519

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Lei Guo

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School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China
Interests: corrosion inhibitors; corrosion prevention techniques & phenomenon; functional coatings; advanced corrosion characterization; nanocomposite; thin films; organic synthesis; materials science & engineering; computational chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Renjith Thomas

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Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery 686101, India
Interests: theoretical chemistry; structural investigations; drug design; theoretical solvation science; green chemistry; polymers; electrodeposition; protective films & pretreatments

Dr. Yujie Qiang

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Guest Editor

National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: corrosion inhibitor; anti-corrosion coatings; 2D materials; hybrid multifunctional nanomaterials; self-assembled film; electrochemistry; molecular modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Chanyoung Jeong

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Guest Editor

Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
Interests: electrochemistry; surface treatment; surface & interface phenomena; nanofabrication & nanotechnology; wetting; adhesion; CVD coatings; machine learning; surface engineering; superhydrophilic & superoleophobic surfaces

Dr. Fan Zhang

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Department of Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Information, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
Interests: colloid & surface chemistry; electrochemistry; surface processes; forestry biomass & bioproducts; biomaterials; renewable power & energy systems engineering; metals & alloy materials; tribology; sensory processes; perception & performance

Dr. Savaș Kaya

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Department of Pharmacy, Health Services Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
Interests: chemical reactivity; conceptual density functional theory; electronic structure principles; solid state chemistry; corrosion science; coordination compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Surfaces and interfaces, as one of the most active cross-disciplinary topics, have been intensively investigated in recent years on account of their fundamental and technological importance. The surface of a material presents a significant portion of the workable area, which has a great influence on the relevant physical, electrical, and chemical properties. Surfaces and their relationships with the environment often dictate how an engineering system performs. Current strategies in surface science and engineering mainly focus on creating a functional surface with designed physical/chemical features. Moreover, interfaces play an increasingly important role in many fields of technology, e.g., the automotive sector, technical textiles, and in the oil industry. Obviously, the functionalization of surfaces and interfaces is critical to many commercial products and manufacturing processes, and it is also key to all aspects of our collective prosperity and welfare.

As a case in point, nanostructured surfaces and interfaces are the focus of multi-interdisciplinary research fields involving physics, biology, chemistry, and material science. Examples of superior performance originating from nanostructures at the surface or interface level are innumerable in nature, with the lotus effect being the most obvious. Therefore, more and more researchers are focusing on unraveling and controlling the nanoscale structural and electronic properties of nanostructures and interfaces through surface engineering. To better understand the physical and chemical processes that occur in functional surfaces and interfaces, some advanced microscopic facilities have been developed and utilized to visualize the involved process at an atomic scale in real space. In brief, the combination of high-throughput atomistic simulations, literature mining, human–computer interaction, synthesis, and characterization has become a trend for the research of surfaces and interfaces. Significant progress has been made in this respect.

This Special Issue aims to cover recent advancements in the fabrication and formation of functional surfaces and interfaces, which can offer an open-access forum where researchers in the field of chemistry, surface engineering, and materials science can underline their great advances. Fundamental, interdisciplinary, theoretical, experimental, and applied work are welcome.

We encourage academic and industry researchers to submit high quality original research articles, reviews, and critical perspectives on topics including, but not limited to, the following:

surface modification of materials for engineering/technological challenges
modelling of surface phenomena and surface growth
ultrathin and/or submicron confined surfaces and interfaces
nanostructured surfaces and interfaces
electrochemical surface science
nanoscale characterization of surfaces and interfaces
correlation of microstructure and functional properties
physical and chemical phenomena at surface and interface levels
advanced theoretical contributions in the field of surfaces and interfaces

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Lei Guo
Prof. Dr. Renjith Thomas
Prof. Dr. Yujie Qiang
Prof. Dr. Chanyoung Jeong
Dr. Fan Zhang
Dr. Savaş Kaya
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

multifunctional surfaces
nanostructured coatings
bioinspired surfaces with specific wettability
processes at solid interfaces
thin films
surface modification
controllable assembly
surface characterization
corrosion inhibition
theoretical simulation

