Journal Description
Corrosion and Materials Degradation
Corrosion and Materials Degradation
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on corrosion, environment-assisted degradation, corrosion mitigation, corrosion mechanism and corrosion monitoring, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, EBSCO, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Materials Science (miscellaneous))
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Tribocorrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Risk Assessment of Novel Hybrid Stainless Steel–Carbon Fibre Tubes
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020022 - 3 Jun 2025
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The increasing demand for lightweight, high-performance materials in marine and offshore engineering has driven the development of hybrid solutions combining metals and composites. This study investigates the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and tribocorrosion behaviour of a novel hybrid wire consisting of a superaustenitic
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The increasing demand for lightweight, high-performance materials in marine and offshore engineering has driven the development of hybrid solutions combining metals and composites. This study investigates the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and tribocorrosion behaviour of a novel hybrid wire consisting of a superaustenitic stainless steel (6Mo) outer shell and a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) core. Microstructural analysis, residual stress measurement, and corrosion testing were performed to assess the integrity of the welded structure under harsh conditions. The results revealed that residual stresses and interdendritic segregation in the weld zone significantly contribute to SCC susceptibility, while the 6Mo steel showed improved corrosion resistance over 316L under tribocorrosion conditions but was more sensitive to the sliding frequency. These findings provide critical insights into the degradation mechanisms of metal composite hybrid wires and support the future design of corrosion-resistant components for offshore and structural applications.
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Open AccessArticle
Selection of a Critical Chloride Level for Full Probabilistic Modelling
by
Frank Papworth, Carmen Andrade and Federica Lollini
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020021 - 31 May 2025
Abstract
In 2022, a working party (fib TG 8.9.3) was formed to try and better develop critical chloride (Ccrit) distributions for use in modelling new structures and assessing existing structures. The authors of this paper are leading TG 8.9.3. and are in
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In 2022, a working party (fib TG 8.9.3) was formed to try and better develop critical chloride (Ccrit) distributions for use in modelling new structures and assessing existing structures. The authors of this paper are leading TG 8.9.3. and are in the process of writing a Bulletin (the Bulletin) that will detail how Ccrit values have been developed since the 1970s. The Bulletin notes that chloride-induced corrosion initiation modelling based on Ccrit is not intended as a sole durability assessment tool for structures exposed to chloride. It is recognized that voids and moisture at the bar can control corrosion activation virtually independent of chloride content, but in most cases sufficient voids and moisture are present so that the arrival of adequate chloride triggers corrosion activation of the reinforcement. So, durability verification by modelling restriction of chloride penetration, so that the concentration at the bar is less than that commonly found to cause corrosion, seems appropriate. This empirical approach was first fully detailed in fib Bulletin 34 A key part in the empirical model is the ‘adequate chloride to trigger corrosion activation’ Ccrit. Although Ccrit has a wide distribution and has different distributions in different environments and concrete compositions, its use in modelling provides greater design flexibility and improved confidence compared to the Deemed-to-Satisfy (DtS) rules included in most codes. Because of the limitations in DtS provisions, modelling provides more effective designs by incorporating specific criteria for a broad range of exposures, materials, and construction methods. This paper proposes that a lower bound for Ccrit distributions for a range of materials and exposures can be developed from published papers. This paper includes Ccrit distributions for steel fibres, carbon steel (above and below water), high tensile steel, galvanized steel, and stainless steels. These are expected to be recommended in the Bulletin.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of H2S and CO2 Partial Pressures and Temperature on the Corrosion of Superduplex S32750 Stainless Steel
by
Naroa Iglesias and Esperanza Díaz
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020020 - 30 May 2025
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This study analyzes the effects of varying H2S and CO2 concentrations and temperature on the pH of geothermal fluids flowing through superduplex S32750 stainless-steel pipelines, classified as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs). Corrosive decay is evaluated by comparing OLI Studio software simulations
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This study analyzes the effects of varying H2S and CO2 concentrations and temperature on the pH of geothermal fluids flowing through superduplex S32750 stainless-steel pipelines, classified as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs). Corrosive decay is evaluated by comparing OLI Studio software simulations with experimental data from the literature. The results indicate that an increase in the partial pressure of either gas lowers pH levels, with temperature exerting a more pronounced exponential effect on corrosion than gas partial pressure. When both gases are present, the dominant gas dictates the corrosion behavior. In cases where CO2 and H2S are in equal proportions, FeS2 forms as the primary corrosive product due to the higher potential corrosivity of H2S. The H2S/CO2 ratio influences the formation of passive films containing chromium oxides or hydroxides (Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3), iron oxides (Fe2O3, Fe3O4), or iron sulfides (FeS).
