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New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition
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New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Dentistry & Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 December 2025 | Viewed by 10615

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Division for Globalization Initiative, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
2. Pediatric Dentistry, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital, Ar Rayyan, Riyadh 14212, Saudi Arabia
Interests: dental anomalies; hospital dentistry; preventive orthodontics; special care dentistry; dental materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oro-facial problems interfere with a child’s normal lifestyle by impairing mastication, deglutition, and esthetics and causing pain and discomfort. The pediatric dentist is concerned with restoring or replacing hard and soft tissues and maintaining optimum oral health, functions, esthetics, and comfort in children. The continuous evaluation conducted in pediatric dentistry has brought many changes into clinical practice. The interest in the early detection of orofacial and dental problems with imaging and diagnostic aids has been growing in recent decades. The comprehensive treatment for children should be a built-in close response to the child’s complex oral conditions, psychological state, and willingness to undergo prolonged treatments. In short, clinical pediatric dentistry can be best viewed as the prevention of the worsening of disability, treatment of injured or ailing patients, and restoring/maintaining optimal oral health and functions. There are various difficulties in managing dental problems, from simple tooth decay to complex oral rehabilitation. Clinical pediatric dentistry should address the difficulties in the oral cavity and the psychosocial situations of growing children. This Special Issue invites systematic reviews, meta-analyses, recommendations, policy guidelines, original research manuscripts, case reports, narratives, scoping reviews, technical reports, and short communications to enhance contemporary research in clinical pediatric dentistry.

Dr. Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • behavior guidance
  • conscious sedation
  • dental abnormalities
  • dental caries
  • dental malocclusion
  • restorative materials
  • impacted teeth
  • interceptive orthodontics
  • pain management
  • preformed crowns
  • preventive dentistry
  • imaging in pediatric dentistry