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 72187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimized Dip Coating Approach for Metallic, Dielectric, and Semiconducting Nanomaterial-Based Optical Thin Film Fabrication

by Arnab Kumar Sarkar, Devabrata Sarmah, Sunandan Baruah and Pranayee Datta

Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081391 - 08 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1059

Abstract

The field of optical thin films has garnered significant attention due to their potential applications in visible light communication, optical sensing, and imaging. Among the various fabrication methods available, conventional layer-by-layer (LBL) dip coating is less sophisticated and more economical. Nevertheless, this approach frequently encounters deficiencies in the precise control of the growth of thin films. This work aimed at properly comprehending the growth conditions associated with the LBL dip coating process and optimizing the conditions to obtain the best thin film growth for different materials: metallic (Ag), semiconducting (ZnO), and insulating (SiO₂). The optimization of the conditions for surface functionalization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) together with other parameters like dipping time, drying time, the number of dipping–drying cycles, and the timing of the intermediate APTES layers led to the controlled growth of thin films. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed even deposition in the case of ZnO and SiO₂ from the very beginning, while with Ag NPs, the growth of the thin film was observed to be uneven and gradually became smooth as the number of layers increased, and a smooth layer could be observed after over 100 layers of dipping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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15 pages, 17287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nb Content on Phase Transformation and Comprehensive Properties of TiNb Alloy Coating

by Yu Zheng and Peng Xu

Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071186 - 01 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 901

Abstract

As a β phase transformation promoting element of titanium alloy, the Nb element can induce different phase transformations of the alloy, improving the comprehensive properties of the alloy. However, the research on the effect of Nb content on the properties of TiNb alloy coating during laser cladding is not comprehensive. Herein, TixNb (x = 32.5~62.5 wt.%) alloy coatings were prepared by laser cladding technology, and their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility were analyzed. The results show that the Nb element promotes the precipitation of different phase components in the phase transformation-induced coating of titanium alloy. The grain refinement during the laser cladding process effectively improves the microhardness of the TiNb alloy coating. At the same time, the wear resistance of the α″ + β dual-phase Ti32.5Nb alloy is enhanced. In addition, with the increase in Nb content, the coating exhibits better corrosion resistance. In vitro cell experiments showed that the TiNb alloy coating had excellent biocompatibility compared to the TC4 substrate. Therefore, the laser-clad TiNb alloy coating has high comprehensive performance and has reference value in the field of biological implantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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10 pages, 1932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Superhydrophilic/Underwater Superoleophobic Surface with Anti-Abrasion and Anti-Corrosion Performances Based on Laser Ablation

by Duoxun Fang, Adham Al-akhali, Molin Cao, Jiahao Liu and Zhengqiang Tang

Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061118 - 17 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1540

Abstract

Preparing underwater superoleophobic surface is an effective method to solve the problems of oil adhesion on the underwater surfaces and oil spill in water. However, the underwater superoleophobic surfaces at present are not reliable in practical application due to their poor stability under corrosion and abrasion. Herein, we proposed a facile method to fabricate a robust superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic surface. The surface is combined with micro honeycomb frame structure and nanostructure, which was fabricated by laser ablation. The surface with the honeycomb pattern shows strong hydrophilicity with a water contact angle of 0° and stable underwater oil repellency with an underwater oil contact angle of 164.9°. Furthermore, it can maintain its excellent underwater superoleophobic performance after 120 cycles of abrasion and corrosion of 6 h at pH = 1–14. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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15 pages, 8105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Mechanical Properties of AlFeCrMoNi_1.8Nb_1.5 Eutectic High-Entropy Alloy Coating Prepared by Wide-Band Laser Cladding

by Feng Li, Shisong Zheng and Fang Zhou

Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061077 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 906

