Journal Description
Corrosion and Materials Degradation
Corrosion and Materials Degradation
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on corrosion, environment-assisted degradation, corrosion mitigation, corrosion mechanism and corrosion monitoring, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, EBSCO, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 21.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Materials Science (miscellaneous))
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Impact Factor:
2.4 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2024)
Latest Articles
A Comparative Study of the Tensile Behavior of Wrought 44W Steel, Monel 400, 304L Stainless Steel, and Arc-Directed Energy Deposited 308L Stainless Steel in Simulated Hydrogen Environments
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6030028 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the tensile behaviors of wrought 44W steel, Monel 400, 304L austenitic stainless steel, and arc-directed energy deposited (arc-DED) 308L austenitic stainless steel under simulated hydrogen environments to evaluate their endurance to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The specimens were subjected to cathodic
[...] Read more.
This study investigates the tensile behaviors of wrought 44W steel, Monel 400, 304L austenitic stainless steel, and arc-directed energy deposited (arc-DED) 308L austenitic stainless steel under simulated hydrogen environments to evaluate their endurance to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The specimens were subjected to cathodic hydrogen charging in an alkaline solution, followed by uniaxial tensile testing at a strain rate of 0.2 min−1. Based on measurements of elongation and toughness, the resistance to HE was ranked as follows: 304L stainless steel > Monel 400 > arc-DED 308L stainless steel > 44W steel. Notably, no significant changes were observed in the yield strengths, ultimate tensile strengths, or elastic modulus of 304L austenitic stainless steel, Monel 400, and 44W steel across all the levels of hydrogenation. However, the arc-DED 308L stainless steel exhibited a slight increase in these properties, attributed to its unique microstructural characteristics and strengthening mechanisms inherent to additive manufacturing processes. These outcomes contribute to a better understanding of the mechanical performance and suitability of these structural alloys in hydrogen-rich environments, highlighting the superior HE resistance of 304L stainless steel and Monel 400 for such applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Modern Alloys in Advanced Applications)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Study of Corrosion Characteristics of AlMg3.5 Alloy by Hydrogen-Induced Pressure and Mass Loss Evaluation Under Simulated Cementitious Repository Conditions
by
Marvin Schobel, Christian Ekberg, Teodora Retegan Vollmer, Fredrik Wennerlund, Svante Hedström and Anders Puranen
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6030027 - 30 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear research reactors can lead to a large amount of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste. For repositories, the materials must be kept confined and safety must be ensured for extended time spans. Waste is encapsulated in concrete, which
[...] Read more.
The decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear research reactors can lead to a large amount of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste. For repositories, the materials must be kept confined and safety must be ensured for extended time spans. Waste is encapsulated in concrete, which leads to alkaline conditions with pH values of 12 and higher. This can be advantageous for some radionuclides due to their precipitation at high pH. For other materials, such as reactive metals, however, it can be disadvantageous because it might foster their corrosion. The Studsvik R2 research reactor contained an AlMg3.5 alloy with a composition close to that of commercial Al5154 for its core internals and the reactor tank. Aluminum corrosion is known to start rapidly due to the formation of an oxidation layer, which later functions as natural protection for the surface. The corrosion can lead to pressure build-up through the accompanied production of hydrogen gas. This can lead to cracks in the concrete, which can be pathways for radioactive nuclides to migrate and must therefore be prevented. In this study, unirradiated rod-shaped samples were cut from the same material as the original reactor tank manufacture. They were embedded in concrete with elevated water–cement ratios of 0.7 compared to regular commercial concrete (ca. 0.45) to ensure water availability throughout all of the experiments. The sample containers were stored in pressure vessels with attached high-definition pressure gauges to read the hydrogen-induced pressure build-up. A second set of samples were exposed in simplified artificial cement–water to study similarities in corrosion characteristics between concrete and cement–water. Additionally, the samples were exposed to concrete and cement–water in free-standing sample containers for deconstructive examinations. In concrete, the corrosion rates started extremely high, with values of more than 10,000 µm/y, and slowed down to less than 500 µm/y after 2000 h, which resulted in visible channels inside the concrete. In the cement–water, the samples showed similar behavior after early fluctuations, most likely caused by the surface coverage of hydrogen bubbles. These trends were further supported by mass loss evaluations.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
AC-Induced Corrosion of Cathodically Protected Pipelines: Experimental Study and Probabilistic Modeling
by
Yuhan Su, Emadoddin Majdabadi Farahani, Qindan Huang and Qixin Zhou
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020026 - 19 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study investigated the effects of alternating current (AC) interference on pipeline steel under cathodic protection (CP). In a simulated solution, real-time electrochemical measurements and corrosion rate analysis were conducted on two steel types (C1018 and X60) under various levels of AC interference