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1209 KB  
Article
A Comparative Study on Pain Perception in Children, After Application of Pre-Cooled and Plain Topical Anaesthetic Gel During Local Anaesthetic Administration—A Parallel Three-Arm Randomised Control Trial
by Prabhadevi C. Maganur, Atiah Abdulrahman Ghawi, Ghadi DuhDuh Arishi, Hammam Ahmed Bahammam, Noura Alessa, Nebras Essam Hamed, Nada Ali Jawhali, Mohammed Sawady, Asim Ibrahim H. Manqari and Satish Vishwanathaiah
Children 2025, 12(7), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070863 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
Background: Effective pain management in children is essential, particularly when administering local anaesthesia. This study was undertaken to compare pain perception in children after application of pre-cooled and plain topical anaesthetic gel during local anaesthetic administration. Methods: A randomised, single-blinded controlled trial [...] Read more.
Background: Effective pain management in children is essential, particularly when administering local anaesthesia. This study was undertaken to compare pain perception in children after application of pre-cooled and plain topical anaesthetic gel during local anaesthetic administration. Methods: A randomised, single-blinded controlled trial was conducted among 51 children between the ages of 6 and 12, visiting the paediatric clinic, Jazan (REC-45/10/1070). Children were allocated into one of the following three groups using a simple randomisation having a 1:1:1 allocation ratio into Group I (n = 17): Plain topical anaesthetic gel, Group II (n = 17): Pre-Cooled topical anaesthetic gel, and Group III (n = 17). An ice pack was applied for a period of 1 min at the injection site. The intensity of pain and the behaviour of the children were assessed using Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC), the Modified Wong–Baker Scale (WBS) and the Frankel Behaviour Rating Scale (FBRS). Results: A significant difference in FBRS scores was observed during anaesthesia, with the highest median score [3 (3,3)] in the pre-cooled topical anaesthetic gel group (p value < 0.001). FLACC scores varied significantly among groups, with the ice pack group [3 (3, 3)] and [4 (4, 5)] showing the highest median score (p value < 0.001). WBS scores also differed significantly between groups (p value < 0.001) with a lower value in the pre-cooled topical gel group [0 (0, 0), 2 (0, 2)]. Conclusions: This study concluded that, the use of a pre-cooled topical anaesthetic gel before LA administration reduced the pain better than that of plain anaesthetic gel and ice pack application at the injection site during infiltration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1455 KB  
Article
Effectiveness of Intraosseous Local Anesthesia (QuickSleeper 5) During Pulpotomy and Stainless Steel Crown Placement on Mandibular Primary Molars: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
by Zeyad A. AlRaddadi, Latifa A. AlHowaish and Ayman M. Sulimany
Children 2025, 12(3), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12030294 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 2132
Abstract
Background: Effective pain management during dental procedures is essential to ensure positive treatment outcomes, particularly for pediatric patients. Intraosseous anesthesia, administered via the QuickSleeper system, has shown promise as an alternative to traditional local anesthesia techniques. Methods: A single-blinded split-mouth randomized controlled clinical [...] Read more.
Background: Effective pain management during dental procedures is essential to ensure positive treatment outcomes, particularly for pediatric patients. Intraosseous anesthesia, administered via the QuickSleeper system, has shown promise as an alternative to traditional local anesthesia techniques. Methods: A single-blinded split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial took place at the dental hospital at King Saud University with 33 healthy patients (aged 4–9 years), who required pulpotomies and stainless steel crown procedures on two mandibular primary molars, to evaluate the effectiveness of two local anesthetic techniques. Each tooth was randomly assigned to receive 4% articaine either delivered via the intraosseous route using QuickSleeper 5 or buccal infiltration. The effectiveness of the anesthesia was evaluated by the number of injections needed and at various stages using the Sounds, Eyes, and Motor (SEM) scale. Postoperative complications, including pain, swelling, and lip numbness, were assessed through follow-up phone calls with the patients’ legal guardians. Results: The techniques demonstrated comparable effectiveness; there were no statistically significant differences in the number of injections and in the SEM scale scores. Minimal postoperative complications were reported: lip biting (two cases) and prolonged numbness (nine cases) were reported only when buccal infiltration was used, and swelling and pain were reported when both techniques were used. Conclusions: Intraosseous anesthesia via the QuickSleeper 5 system is comparable to traditional buccal infiltration anesthesia for pulpotomies and stainless steel crown procedures in pediatric mandibular molars. Intraosseous anesthesia offers the added benefit of reduced soft tissue numbness and associated complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 437 KB  
Article
Pain-Related Behavior and Pain Perception Associated with Intraosseous Local Anesthesia (QuickSleeper 5®) in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
by Zeyad A. AlRaddadi, Latifa A. AlHowaish and Ayman M. Sulimany
Children 2025, 12(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010065 - 7 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2144
Abstract
Background: Managing pain during dental procedures is crucial, particularly for children, as pain can induce anxiety. Local anesthesia is the most anxiety-inducing procedure in pediatric patients. Consequently, this study aimed to assess and compare the pain-related behaviors and perceptions associated with two anesthesia [...] Read more.
Background: Managing pain during dental procedures is crucial, particularly for children, as pain can induce anxiety. Local anesthesia is the most anxiety-inducing procedure in pediatric patients. Consequently, this study aimed to assess and compare the pain-related behaviors and perceptions associated with two anesthesia techniques for children: traditional local anesthesia and intraosseous local anesthesia administered via the QuickSleeper 5® system. Methods: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 33 children aged 4–9 years. Each participant received both traditional local anesthesia and intraosseous local anesthesia with QuickSleeper 5 across two visits. Pain-related behaviors were evaluated by calibrated pediatric dentists through video recordings, and pain perceptions were assessed using the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. Heart rate measurements offered objective insights into patients’ anxiety; finally, the time needed to administer anesthesia was recorded. Results: This study found no statistically significant differences between traditional local anesthesia and intraosseous local anesthesia with QuickSleeper 5 regarding pain perception, heart rate, or pain-related behaviors, indicating that both techniques are effective at minimizing discomfort. However, QuickSleeper 5 demonstrated a significantly shorter administration time, enhancing the procedural efficiency of pediatric dentistry. Conclusions: The QuickSleeper 5 system is a valuable tool for pediatric dental care, delivering comparable comfort levels to traditional anesthesia while significantly reducing the time that is required for administration. The QuickSleeper 5 system’s efficiency advantage could make it the preferred choice for treating children, especially given the stress that is often associated with local anesthesia and the need for quick, smooth procedures in pediatric care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
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Review