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Open AccessArticle
Examination of Over-Discharge Effects on a Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery via the Immersion of a Copper Strip in a Salt Solution
by
Bayarmaa Tserendejid, Erdenebold Urtnasan and Jei-Pil Wang
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020019 - 28 May 2025
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Li-ion battery recycling is growing with better tech and eco-awareness. Explosions are possible during battery recycling due to their residual voltage. Proper battery discharge is vital to successful recycling. The goal of this study was to investigate a new method for discharging cylindrical
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Li-ion battery recycling is growing with better tech and eco-awareness. Explosions are possible during battery recycling due to their residual voltage. Proper battery discharge is vital to successful recycling. The goal of this study was to investigate a new method for discharging cylindrical batteries, utilizing a saltwater solution and copper conductors and analyzing the impact of both direct and indirect contact between the copper and the battery. A key variable impacting the discharge process was inconsistent spacing between the battery and the copper conductor. In the gap, the saltwater, functioning as an electrolyte solution, created an electrical short circuit, thus causing faster discharge. Because the battery was not in contact with the copper conductor during the discharge process, corrosion of the battery cap and valve occurred, leading to the battery’s anode and cathode elements dissolving into the solution. However, a near-total voltage drop of 99% was observed in the battery, indicating that it was almost completely discharged. Upon making contact with the copper strip during its discharge cycle, the battery exhibited no signs of corrosion. This report details the battery discharge process, encompassing an analysis of the electrochemical reaction, schematic diagrams, and a chemical analysis of the discharge precipitate.
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Open AccessArticle
Infrastructure Lifecycle Corrosion Management Using AI Analytics and Digital Twins
by
Bilal Ayyub and Karl Stambaugh
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020018 - 27 May 2025
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Corrosion in infrastructure creates high-risk scenarios, and mitigation strategies are expensive, with significant annual costs globally. This paper advances the discourse of corrosion monitoring and tracking in infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of data analytics, AI, and Digital Twins (DT) for managing the infrastructure
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Corrosion in infrastructure creates high-risk scenarios, and mitigation strategies are expensive, with significant annual costs globally. This paper advances the discourse of corrosion monitoring and tracking in infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of data analytics, AI, and Digital Twins (DT) for managing the infrastructure lifecycle while reducing risk and costs associated with corrosion. The non-parametric analysis of corrosion data is demonstrated to provide insights into spatial and temporal variations, helping in predictive modeling and decision-making. Strategic sampling and analysis of corrosion data help in making evidence-based maintenance decisions, reducing costs, and improving safety. AI analytics enhances the functionality of corrosion databases and Digital Twins, enabling predictive analytics and real-time simulations for better decision-making. Recommendations are provided for the implementation of AI in engineering applications, including data quantity and training resources, but offer significant potential for improved corrosion management.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
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Open AccessArticle
Forensic Investigation of Stainless Steel 316 Hydrogen-Membrane and Ammonia-Cracking Reactors Through Mechanical Testing
by
Alexander Ilyushechkin, Veronica Gray, Riley Ingle, Lachlan Carter and Liezl Schoeman
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020017 - 13 May 2025
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Knowledge of alloy behavior under industry-relevant conditions is critical to hydrogen production and processing, yet it is currently limited. To understand more about the impact of hydrogen damage on stainless steel 316 under realistic in-service conditions, we conducted a forensic investigation of two