[...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of alternating current (AC) interference on pipeline steel under cathodic protection (CP). In a simulated solution, real-time electrochemical measurements and corrosion rate analysis were conducted on two steel types (C1018 and X60) under various levels of AC interference with CP. Due to the complexity of AC-induced corrosion, relying on the shift in DC potential alone cannot accurately demonstrate the corrosion behavior in the presence of AC interference. In fact, such an approach may mislead the predictions of corrosion performance. It is observed that AC interference reduced the effectiveness of CP and increased the corrosion rate of the steel, both in weight loss and Tafel Extrapolation (Tafel) measurements. The study concluded that conventional CP standards used in the field were inadequate in the presence of high AC-level interference. Furthermore, this study found that a more negative CP current density (−0.75 A/m2) could reduce the effect of AC interference by 46–93%. This is particularly shown in the case of low-level AC interference, where the reduction can reach up to 93%. Utilizing the experimental data obtained by the two measurement methods, probabilistic models to predict the corrosion rate were developed with consideration of the uncertainty in the measurements. The sensitivity analysis showed how AC interference impacts the corrosion rate for a given CP level.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Corroded Aluminum Wires from ACSR Strand
by
Laurent Gaillet, Alan Rondineau, Sébastien Langlois, Marc Demers and Lamine Dieng
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020025 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Aluminum Conductors Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) conductors are typically used in overhead transmission lines. Corrosion is an important degradation mechanisms that might affect the lifetime of this essential electricity network component. Considering the complexity of conductors, it is difficult to predict the damage of these
[...] Read more.
Aluminum Conductors Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) conductors are typically used in overhead transmission lines. Corrosion is an important degradation mechanisms that might affect the lifetime of this essential electricity network component. Considering the complexity of conductors, it is difficult to predict the damage of these conductors in corrosive environments. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of grease and conductor geometry on the mechanical properties of aluminum strand composing the envelope of ASCR conductors. Thus, ACSR wires and strands have been evaluated in corrosion by the mean of accelerated corrosion tests. Tensile, fatigue and torsion test results are presented to examine the effect of corrosion on aluminum strands. The influence of corrosion on mechanical characteristics is established by a decrease in ductility, maximum elongation and tensile strength for the longest exposition (336 days). This significant reduction in the internal layer of ungreased wires confirms the importance of the galvanic corrosion mechanism of aluminum wires. This evolution concerns only aluminum wires of non-greased conductors, confirming the crucial role of grease as protection against corrosion.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Prediction of Bond Strength in Corroded RC Structures Using Advanced Feature Selection and Ensemble Learning Framework
by
Jin-Yang Gui, Zhao-Hui Lu and Chun-Qing Li
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020024 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
Bond behavior between steel bars and concrete is fundamental to the structural integrity and durability of reinforced concrete. However, corrosion-induced deterioration severely impairs bond performance, highlighting the need for advanced and reliable assessment methods. This paper pioneers an algorithm for an advanced ensemble
[...] Read more.
Bond behavior between steel bars and concrete is fundamental to the structural integrity and durability of reinforced concrete. However, corrosion-induced deterioration severely impairs bond performance, highlighting the need for advanced and reliable assessment methods. This paper pioneers an algorithm for an advanced ensemble learning framework to predict bond strength between corroded steel bars and concrete. In this framework, a novel Stacked Boosted Bond Model (SBBM) is developed, in which a Fusion-Based Feature Selection (FBFS) strategy is integrated to optimize input variables, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are employed to enhance interpretability. A merit of the framework is that it can effectively identify critical factors such as crack width, transverse confinement, and corrosion level, which have often been neglected by traditional models. The proposed SBBM achieves superior predictive performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.33 MPa. Compared to traditional machine learning and analytical models, it demonstrates enhanced accuracy, generalization, and interpretability. This paper provides a reliable and transparent tool for structural performance evaluation, service life prediction, and the design of strengthening measures for corroded reinforced concrete structures, contributing to safer and more durable concrete structures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Electrochemical Behavior of Cobalt–Chromium Alloy Exposed to Effervescent Denture Cleansers
by
Glenda Lara Lopes Vasconcelos, Carolina Alves Freiria de Oliveira, Ana Paula Macedo, Viviane de Cássia Oliveira, Patrícia Almeida Curylofo, Carlos Alberto Della Rovere, Rodrigo Galo, Bruna S. H. Tonin and Valéria Oliveira Pagnano
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020023 - 12 Jun 2025
Abstract
This study demonstrates that effervescent denture cleansers can influence the electrochemical behavior of cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloys, with a particular focus on their corrosion resistance. The findings underscore the importance for dental professionals of selecting cleansers compatible with Co-Cr prostheses to minimize material degradation
[...] Read more.