Abstract

In this study, AlFeCrMoNi_1.8Nb_1.5 (at.%) eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) coating was successfully prepared on the surface of M2 high-speed steel (HSS) by wide-laser cladding. The effects of laser defocusing amount, laser power, scanning speed, and preset powder thickness on the formation quality of the EHEA coating were studied by the orthogonal experimental design, then the mechanical properties of the coating prepared by water-cooled solidification under optimal process parameters were studied. The experimental results showed that the optimal laser cladding process parameters are defocusing with an amount of −30 mm, laser power of 4 kW, scanning speed of 3 mm/s, and preset powder thickness of 1.5 mm. The substrate exhibited a favorable metallurgical bond with the coating, characterized by a stable interface devoid of any holes or cracks. Furthermore, the coating, which was prepared using water cooling, displayed a finer lamellar eutectic structure comprising FCC and Laves phases. The microhardness of the coating (544 HV_0.2) was significantly higher than that of the substrate M2 HSS (~220 HV_0.2), accompanied by good wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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11 pages, 8808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Principles Study of Atomic Oxygen Adsorption on Austenitic Stainless Steels Surfaces: A Theoretical Study

by Xinghua Zhu, Zhou Liu, Qingguo Feng, Zhiyong Huang, Xiaoyang Zhu, Lei Xiao, Jianguo He, Ning Wang and Yi Xu

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020455 - 17 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1489

Abstract

The adsorption of atomic oxygen and surfaces is the starting point and key point to understand the oxidation process of stainless steel. Nowadays, numerous studies have focused on the metal composition of stainless steel, while the mechanism of non-metallic elements affecting atomic oxygen adsorption needs to be clarified. Here, adsorption of atomic oxygen on the surface of pure γ-Fe and H/N-containing austenitic stainless steels was investigated using first principles. We found that stable adsorption (>6 eV) can occur on pure γ-Fe and H/N-containing austenitic surfaces. In this process, the presence of hydrogen and nitrogen both enhance the adsorption of atomic oxygen, but their influence mechanisms are in opposition. Hydrogen enhances adsorption by breaking metal bonds near the surface, while nitrogen promotes adsorption by enhancing structural stability. The adsorption promotion of hydrogen (−6.7629 eV) is stronger than that of nitrogen (−6.6374 eV), but it can reduce the stability of the system. The introduction of appropriate nitrogen atoms may be beneficial to the improvement of corrosion resistance. This study provides valid data and a unique perspective on the erosion protection of atomic oxygen on austenitic surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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16 pages, 4341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Corrosion Behavior of Al-Cu-Li Alloy in NaCl Solution

by Ziyu Wang, Peng Zhang, Xinsheng Zhao and Sixian Rao

Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121899 - 05 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1535

Abstract

Al-Cu-Li alloys are widely used in aerospace due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, the surface of Al-Cu-Li alloy components is prone to localized corrosion, when it serves in humid environments such as the ocean, due to the action of moisture in the air and Cl⁻ in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is significant to study the corrosion performance of typical third-generation Al-Cu-Li alloys in a marine environment. The corrosion tests of the experimental materials are carried out in different concentrations of NaCl solution, and their morphology and maximum corrosion depth are characterized to evaluate their corrosion resistance at a particular time. The corrosion behavior of the third generation typical Al-Cu-Li alloys (2A97-T3, 2A97-T6, 2060-T8, and 2099-T83) and high-strength Al alloy 2024-T4 in solution containing Cl⁻ is investigated using correlative immersion testing. The results show that 2A97-T3 possesses the best corrosion resistance performance of all under the same concentration of NaCl solution and soaking time. The corrosion resistance performance of 2024-T4 is respectively stronger than that of 2060-T8 and 2099-T83, but weaker than that of 2A97 (T3, T6). The corrosion morphologies of 2060-T8 and 2099-T83 are characterized by deep pits and large areas of exfoliation corrosion, while the corrosion morphology of 2099-T83 is the worst, indicating that its corrosion resistance is the weakest of all. The local corrosion preferentially occurred in the boundary region between intermetallic compounds or precipitates and alloy matrix in NaCl solution, and the lithium is selectively dissolved during the dissolution process, which brings about the enrichment of copper-containing residues. Subsequently, the copper-rich residue serves as the cathodic relative to the Al matrix, which leads to the anodic dissolution of the peripheral Al matrix occurs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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14 pages, 9368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructures, Composition and Tribological Behavior of TiCrN/MoS₂–TiCr Coatings Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering

by Xiujie Yang, Shixiang Lin, Jin Zhao and Zhengqiang Tang

Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1844; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121844 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 995