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Knowledge of alloy behavior under industry-relevant conditions is critical to hydrogen production and processing, yet it is currently limited. To understand more about the impact of hydrogen damage on stainless steel 316 under realistic in-service conditions, we conducted a forensic investigation of two reactors exposed to various hydrogen-processing conditions. We examined samples of reactor walls exposed to hydrogen-containing atmospheres for >100 and ~1000 h at elevated temperatures during hydrogen separation and ammonia cracking. The samples were characterized by tensile testing, stretch–bend testing, and three-point bending. A loss in ductility and strength was observed for the reactor wall material compared with both untreated materials and materials annealed in neutral atmospheres at the same temperatures used during reactor operation. The three-point bend testing, which was conducted on inner and outer pipe-surface material extracted via electrical discharge machining, showed larger changes in the flexural modulus of exposed reactors but increases in the elastic limit. Microstructural observations revealed that hydrogen may play a role in stress relaxation, possibly promoting normalization at lower-than-expected temperatures. We also observed that materials exposed to ammonia undertake more damage from nitriding than from hydrogen.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Modern Alloys in Advanced Applications)
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In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Investigation of the Passive Films That Form on Alloy 600, Alloy 690, Unalloyed Cr and Ni, and Alloys of Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Fe in Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactor Primary Water
by
Feng Wang and Thomas M. Devine
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020016 - 6 May 2025
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Passive films that form on Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 during four hours in simulated Primary Water (PW) of Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactors (PWRs) at 320 °C were investigated by in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Similar tests conducted on unalloyed nickel, unalloyed
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Passive films that form on Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 during four hours in simulated Primary Water (PW) of Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactors (PWRs) at 320 °C were investigated by in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Similar tests conducted on unalloyed nickel, unalloyed chromium, and laboratory alloys of Ni-10Cr, Ni-20Cr, Ni-5Cr-8Fe, and Ni-10Cr-8Fe aided in assigning the peaks in the surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectra of the passive films of Alloy 600 and Alloy 690. SERS indicates an inner layer (IL) of Cr2O3/CrOOH forms on both Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 and that Alloy 690’s IL was more protective against corrosion due to its greater resistance to ion transport. The outer layer (OL) of Alloy 600 consists of NiO and spinels, FeCr2O4—M(Cr,Fe)2O4. The OL of Alloy 690 contains no spinel. A comparison of SER spectra in 320 °C PWR PW to the spectra following cooling down to room temperature and after exposure to air indicates some differences between in situ films and ex situ films.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
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Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Ni Electrodeposited Coatings in Weak Ammonium Hydroxide Solution
by
Joel Andrew Hudson and Henry E. Cardenas
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020015 - 17 Apr 2025
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Iron and iron-nickel alloy electrodeposits synthesized from sulfate-based electroplating baths were applied to a mild carbon steel substrate. Coated specimens were immersed in an oxygen-saturated, weak ammonium hydroxide solution (pH 9.5–10.0), and their corrosion performance was evaluated using electrochemical techniques. Galvanic and general
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Iron and iron-nickel alloy electrodeposits synthesized from sulfate-based electroplating baths were applied to a mild carbon steel substrate. Coated specimens were immersed in an oxygen-saturated, weak ammonium hydroxide solution (pH 9.5–10.0), and their corrosion performance was evaluated using electrochemical techniques. Galvanic and general corrosion behaviors were analyzed to assess the sacrificial protection provided by Fe and Fe-Ni coatings relative to uncoated steel. The influence of anode-to-cathode (A/C) surface area ratios (1:1, 10:1, and 100:1) on the occurrence of plating-induced surface cracks was also examined. Surface morphology and elemental composition of the deposits were characterized. Results of the study indicated that increasing the Ni2+/Fe2+ molar ratio of the electroplating bath from 0 to 0.167 led to (1) reduced surface porosity and cracking, (2) decreased galvanic corrosion rates between the electrodeposit and substrate, and (3) a progressive increase in the temperature dependence of the general corrosion rate between 20 °C and 60 °C. The development of Fe and Fe-Ni alloy electrodeposits as protective coatings is of particular interest in water-tube power boiler applications, where production of corrosion products must be controlled. Further research is needed to develop coatings that perform predictably under elevated pressures and temperatures typical of operating boiler environments.