This study demonstrates that effervescent denture cleansers can influence the electrochemical behavior of cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloys, with a particular focus on their corrosion resistance. The findings underscore the importance for dental professionals of selecting cleansers compatible with Co-Cr prostheses to minimize material degradation and enhance clinical durability. Corrosion resistance was evaluated using open-circuit potential (OCP), corrosion current density (icorr), and passivation current density (ipass). Surface morphology and elemental composition were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Forty specimens (n = 5 per group) were individually immersed in one of ten test solutions: distilled water (DW), artificial saliva (AS), and eight commercial denture cleansers—Polident 3 minutes™ (P3M), Steradent™ (St), Polident for Partials™ (PP), Efferdent™ (Ef), Corega Tabs™ (CT), NitrAdine™ (Ni), Fixodent™ (Fi), and Kukident™ (Ku). Each specimen was exposed a single solution to avoid cross-contamination. Results showed St, Ef, and Ku had higher OCP values than DW and Ni (p < 0.05), indicating better corrosion resistance. AS exhibited lower OCP values compared to St (p = 0.034), Ku (p = 0.023), and P3M (p = 0.050). DW had higher icorr than PP (p = 0.030), CT (p = 0.005), and P3M (p = 0.003). For ipass, DW had lower values than Ef (p = 0.025) and Ku (p = 0.016). SEM and EDS revealed no significant surface alterations. Understanding the underlying corrosion mechanisms in different solutions provides valuable insights into optimizing material performance and ensuring durability in clinical applications. The corrosion resistance of Co-Cr depends on the stability of the passive oxide layer, which can be degraded by chloride ions, reinforced by sulfate ions, and influenced by active ingredients in denture cleansers. Overall, the Co-Cr alloy demonstrated acceptable corrosion resistance, underscoring the importance of selecting suitable cleansers for prosthesis longevity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Material Surface Corrosion and Protection)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Tribocorrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Risk Assessment of Novel Hybrid Stainless Steel–Carbon Fibre Tubes
by
Arshad Yazdanpanah, Valentina Zin, Francesca Valentini, Luca Pezzato and Katya Brunelli
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020022 - 3 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The increasing demand for lightweight, high-performance materials in marine and offshore engineering has driven the development of hybrid solutions combining metals and composites. This study investigates the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and tribocorrosion behaviour of a novel hybrid wire consisting of a superaustenitic
[...] Read more.
The increasing demand for lightweight, high-performance materials in marine and offshore engineering has driven the development of hybrid solutions combining metals and composites. This study investigates the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and tribocorrosion behaviour of a novel hybrid wire consisting of a superaustenitic stainless steel (6Mo) outer shell and a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) core. Microstructural analysis, residual stress measurement, and corrosion testing were performed to assess the integrity of the welded structure under harsh conditions. The results revealed that residual stresses and interdendritic segregation in the weld zone significantly contribute to SCC susceptibility, while the 6Mo steel showed improved corrosion resistance over 316L under tribocorrosion conditions but was more sensitive to the sliding frequency. These findings provide critical insights into the degradation mechanisms of metal composite hybrid wires and support the future design of corrosion-resistant components for offshore and structural applications.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Selection of a Critical Chloride Level for Full Probabilistic Modelling
by
Frank Papworth, Carmen Andrade and Federica Lollini
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020021 - 31 May 2025
Abstract
In 2022, a working party (fib TG 8.9.3) was formed to try and better develop critical chloride (Ccrit) distributions for use in modelling new structures and assessing existing structures. The authors of this paper are leading TG 8.9.3. and are in
[...] Read more.