Abstract

To enhance the tribological performance of the conventional TiCrN coating, the MoS₂–TiCr coatings are deposited onto the TiCrN layer by magnetron sputtering. In general, the MoS₂ is implemented to enhance the friction reduction performance of the TiCrN coating, while the Ti and Cr are doped to increase the density of the structure and prevent MoS₂ from oxidizing. The results reveal that with an increase in the content of Ti and Cr in the MoS₂–TiCr top layer, the hardness and the coating–substrate adhesion force of the composite coating increase, respectively, due to the compact top layer. Further, the optimized Ti and Cr doping in the MoS₂ top layer greatly enhances the tribological properties of the TiCrN/MoS₂–TiCr composite coating with a friction coefficient as low as 0.06 and the wear rate is only 6% of the TiCrN coating. The main reason for the excellent tribological properties of the TiCrN/MoS₂–TiCr composite coating is probably due to the recrystallization of the MoS₂ in the process of wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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10 pages, 4118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Calculations to Investigate the Oxidation Mechanism of Pristine MoS₂ and Ti-Doped MoS₂

by Senlin Leng, Qiao Zhang, Lei Guo, Yue Huang, Eno E. Ebenso and Riadh Marzouki

Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081114 - 04 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1595

Abstract

Generally, MoS₂ is easily oxidized when exposed to oxygen, and the antioxidation mechanism of MoS₂ is still a challenge. Thus, more efforts were made to greatly improve its antioxidation performance. It was reported that the Ti atom doped with MoS₂ was treated as the effective method to enhance its antioxidation performance; however, the detailed antioxidation mechanism was not well understood. Superior to experimental methods, the first-principles method could provide deep insight into the atomic information and serve as a useful tool to gain an understanding of the antioxidation mechanisms of the doped MoS₂; thus, the antioxidation behavior of the Ti-doped MoS₂ was investigated in detail using first-principles calculations. However, an opposing conclusion was obtained from the calculated results compared to the previous experimental results; that is, the incorporation of the Ti atom was not helpful for improving the antioxidation performance of MoS_2. The strange phenomenon was well probed and discussed in detail, and understanding the oxidation mechanism of the Ti-doped MoS₂ would be helpful for expanding its applications in the ambient atmosphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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12 pages, 4749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of La₂O₃ on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladding SMA Coating on AISI 304 Stainless Steel

by Linlin Liu, Yueqi Qiao and Peng Xu

Coatings 2022, 12(7), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12071004 - 17 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Known as having a stress self-accommodation characteristic, the laser cladding shape memory alloy (SMA) coatings have been widely used in material failure repair. Nevertheless, their further development is greatly limited by their low microhardness (250 HV_0.2) and corrosion resistance. Benefiting from the capability of refined grain and adjusted microstructure, rare earth oxides play a key role in improving the properties of materials. Herein, to improve the microhardness and anti-corrosion of laser cladding SMA coatings, different amounts of La₂O₃ were doped in SMA coating. The influence of the different La₂O₃ doping amounts on the phases, grain size and microhardness was studied. The anti-corrosion of the SMA/La₂O₃ composite coating was explored in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride solution. Results showed that the grain of the SMA/La₂O₃ composite coating is significantly refined. When doping with 0.9 wt.%, the refinement rate reaches 19%. Furthermore, based on the Hall–Petch effect, the microhardness of the SMA/La₂O₃ composite coating is increased to 450 HV_0.2. At the same time, the anti-corrosion of the composite coating is enhanced due to the smaller grain size and fewer defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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14 pages, 3813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Coefficient of Friction in a Pulley Groove by the Indirect Method

by Leopold Hrabovský, Jiří Fries, Lukáš Kudrna and Jakub Gaszek

Coatings 2022, 12(5), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050606 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2979