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Open AccessArticle
Validation of Water Radiolysis Models Against Experimental Data in Support of the Prediction of the Radiation-Induced Corrosion of Copper-Coated Used Fuel Containers
by
Scott Briggs, Mehran Behazin and Fraser King
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6020014 - 1 Apr 2025
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Copper has been proposed as a container material for the disposal of used nuclear fuel in a number of countries worldwide. The container materials will be subject to various corrosion processes in a deep geological repository, including radiation-induced corrosion (RIC) resulting from the
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Copper has been proposed as a container material for the disposal of used nuclear fuel in a number of countries worldwide. The container materials will be subject to various corrosion processes in a deep geological repository, including radiation-induced corrosion (RIC) resulting from the γ-irradiation of the near-field environment. A comprehensive model is being developed to predict the extent of RIC by coupling a radiolysis model to the interfacial electrochemical reactions on the container surface. An important component of the overall model is a radiolysis model to predict the time-dependent concentration of oxidizing and reducing radiolysis products. As a first step in the model development, various radiolysis models have been validated against experimental measurements of the concentrations of dissolved and gaseous radiolysis products. Experimental data are available for pure H2O- and Cl−-containing solutions, with and without a gas headspace. The results from these experiments have been compared with predictions from corresponding radiolysis models, including the effects of the partitioning of gaseous species (O2 and H2) at the gas–solution interface. Different reaction schemes for the Cl− radiolysis models are also compared. The validated radiolysis model will then be coupled with interfacial reactions on the copper surface and additional processes related to the presence of bentonite clay in Steps 2 and 3 of the overall model, respectively.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
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Open AccessCommunication
The Use of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Screening Method for Determination of Hydrolytic Stability of Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate)
by
Kevin Raheem, Anthony Betts, John Cassidy and Bernard Ryan
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010013 - 14 Mar 2025
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The hydrolytic stability of thin poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate), PECA, adhesive films on grit-blasted mild steel substrates was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using this novel approach for such adhesive films, the effects of two additives, salicylic acid (SA) and phthalic anhydride (PA), were
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The hydrolytic stability of thin poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate), PECA, adhesive films on grit-blasted mild steel substrates was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using this novel approach for such adhesive films, the effects of two additives, salicylic acid (SA) and phthalic anhydride (PA), were studied, specifically measuring their influence on polymer film/surface impedance and capacitance changes over a period of 14 days. Results indicate that SA decreased the polymer film hydrolytic stability rapidly, resulting in a substantial drop in impedance modulus from ~10 kΩcm2 to ~10 Ωcm2 at 100 Hz due to electrolyte ingress, whilst the PA-containing film modulus also diminished from ~4 MΩcm2 to ~1 kΩcm2 at 100 Hz. Furthermore, the capacitance values of the SA-containing films rose (up to ~100 µFcm−2), demonstrating the onset of a charge transfer (corrosion) process within the first 12 h exposure to a saline electrolyte. In contrast, the PA-containing film’s transition from a film-dominated capacitance (~0.01 µFcm−2) to a larger double-layer capacitance took (~1 µFcm−2) took several days and was accounted for by differences in the additive’s chemistry, demonstrating the ability of EIS to detect changes in both bulk film (e.g., moisture ingress and bond scission) and metal-film interfacial processes (e.g., onset of corrosion) in real time. Comparison was also made with a standard industry combined tensile test/hydrolytic accelerated ageing regime. Unlike, EIS this did not, however, give useful time-dependent information, although after 6 weeks a decrease in bond strength occurred in the order PA-containing film < PECA< SA-containing film in agreement with the EIS results, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of EIS for monitoring the degradation of such thin film adhesives.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
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Open AccessArticle
The Development of a New Bioabsorbable Plastically Deformed Mg-Based Composite with Hydroxyapatite Nanopowder Addition: Towards Improved Degradation and Biological Assessment
by
Zohaib Hassan, Joanna Idaszek, Kamil Kaszyca, Rafał Zybała, Marek Tkocz, Dariusz Kuc, Jarosław Mizera and Anna Dobkowska