In 2022, a working party (fib TG 8.9.3) was formed to try and better develop critical chloride (Ccrit) distributions for use in modelling new structures and assessing existing structures. The authors of this paper are leading TG 8.9.3. and are in the process of writing a Bulletin (the Bulletin) that will detail how Ccrit values have been developed since the 1970s. The Bulletin notes that chloride-induced corrosion initiation modelling based on Ccrit is not intended as a sole durability assessment tool for structures exposed to chloride. It is recognized that voids and moisture at the bar can control corrosion activation virtually independent of chloride content, but in most cases sufficient voids and moisture are present so that the arrival of adequate chloride triggers corrosion activation of the reinforcement. So, durability verification by modelling restriction of chloride penetration, so that the concentration at the bar is less than that commonly found to cause corrosion, seems appropriate. This empirical approach was first fully detailed in fib Bulletin 34 A key part in the empirical model is the ‘adequate chloride to trigger corrosion activation’ Ccrit. Although Ccrit has a wide distribution and has different distributions in different environments and concrete compositions, its use in modelling provides greater design flexibility and improved confidence compared to the Deemed-to-Satisfy (DtS) rules included in most codes. Because of the limitations in DtS provisions, modelling provides more effective designs by incorporating specific criteria for a broad range of exposures, materials, and construction methods. This paper proposes that a lower bound for Ccrit distributions for a range of materials and exposures can be developed from published papers. This paper includes Ccrit distributions for steel fibres, carbon steel (above and below water), high tensile steel, galvanized steel, and stainless steels. These are expected to be recommended in the Bulletin.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of H2S and CO2 Partial Pressures and Temperature on the Corrosion of Superduplex S32750 Stainless Steel
by
Naroa Iglesias and Esperanza Díaz
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020020 - 30 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study analyzes the effects of varying H2S and CO2 concentrations and temperature on the pH of geothermal fluids flowing through superduplex S32750 stainless-steel pipelines, classified as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs). Corrosive decay is evaluated by comparing OLI Studio software simulations
[...] Read more.
This study analyzes the effects of varying H2S and CO2 concentrations and temperature on the pH of geothermal fluids flowing through superduplex S32750 stainless-steel pipelines, classified as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs). Corrosive decay is evaluated by comparing OLI Studio software simulations with experimental data from the literature. The results indicate that an increase in the partial pressure of either gas lowers pH levels, with temperature exerting a more pronounced exponential effect on corrosion than gas partial pressure. When both gases are present, the dominant gas dictates the corrosion behavior. In cases where CO2 and H2S are in equal proportions, FeS2 forms as the primary corrosive product due to the higher potential corrosivity of H2S. The H2S/CO2 ratio influences the formation of passive films containing chromium oxides or hydroxides (Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3), iron oxides (Fe2O3, Fe3O4), or iron sulfides (FeS).
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Examination of Over-Discharge Effects on a Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery via the Immersion of a Copper Strip in a Salt Solution
by
Bayarmaa Tserendejid, Erdenebold Urtnasan and Jei-Pil Wang
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020019 - 28 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Li-ion battery recycling is growing with better tech and eco-awareness. Explosions are possible during battery recycling due to their residual voltage. Proper battery discharge is vital to successful recycling. The goal of this study was to investigate a new method for discharging cylindrical
[...] Read more.
Li-ion battery recycling is growing with better tech and eco-awareness. Explosions are possible during battery recycling due to their residual voltage. Proper battery discharge is vital to successful recycling. The goal of this study was to investigate a new method for discharging cylindrical batteries, utilizing a saltwater solution and copper conductors and analyzing the impact of both direct and indirect contact between the copper and the battery. A key variable impacting the discharge process was inconsistent spacing between the battery and the copper conductor. In the gap, the saltwater, functioning as an electrolyte solution, created an electrical short circuit, thus causing faster discharge. Because the battery was not in contact with the copper conductor during the discharge process, corrosion of the battery cap and valve occurred, leading to the battery’s anode and cathode elements dissolving into the solution. However, a near-total voltage drop of 99% was observed in the battery, indicating that it was almost completely discharged. Upon making contact with the copper strip during its discharge cycle, the battery exhibited no signs of corrosion. This report details the battery discharge process, encompassing an analysis of the electrochemical reaction, schematic diagrams, and a chemical analysis of the discharge precipitate.