Abstract

In lifting systems used for the vertical transport of bulk materials and individual items or persons, so-called frictional force transmission between a steel cable and pulley is used. Due to the sufficient contact pressure between the pulley groove and the surface of the steel cable, the steel cable moves as a result of fibre friction. In general, it is possible to define fibre (also called belt) friction as the resistance that is imposed on a flexible steel cable sliding over the rounded surface of a pulley. The frictional transmission of the tractive force is considered safe if there is no slippage of the cable in the pulley groove. In the event of insufficient cable pressure against the pulley groove or insufficient friction, the transport process fails, and the lifting device is unable to perform its function. The purpose of the article and of the created measuring devices is to obtain by experimental measurements the most accurate true value possible of the coefficient of friction acting on the contact surface of the cable with the pulley groove. The values of the friction coefficients obtained by indirect measurements on laboratory equipment when the tractive force is transferred by friction differ in many cases and do not coincide with the values calculated using theoretical relationships. The aim of the paper is to present a method of measurement and to identify the magnitude of the forces acting on both sides of a cable belted in the V-groove of a cable drum. From the results obtained from the experimental measurements, to express the value of the random variable is based on the knowledge of the known values obtained from the measurements for their use in a failure analysis. This paper presents results that can be applied in the field of online monitoring of this type of lifting equipment for failure analysis, prediction and evaluation of their operational indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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10 pages, 2180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Functional Hydrophobic Stainless Steel 316L Using Single-Step Anodization and a Self-Assembled Monolayer Coating to Improve Corrosion Resistance

by Chanyoung Jeong

Coatings 2022, 12(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030395 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3167

Abstract

Stainless steel fabricated using chromium is widely being used in various industries due to its superior corrosion resistance compared to light metals such as aluminum, titanium, and magnesium. However, despite its excellent properties, a problem of poor corrosion resistance in harsh environments remains. In this study, an economical and environmentally friendly anodizing process was applied to the surface of stainless steel (SUS 316L) to create porous nanostructures to improve its water-repellent properties. In these experiments, voltages of 30, 50, 70, and 90 V were applied to stainless steel for 3 h to form an oxide film, prior to immersion in 0.1 M phosphoric acid for 10 min to expand the oxide pores. In addition, the change of the oxide structure was observed through field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). In terms of the contact angle, hydrophilicity was observed at applied voltages of 70 and 90 V, in which a porous film was formed; the best water repellency was observed at a 90 V applied voltage, after the application of an FDTS (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane) coating, a self-assembled monolayer. Finally, the corrosion behavior of a hydrophobic specimen was tested using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) experiments. The hydrophobic SUS 316L alloy subsequently displayed improved corrosion resistance in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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Review

Jump to: Research

49 pages, 11236 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Recent Advancements in Surface Modification, Characterization and Functionalization for Enhancing the Biocompatibility and Corrosion Resistance of Biomedical Implants

by Abhinay Thakur, Ashish Kumar, Savaş Kaya, Riadh Marzouki, Fan Zhang and Lei Guo

Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101459 - 03 Oct 2022

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 6292

Abstract

Metallic materials are among the most crucial engineering materials widely utilized as biomaterials owing to their significant thermal conductivity, mechanical characteristics, and biocompatibility. Although these metallic biomedical implants, such as stainless steel, gold, silver, dental amalgams, Co-Cr, and Ti alloys, are generally used for bone tissue regeneration and repairing bodily tissue, the need for innovative technologies is required owing to the sensitivity of medical applications and to avoid any potential harmful reactions, thereby improving the implant to bone integration and prohibiting infection lea by corrosion and excessive stress. Taking this into consideration, several research and developments in biomaterial surface modification are geared toward resolving these issues in bone-related medical therapies/implants offering a substantial influence on cell adherence, increasing the longevity of the implant and rejuvenation along with the expansion in cell and molecular biology expertise. The primary objective of this review is to reaffirm the significance of surface modification of biomedical implants by enlightening numerous significant physical surface modifications, including ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification, thermal spraying, ion implantation, glow discharge plasma, electrophoretic deposition, and physical vapor deposition. Furthermore, we also focused on the characteristics of some commonly used biomedical alloys, such as stainless steel, Co-Cr, and Ti alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Surfaces and Interfaces)

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