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010012 - 4 Mar 2025
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In this work, the microstructure and degradation properties of a novel metal matrix composite composed of Mg with the addition of 1 vol. % hydroxyapatite nanopowder (Mg + 1 vol % nHAp) were evaluated. The composites in the form of discs produced using
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In this work, the microstructure and degradation properties of a novel metal matrix composite composed of Mg with the addition of 1 vol. % hydroxyapatite nanopowder (Mg + 1 vol % nHAp) were evaluated. The composites in the form of discs produced using spark plasma sintering (SPS) were subjected to plastic deformation using a modified extrusion technique with an oscillating die located at the end of the extruder (called KoBo), which enables deformation without the preheating of the initial billet. The microstructure was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with subsequent electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements. The corrosion properties were evaluated based on electrochemical and immersion tests. To assess early biological performance, cytotoxicity tests were performed. The addition of nHAp did not significantly change the corrosion rate; however, the subsequent plastic deformation greatly decreased it. Interestingly, the sample after plastic deformation without the preheating of the initial billet was characterized by the highest cell viability. Overall, the addition of nHAp improved the biological assessment of the extruded composite; however, during plastic deformation, due to the refinement of loosely adherent nHAp and the formation of bimodally distributed grain sizes, a high number of microgalvanic couples were formed, resulting in worse corrosion performance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of Bottom Chloride-Induced Corrosion on Truck Collision Response and Damage of Coastal Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers
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Yu Liu and Yun Zhou
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010011 - 26 Feb 2025
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Coastal reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers are often subjected to seawater splash and tidal action, leading to bottom corrosion of the steel reinforcement and thereby producing the corrosion–induced cracks of concrete. The increased risk of vehicle collisions to piers poses significant threats to
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Coastal reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers are often subjected to seawater splash and tidal action, leading to bottom corrosion of the steel reinforcement and thereby producing the corrosion–induced cracks of concrete. The increased risk of vehicle collisions to piers poses significant threats to bridge and traffic disruption, potentially causing severe pier damage or even bridge collapse. Many studies have investigated the dynamic responses of bridge piers to vehicle collisions, but no study of the effect of the corrosion degradation of piers on vehicle collision response and damage has been reported yet. This study numerically investigates the influence of bottom chloride-induced corrosion on the truck collision response and damage of coastal RC bridge piers by using LS-DYNA. The results reveal that localized damage occurs in the impact zone for both intact and corroded piers. For the corroded pier, punching shear failure becomes the dominant failure mode and the pier is more vulnerable to collapse at lower truck velocities. Corrosion degradation influences the dynamic response, increasing the lateral displacement of the pier while reducing the impact force, particularly during the engine and cargo impact stages of truck collisions. The impulses in 500 ms collision time show reductions of 1.1% and 4.3% for piers with 45-year and 90-year corrosion, respectively. Notably, the lateral displacement at the bottom corrosion zone shows no oscillations due to the punching shear failure.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
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Open AccessReview
Role of Passivation and Facet Dissolution on Pit Initiation and Growth During Electrochemical Etching in High-Purity Aluminum Foils with Trace Elements: A Review
by
Nobuo Osawa
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010010 - 21 Feb 2025
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Etching methods of aluminum foils used in electrolytic capacitors are selected based on the operating voltages, with DC and AC etching typically used for the anode foils of high- and low-voltage capacitors, respectively. The initial pits continue to grow and eventually form tunnels
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Etching methods of aluminum foils used in electrolytic capacitors are selected based on the operating voltages, with DC and AC etching typically used for the anode foils of high- and low-voltage capacitors, respectively. The initial pits continue to grow and eventually form tunnels or cubic pits by DC or AC etching, respectively. This paper describes the pit formation and growth process, focusing on the involvement of passive film inside the pit and facet dissolution. In particular, it is found that high-purity aluminum foil containing Ti promotes the formation of passive film (etch film) inside pits during the cathodic half cycle of AC etching, and Cu promotes facet dissolution. These behaviors significantly affect the surface area expansion by electrolytic etching. In addition, the effects of crystal orientation, surface defects associated with oxide film crystallization, and a trace element, Pb, as factors affecting the pit initiation sites will be discussed.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