Full article

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Infrastructure Lifecycle Corrosion Management Using AI Analytics and Digital Twins
by
Bilal Ayyub and Karl Stambaugh
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020018 - 27 May 2025
Abstract
Corrosion in infrastructure creates high-risk scenarios, and mitigation strategies are expensive, with significant annual costs globally. This paper advances the discourse of corrosion monitoring and tracking in infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of data analytics, AI, and Digital Twins (DT) for managing the infrastructure
[...] Read more.
Corrosion in infrastructure creates high-risk scenarios, and mitigation strategies are expensive, with significant annual costs globally. This paper advances the discourse of corrosion monitoring and tracking in infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of data analytics, AI, and Digital Twins (DT) for managing the infrastructure lifecycle while reducing risk and costs associated with corrosion. The non-parametric analysis of corrosion data is demonstrated to provide insights into spatial and temporal variations, helping in predictive modeling and decision-making. Strategic sampling and analysis of corrosion data help in making evidence-based maintenance decisions, reducing costs, and improving safety. AI analytics enhances the functionality of corrosion databases and Digital Twins, enabling predictive analytics and real-time simulations for better decision-making. Recommendations are provided for the implementation of AI in engineering applications, including data quantity and training resources, but offer significant potential for improved corrosion management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Forensic Investigation of Stainless Steel 316 Hydrogen-Membrane and Ammonia-Cracking Reactors Through Mechanical Testing
by
Alexander Ilyushechkin, Veronica Gray, Riley Ingle, Lachlan Carter and Liezl Schoeman
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020017 - 13 May 2025
Abstract
Knowledge of alloy behavior under industry-relevant conditions is critical to hydrogen production and processing, yet it is currently limited. To understand more about the impact of hydrogen damage on stainless steel 316 under realistic in-service conditions, we conducted a forensic investigation of two
[...] Read more.
Knowledge of alloy behavior under industry-relevant conditions is critical to hydrogen production and processing, yet it is currently limited. To understand more about the impact of hydrogen damage on stainless steel 316 under realistic in-service conditions, we conducted a forensic investigation of two reactors exposed to various hydrogen-processing conditions. We examined samples of reactor walls exposed to hydrogen-containing atmospheres for >100 and ~1000 h at elevated temperatures during hydrogen separation and ammonia cracking. The samples were characterized by tensile testing, stretch–bend testing, and three-point bending. A loss in ductility and strength was observed for the reactor wall material compared with both untreated materials and materials annealed in neutral atmospheres at the same temperatures used during reactor operation. The three-point bend testing, which was conducted on inner and outer pipe-surface material extracted via electrical discharge machining, showed larger changes in the flexural modulus of exposed reactors but increases in the elastic limit. Microstructural observations revealed that hydrogen may play a role in stress relaxation, possibly promoting normalization at lower-than-expected temperatures. We also observed that materials exposed to ammonia undertake more damage from nitriding than from hydrogen.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Modern Alloys in Advanced Applications)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Investigation of the Passive Films That Form on Alloy 600, Alloy 690, Unalloyed Cr and Ni, and Alloys of Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Fe in Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactor Primary Water
by
Feng Wang and Thomas M. Devine
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020016 - 6 May 2025
Abstract
Passive films that form on Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 during four hours in simulated Primary Water (PW) of Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactors (PWRs) at 320 °C were investigated by in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Similar tests conducted on unalloyed nickel, unalloyed
[...] Read more.
Passive films that form on Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 during four hours in simulated Primary Water (PW) of Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactors (PWRs) at 320 °C were investigated by in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Similar tests conducted on unalloyed nickel, unalloyed chromium, and laboratory alloys of Ni-10Cr, Ni-20Cr, Ni-5Cr-8Fe, and Ni-10Cr-8Fe aided in assigning the peaks in the surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectra of the passive films of Alloy 600 and Alloy 690. SERS indicates an inner layer (IL) of Cr2O3/CrOOH forms on both Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 and that Alloy 690’s IL was more protective against corrosion due to its greater resistance to ion transport. The outer layer (OL) of Alloy 600 consists of NiO and spinels, FeCr2O4—M(Cr,Fe)2O4. The OL of Alloy 690 contains no spinel. A comparison of SER spectra in 320 °C PWR PW to the spectra following cooling down to room temperature and after exposure to air indicates some differences between in situ films and ex situ films.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Ni Electrodeposited Coatings in Weak Ammonium Hydroxide Solution
by
Joel Andrew Hudson and Henry E. Cardenas
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020015 - 17 Apr 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Iron and iron-nickel alloy electrodeposits synthesized from sulfate-based electroplating baths were applied to a mild carbon steel substrate. Coated specimens were immersed in an oxygen-saturated, weak ammonium hydroxide solution (pH 9.5–10.0), and their corrosion performance was evaluated using electrochemical techniques. Galvanic and general
[...] Read more.