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Open AccessReview
Bioactive and Protective Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Deposits on Magnesium and Its Alloys
by
Sergey V. Dorozhkin
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010009 - 18 Feb 2025
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Research on bone regeneration has always been an intense and challenging field of tissue engineering. Biodegradable metals represent a novel class of biomaterials combining superior mechanical qualities with a capacity to promote bone growth. Among them, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been
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Research on bone regeneration has always been an intense and challenging field of tissue engineering. Biodegradable metals represent a novel class of biomaterials combining superior mechanical qualities with a capacity to promote bone growth. Among them, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been proposed as innovative biomaterials for bone grafting therapy due to their non-toxic nature and comparable mechanical properties to bones. In addition, they are lightweight, biocompatible and biodegradable. They offer several advantages over other implant metals, including reduced stress-shielding effects and unnecessity for a second surgery to remove them. Unfortunately, their clinical application is limited due to the rapid degradation rates in rather aggressive physiological conditions. Therefore, the development of Mg-based implants possessing a controlled degradation in accordance with the kinetics of bone healing is necessary. On the other hand, protective yet biocompatible and biodegradable surface coatings have emerged as a useful strategy to fulfill the diverse clinical requirements, including effective corrosion resistance. Calcium orthophosphates (abbreviated as CaPO4) are excellent candidates for producing such coatings as they are well tolerated by living organisms. However, due to its high chemical reactivity and a low melting point, Mg-based grafts require specific parameters for successful CaPO4 deposition. This paper reviews currently available preparation methods of CaPO4 deposits on Mg and its alloys, aiming to build up a comprehensive knowledge framework of deposition techniques, processing parameters, performance measures in terms of corrosion resistance, adhesion strength and biocompatibility. The literature analysis shows that CaPO4 protective coatings increase the ability of magnesium-based metallic biomaterials to withstand corrosion and improve the biocompatibility of their surfaces in all cases.
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Open AccessArticle
Decontamination-Sludge-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Simulated Pore Solutions and Alkali-Activated Slag Pastes
by
María Criado, Elena Torres, Jaime Hinojosa-Platero and Alicia Pachón-Montaño
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010008 - 14 Feb 2025
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In most countries, low- and intermediate-level wastes (LILWs) are cemented in carbon steel drums for later disposal. The durability of waste packages is determined by the chemical environment generated by both cement-based engineered barrier systems and the aggressive species present in the waste.
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In most countries, low- and intermediate-level wastes (LILWs) are cemented in carbon steel drums for later disposal. The durability of waste packages is determined by the chemical environment generated by both cement-based engineered barrier systems and the aggressive species present in the waste. Decontamination sludges are challenging wastes that are currently not accepted for final disposal due to their acidic nature and high concentrations of organic species and complexants. Thus, it was proposed to use electrochemical measurements to study the corrosion of steel sheets, simulating drums embedded in new alkali-activated slag (AAS) formulations with surrogate decontamination liquids, and determine their viability for use as confining matrices in order to increase the service life of the drums. The carbon steel coupon embedded in the Portland cement reference (R-L) paste showed the best corrosion resistance, followed by that of steel embedded in sodium silicate-activated slag (BFS-S-L) paste. This behaviour may be related to an improvement in the protective nature of the surface film. However, in sodium carbonate-activated slag (BFS-C-L) paste, the effect of the sludge in the matrix seemed to be more intense, leading to a pH decrease in the paste porewater, an effect that could hinder the formation of a passive layer on the surface of the carbon steel. Under such conditions, the initiation of the corrosion process seems to be favoured, resulting in the formation of a non-protective scale consisting mainly of hematite.
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Open AccessArticle
Protection Criteria of Cathodically Protected Pipelines Under AC Interference
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Luca Paterlini, Andrea Marinelli, Andrea Brenna and Marco Ormellese
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010007 - 8 Feb 2025
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Carbon steel structures employed to convey hydrocarbons and other dangerous fluids, such as oil or flammable liquids, are equipped with degradation prevention systems, which typically consist of a cathodic protection (CP) system combined with an external insulating coating, both designed to reduce the
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Carbon steel structures employed to convey hydrocarbons and other dangerous fluids, such as oil or flammable liquids, are equipped with degradation prevention systems, which typically consist of a cathodic protection (CP) system combined with an external insulating coating, both designed to reduce the corrosion rate below 10 µm/year. The presence of electrical interference, both AC and DC, can cause significant corrosion damage to metallic structures, even when CP is applied. DC interference is determined by the presence of a third-party CP system or public transportation system. AC interference may occur through conduction or induction mechanisms, caused by high-voltage powerlines or high-speed trains, powered by AC. Both interferences may lead to localized corrosion at coating defects, despite compliance with the −0.850 V saturated Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode (CSE) protection criterion. Considering AC-induced corrosion, both field failures and laboratory investigations have demonstrated that corrosion can occur at industrial frequencies, and when CP is applied following the standards. Even though AC-induced degradation is generally not as severe as DC interference, uncertainties remain regarding the protection potential range necessary to achieve acceptable corrosion prevention under AC interference. To formulate a CP criterion under AC interference, weight loss measurements were conducted on carbon steel samples under cathodic protection in solutions that simulate real soil conditions. Carbon steel coupons protected by CP were interfered with AC densities ranging from 1 A/m2 to 800 A/m2 for four months. During this time interval, polarization potential, protection current density and AC density were monitored. Based on the experimental data gathered during this study, a proposal for a risk map is also suggested. The results indicate that overprotection (potentials < −1.2 V CSE) represents the most dangerous scenario when AC interference is involved.
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Open AccessReview
The Influence of Nanocoatings on the Wear, Corrosion, and Erosion Properties of AISI 304 and AISI 316L Stainless Steels: A Critical Review Regarding Hydro Turbines
by
Kazem Reza Kashyzadeh, Waleed Khalid Mohammed Ridha and Siamak Ghorbani
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010006 - 7 Feb 2025
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In the current study, the authors have listed the causes of common failures in hydro turbine blades. In the following, coatings, as one of the practical solutions that can be utilized in the hydropower industry, were selected for further investigation. In this regard,
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In the current study, the authors have listed the causes of common failures in hydro turbine blades. In the following, coatings, as one of the practical solutions that can be utilized in the hydropower industry, were selected for further investigation. In this regard, nanocoating technology is used to prevent the above-mentioned failures, as well as to extend the service lifetime of turbine blades, to increase the inspection time, i.e., the overhaul intervals, and to reduce repair costs. Therefore, firstly, the raw materials of runner blades in different types of turbines were checked. The collected data revealed that this equipment is usually made of stainless steel (i.e., 304 and 316L). Therefore, the main focus of the current research was a general investigation of the effects of different nanocoatings on the material properties, including the wear, corrosion, and erosion, of 304 and 316L steels. Finally, a coating process used in this industry that is suitable for overhaul rather than initial construction was investigated. The advantages of using nanocoatings compared to traditional coatings in this industry were enumerated. In addition, the effects of single-layer and multi-layer coatings with different compositions on the corrosion, wear, and erosion properties of each of these stainless steels were discussed. Eventually, considering the gaps in past research and summarizing the collected results, a future research direction was proposed, including different combinations of materials to create new nanocoatings (with different percentages of nano alumina and titanium carbide).