Iron and iron-nickel alloy electrodeposits synthesized from sulfate-based electroplating baths were applied to a mild carbon steel substrate. Coated specimens were immersed in an oxygen-saturated, weak ammonium hydroxide solution (pH 9.5–10.0), and their corrosion performance was evaluated using electrochemical techniques. Galvanic and general corrosion behaviors were analyzed to assess the sacrificial protection provided by Fe and Fe-Ni coatings relative to uncoated steel. The influence of anode-to-cathode (A/C) surface area ratios (1:1, 10:1, and 100:1) on the occurrence of plating-induced surface cracks was also examined. Surface morphology and elemental composition of the deposits were characterized. Results of the study indicated that increasing the Ni2+/Fe2+ molar ratio of the electroplating bath from 0 to 0.167 led to (1) reduced surface porosity and cracking, (2) decreased galvanic corrosion rates between the electrodeposit and substrate, and (3) a progressive increase in the temperature dependence of the general corrosion rate between 20 °C and 60 °C. The development of Fe and Fe-Ni alloy electrodeposits as protective coatings is of particular interest in water-tube power boiler applications, where production of corrosion products must be controlled. Further research is needed to develop coatings that perform predictably under elevated pressures and temperatures typical of operating boiler environments.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Validation of Water Radiolysis Models Against Experimental Data in Support of the Prediction of the Radiation-Induced Corrosion of Copper-Coated Used Fuel Containers
by
Scott Briggs, Mehran Behazin and Fraser King
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020014 - 1 Apr 2025
Cited by 1
Abstract
Copper has been proposed as a container material for the disposal of used nuclear fuel in a number of countries worldwide. The container materials will be subject to various corrosion processes in a deep geological repository, including radiation-induced corrosion (RIC) resulting from the
[...] Read more.
Copper has been proposed as a container material for the disposal of used nuclear fuel in a number of countries worldwide. The container materials will be subject to various corrosion processes in a deep geological repository, including radiation-induced corrosion (RIC) resulting from the γ-irradiation of the near-field environment. A comprehensive model is being developed to predict the extent of RIC by coupling a radiolysis model to the interfacial electrochemical reactions on the container surface. An important component of the overall model is a radiolysis model to predict the time-dependent concentration of oxidizing and reducing radiolysis products. As a first step in the model development, various radiolysis models have been validated against experimental measurements of the concentrations of dissolved and gaseous radiolysis products. Experimental data are available for pure H2O- and Cl−-containing solutions, with and without a gas headspace. The results from these experiments have been compared with predictions from corresponding radiolysis models, including the effects of the partitioning of gaseous species (O2 and H2) at the gas–solution interface. Different reaction schemes for the Cl− radiolysis models are also compared. The validated radiolysis model will then be coupled with interfacial reactions on the copper surface and additional processes related to the presence of bentonite clay in Steps 2 and 3 of the overall model, respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessCommunication
The Use of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Screening Method for Determination of Hydrolytic Stability of Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate)
by
Kevin Raheem, Anthony Betts, John Cassidy and Bernard Ryan
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010013 - 14 Mar 2025
Abstract
The hydrolytic stability of thin poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate), PECA, adhesive films on grit-blasted mild steel substrates was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using this novel approach for such adhesive films, the effects of two additives, salicylic acid (SA) and phthalic anhydride (PA), were
[...] Read more.