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Open AccessArticle
Chemical Equilibrium Fracture Mechanics—Hydrogen Embrittlement Application
by
Andreas G. Varias
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010005 - 6 Feb 2025
Abstract
Chemical Equilibrium Fracture Mechanics (CEFM) studies the effect of chemical reactions and phase transformations on crack-tip fields and material fracture toughness under chemical equilibrium. An important CEFM direction is hydrogen-induced embrittlement of alloys, due to several industrial applications, including those within the industrial
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Chemical Equilibrium Fracture Mechanics (CEFM) studies the effect of chemical reactions and phase transformations on crack-tip fields and material fracture toughness under chemical equilibrium. An important CEFM direction is hydrogen-induced embrittlement of alloys, due to several industrial applications, including those within the industrial value chain of hydrogen that is under development, which, according to European and international policies, are expected to contribute significantly to the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources. In the present study, the effect of hydrogen on the crack-tip fields of hydride- and non-hydride-forming alloys is examined. The crack-tip stress and hydrogen concentration distributions are derived under hydrogen chemical equilibrium, which is approached by considering the coupling of the operating physical mechanisms. In all cases, analytic relations are derived, thus facilitating integrity assessments, i.e., without the need to rely on complicated numerical methods, expected to lead to the development of respective tools in industrial applications. It is shown that, in the case of hydride precipitation, there are significant deviations from the K, HRR, and Prandtl fields, and, thus, the well-known approaches of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and Elastic–Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) need to be accordingly modified/extended.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Modern Alloys in Advanced Applications)
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Open AccessPerspective
Comparison of the Passive Behavior of NiTi and CoNiCrMo in Simulated Physiological Solutions
by
Bruce G. Pound
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010004 - 30 Jan 2025
Abstract
Biomedical alloys in general, except for the biodegradable type, exhibit passive behavior in neutral chloride solutions. Two commonly used biomedical alloys are nitinol (NiTi) and Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo (CoNiCrMo). In this work, the passive behavior of electropolished NiTi and CoNiCrMo in a simulated physiological solution
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Biomedical alloys in general, except for the biodegradable type, exhibit passive behavior in neutral chloride solutions. Two commonly used biomedical alloys are nitinol (NiTi) and Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo (CoNiCrMo). In this work, the passive behavior of electropolished NiTi and CoNiCrMo in a simulated physiological solution (phosphate-buffered saline) was compared using data largely obtained from our previous studies involving potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The potentiodynamic results showed a marked difference in passive behavior between the alloys, with NiTi remaining completely passive up to the oxidation of water and CoNiCrMo, in contrast, undergoing solid-state oxidation and then transpassive dissolution. Both alloys exhibited Tafel-type behavior over the initial part of the passive range. A small but distinct difference in the apparent Tafel slopes was found between the two alloys and can be attributed to the difference in their predominant oxide; that is, TiO2 versus Cr2O3. The EIS results also showed marked differences between the alloys in terms of the oxide thickness and resistivity. The thickness was greater for NiTi—consistent with surface analytical results—and differed in potential dependence between the two alloys in the passive region. The oxide resistivity, conversely, was substantially lower for NiTi and showed a similar potential dependence for the two alloys.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Mechanisms and Electrochemical Interfaces: In Honor of Prof. Digby Macdonald)
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Influence of Silica Fume (SF) Content on Passive Film Formation of Steel Reinforcement Inside Hardened Concrete
by
Marcella Amaral, Isaac Aguiar Oliveira, Diogo Henrique de Bem, Giovana Costa Réus, Gustavo Macioski, Marcelo Miranda Farias and Marcelo Henrique Farias de Medeiros
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010003 - 13 Jan 2025
Abstract
Corrosion is one of the causes of failure in reinforced concrete structures, and forming a passive film on the steel is essential for protection. Although several studies have looked at passive film formation in concrete pore solutions, few have considered its formation in
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Corrosion is one of the causes of failure in reinforced concrete structures, and forming a passive film on the steel is essential for protection. Although several studies have looked at passive film formation in concrete pore solutions, few have considered its formation in hardened concrete and the influence of silica fume (SF) in the binder composition. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the SF content on passive film formation time in concrete. Periodic measurements assessed the electrical resistivity and corrosion current density of concrete samples containing 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% SF. The alkalinity of the mixtures and the kinetics of the pozzolanic reaction were also monitored by XRD and titration tests. The control mixtures exhibited susceptibility to corrosion, regardless of the curing age evaluated. In contrast, the partial replacement of cement with SF accelerated the formation of the passive film on the steel surface, suggesting a delayed onset of corrosion due to modifications in the physical properties of the concrete. Also, the portlandite content and pH can predict passive film formation, with SF significantly accelerating this process.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Infrastructure Corrosion Science for Construction Practice Advancement)
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