The hydrolytic stability of thin poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate), PECA, adhesive films on grit-blasted mild steel substrates was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using this novel approach for such adhesive films, the effects of two additives, salicylic acid (SA) and phthalic anhydride (PA), were studied, specifically measuring their influence on polymer film/surface impedance and capacitance changes over a period of 14 days. Results indicate that SA decreased the polymer film hydrolytic stability rapidly, resulting in a substantial drop in impedance modulus from ~10 kΩcm2 to ~10 Ωcm2 at 100 Hz due to electrolyte ingress, whilst the PA-containing film modulus also diminished from ~4 MΩcm2 to ~1 kΩcm2 at 100 Hz. Furthermore, the capacitance values of the SA-containing films rose (up to ~100 µFcm−2), demonstrating the onset of a charge transfer (corrosion) process within the first 12 h exposure to a saline electrolyte. In contrast, the PA-containing film’s transition from a film-dominated capacitance (~0.01 µFcm−2) to a larger double-layer capacitance took (~1 µFcm−2) took several days and was accounted for by differences in the additive’s chemistry, demonstrating the ability of EIS to detect changes in both bulk film (e.g., moisture ingress and bond scission) and metal-film interfacial processes (e.g., onset of corrosion) in real time. Comparison was also made with a standard industry combined tensile test/hydrolytic accelerated ageing regime. Unlike, EIS this did not, however, give useful time-dependent information, although after 6 weeks a decrease in bond strength occurred in the order PA-containing film < PECA< SA-containing film in agreement with the EIS results, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of EIS for monitoring the degradation of such thin film adhesives.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Development of a New Bioabsorbable Plastically Deformed Mg-Based Composite with Hydroxyapatite Nanopowder Addition: Towards Improved Degradation and Biological Assessment
by
Zohaib Hassan, Joanna Idaszek, Kamil Kaszyca, Rafał Zybała, Marek Tkocz, Dariusz Kuc, Jarosław Mizera and Anna Dobkowska
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010012 - 4 Mar 2025
Abstract
In this work, the microstructure and degradation properties of a novel metal matrix composite composed of Mg with the addition of 1 vol. % hydroxyapatite nanopowder (Mg + 1 vol % nHAp) were evaluated. The composites in the form of discs produced using
[...] Read more.
In this work, the microstructure and degradation properties of a novel metal matrix composite composed of Mg with the addition of 1 vol. % hydroxyapatite nanopowder (Mg + 1 vol % nHAp) were evaluated. The composites in the form of discs produced using spark plasma sintering (SPS) were subjected to plastic deformation using a modified extrusion technique with an oscillating die located at the end of the extruder (called KoBo), which enables deformation without the preheating of the initial billet. The microstructure was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with subsequent electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements. The corrosion properties were evaluated based on electrochemical and immersion tests. To assess early biological performance, cytotoxicity tests were performed. The addition of nHAp did not significantly change the corrosion rate; however, the subsequent plastic deformation greatly decreased it. Interestingly, the sample after plastic deformation without the preheating of the initial billet was characterized by the highest cell viability. Overall, the addition of nHAp improved the biological assessment of the extruded composite; however, during plastic deformation, due to the refinement of loosely adherent nHAp and the formation of bimodally distributed grain sizes, a high number of microgalvanic couples were formed, resulting in worse corrosion performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Bottom Chloride-Induced Corrosion on Truck Collision Response and Damage of Coastal Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers
by
Yu Liu and Yun Zhou
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010011 - 26 Feb 2025
Abstract
Coastal reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers are often subjected to seawater splash and tidal action, leading to bottom corrosion of the steel reinforcement and thereby producing the corrosion–induced cracks of concrete. The increased risk of vehicle collisions to piers poses significant threats to
[...] Read more.
Coastal reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers are often subjected to seawater splash and tidal action, leading to bottom corrosion of the steel reinforcement and thereby producing the corrosion–induced cracks of concrete. The increased risk of vehicle collisions to piers poses significant threats to bridge and traffic disruption, potentially causing severe pier damage or even bridge collapse. Many studies have investigated the dynamic responses of bridge piers to vehicle collisions, but no study of the effect of the corrosion degradation of piers on vehicle collision response and damage has been reported yet. This study numerically investigates the influence of bottom chloride-induced corrosion on the truck collision response and damage of coastal RC bridge piers by using LS-DYNA. The results reveal that localized damage occurs in the impact zone for both intact and corroded piers. For the corroded pier, punching shear failure becomes the dominant failure mode and the pier is more vulnerable to collapse at lower truck velocities. Corrosion degradation influences the dynamic response, increasing the lateral displacement of the pier while reducing the impact force, particularly during the engine and cargo impact stages of truck collisions. The impulses in 500 ms collision time show reductions of 1.1% and 4.3% for piers with 45-year and 90-year corrosion, respectively. Notably, the lateral displacement at the bottom corrosion zone shows no oscillations due to the punching shear failure.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Role of Passivation and Facet Dissolution on Pit Initiation and Growth During Electrochemical Etching in High-Purity Aluminum Foils with Trace Elements: A Review
by
Nobuo Osawa
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010010 - 21 Feb 2025
Abstract
Etching methods of aluminum foils used in electrolytic capacitors are selected based on the operating voltages, with DC and AC etching typically used for the anode foils of high- and low-voltage capacitors, respectively. The initial pits continue to grow and eventually form tunnels
[...] Read more.
Etching methods of aluminum foils used in electrolytic capacitors are selected based on the operating voltages, with DC and AC etching typically used for the anode foils of high- and low-voltage capacitors, respectively. The initial pits continue to grow and eventually form tunnels or cubic pits by DC or AC etching, respectively. This paper describes the pit formation and growth process, focusing on the involvement of passive film inside the pit and facet dissolution. In particular, it is found that high-purity aluminum foil containing Ti promotes the formation of passive film (etch film) inside pits during the cathodic half cycle of AC etching, and Cu promotes facet dissolution. These behaviors significantly affect the surface area expansion by electrolytic etching. In addition, the effects of crystal orientation, surface defects associated with oxide film crystallization, and a trace element, Pb, as factors affecting the pit initiation sites will be discussed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Bioactive and Protective Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Deposits on Magnesium and Its Alloys
by
Sergey V. Dorozhkin
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010009 - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Research on bone regeneration has always been an intense and challenging field of tissue engineering. Biodegradable metals represent a novel class of biomaterials combining superior mechanical qualities with a capacity to promote bone growth. Among them, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been
[...] Read more.
Research on bone regeneration has always been an intense and challenging field of tissue engineering. Biodegradable metals represent a novel class of biomaterials combining superior mechanical qualities with a capacity to promote bone growth. Among them, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been proposed as innovative biomaterials for bone grafting therapy due to their non-toxic nature and comparable mechanical properties to bones. In addition, they are lightweight, biocompatible and biodegradable. They offer several advantages over other implant metals, including reduced stress-shielding effects and unnecessity for a second surgery to remove them. Unfortunately, their clinical application is limited due to the rapid degradation rates in rather aggressive physiological conditions. Therefore, the development of Mg-based implants possessing a controlled degradation in accordance with the kinetics of bone healing is necessary. On the other hand, protective yet biocompatible and biodegradable surface coatings have emerged as a useful strategy to fulfill the diverse clinical requirements, including effective corrosion resistance. Calcium orthophosphates (abbreviated as CaPO4) are excellent candidates for producing such coatings as they are well tolerated by living organisms. However, due to its high chemical reactivity and a low melting point, Mg-based grafts require specific parameters for successful CaPO4 deposition. This paper reviews currently available preparation methods of CaPO4 deposits on Mg and its alloys, aiming to build up a comprehensive knowledge framework of deposition techniques, processing parameters, performance measures in terms of corrosion resistance, adhesion strength and biocompatibility. The literature analysis shows that CaPO4 protective coatings increase the ability of magnesium-based metallic biomaterials to withstand corrosion and improve the biocompatibility of their surfaces in all cases.
Full article

Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Buildings, Construction Materials, CMD, Materials, Metals
Construction Materials: Corrosion, Prevention and Protection
Topic Editors: Sergio Lorenzi, Marco OrmelleseDeadline: 1 May 2026

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
CMD
Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Strategies in the Marine Environment
Guest Editor: Ladislav VrsalovićDeadline: 31 July 2025
Special Issue in
CMD
Enhancing the Resilience of Reinforced Concrete Structures: Innovations in Monitoring, Assessment, and Retrofitting
Guest Editors: Stefania Imperatore, Francesca Nerilli, Emilia Vasanelli, Luigi CapozzoliDeadline: 31 August 2025
Special Issue in
CMD
Atmospheric Corrosion, Surface Electrochemistry and Environmental Degradation of Materials: In Honor of Prof. Christofer Leygraf
Guest Editors: David M. Bastidas, Raman SinghDeadline: 15 September 2025
Special Issue in
CMD
Environment-Assisted Cracking
Guest Editor: Marina CabriniDeadline: 30 September 2025