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14 pages, 391 KB  
Review
BioFlx Pediatric Crowns: Current Evidence on Clinical Outcomes and Material Properties
by Sanaa N. Al-Haj Ali
Children 2025, 12(10), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101281 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 673
Abstract
BioFlx crowns represent an innovative hybrid resin polymer-based alternative for pediatric full-coverage restorations, addressing the clinical dilemma between durable-but-unaesthetic stainless steel crowns (SSCs) and technique-sensitive zirconia crowns. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence of BioFlx crowns’ mechanical properties, clinical performance, and material characteristics [...] Read more.
BioFlx crowns represent an innovative hybrid resin polymer-based alternative for pediatric full-coverage restorations, addressing the clinical dilemma between durable-but-unaesthetic stainless steel crowns (SSCs) and technique-sensitive zirconia crowns. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence of BioFlx crowns’ mechanical properties, clinical performance, and material characteristics through a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from August through September 2025. The search identified 18 studies comprising four randomized controlled trials, two case reports/series, and twelve in vitro studies. In vitro analyses demonstrated favorable stress distribution under physiological loads (≤311 N) with notable brand-dependent performance variations. NuSmile BioFlx exhibited greater wear than zirconia, but superior wear resistance compared to SSCs, while Kids-e-Dental BioFlx crowns demonstrated less crown wear relative to zirconia, with both brands causing less antagonist wear than zirconia. BioFlx showed intermediate fracture resistance, comparable surface roughness to SSCs but higher than zirconia, and intermediate marginal gaps. Resin cements demonstrated superior retention compared to manufacturer-recommended glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer cements. Clinical studies with a 12 month follow-up demonstrated 92–98% retention rates compared to 100% for SSCs, with significantly higher patient satisfaction and reduced plaque accumulation versus SSCs. However, a failure rate of 6.7% was observed. Color change values were lower than those of zirconia crowns; however, they remained clinically unacceptable (ΔE > 3.3), and stain resistance was lower than that of SSCs. Marginal integrity remained clinically acceptable, though some anatomic form deterioration occurred over time. Case reports highlighted clinical utility in nickel-allergic patients and for masking silver diamine fluoride discoloration. BioFlx crowns represent a clinically valuable esthetic alternative in pediatric dentistry, though evidence remains limited by recent market introduction, brand-specific performance variations (NuSmile vs. Kids-e-Dental), anterior tooth applicability constraints, and contraindications in bruxism and for the Hall technique. Future randomized controlled trials with ≥2 year follow-up periods are imperative to establish long-term performance. Until such evidence emerges, BioFlx crowns represent a viable clinical option for esthetically sensitive cases and nickel-allergic patients when applied with rigorous case selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
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Other

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18 pages, 4895 KB  
Case Report
Oral Implications of Herbst Device Modification: A Case Report
by Monica Macrì, Mariastella Di Carmine, Antonio Scarano and Felice Festa
Children 2025, 12(5), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050531 - 22 Apr 2025
Viewed by 2586
Abstract
Background: Many studies analyse the effectiveness of the Herbst device in the treatment of dentoskeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion. This fixed device was devised by Emil Herbst for Class II treatment using a bite jumping, i.e., a device that holds [...] Read more.
Background: Many studies analyse the effectiveness of the Herbst device in the treatment of dentoskeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion. This fixed device was devised by Emil Herbst for Class II treatment using a bite jumping, i.e., a device that holds the jaw in a forced anterior position. Comparison of the results obtained in numerous studies is difficult because they are often not comparable and not congruent due to a number of variables that prevent standardization. Methods: The purpose of the present study is to report some clinical-level considerations that may be important in order to obtain more predictable therapeutic outcomes. The simplified design of the Herbst device offers better patient comfort and easier cleanability but may show some disadvantages, such as less anchorage. Results: The device was evaluated in conjunction with the multi-bracket phase that preceded Herbst therapy and concluded after the device was removed. The therapy was performed in the absence of skeletal anchorage. Conclusions: In our opinion, standardization of therapy according to precise protocols may positively affect the therapeutic outcomes by achieving faster occlusal stabilization, more proper neuro-muscular balance, less stress on anchor units, and shorter treatment time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 6469 KB  
Systematic Review
Dental Manifestations in Children Affected by Hypophosphatemic Rickets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Aesha Allam, Silvia Cirio, Francesca Elia, Claudia Salerno and Maria Grazia Cagetti
Children 2025, 12(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020144 - 27 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1695
Abstract
Background: Hypophosphatemic rickets (HR) is a bone disorder affecting phosphate–calcium metabolism, with both skeletal and dental manifestations. This review aims to analyze dental manifestations of HR in children and, where possible, compare them to those in healthy children or affected adults. Methods: The [...] Read more.
Background: Hypophosphatemic rickets (HR) is a bone disorder affecting phosphate–calcium metabolism, with both skeletal and dental manifestations. This review aims to analyze dental manifestations of HR in children and, where possible, compare them to those in healthy children or affected adults. Methods: The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42024596022). The study conformed to the PRISMA guidelines. Three databases were searched for studies reporting the prevalence or incidence of any dental manifestation in children with HR. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI, RoB 2.0, and ROBINS-E tools, and Stata/SE 18.0 was used for meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to examine the effects of therapy duration and mean age on dental manifestations’ prevalence. The study received no funding. Results: A total of 1308 records were identified, with 660 screened after removing duplicates. Forty-six studies were eligible for full-text evaluation; sixteen were included in the qualitative analysis and twelve in the meta-analysis. The dental manifestations observed included dental abscesses, developmental defects of enamel and dentin, dental caries, taurodontism, and large pulp chambers. Dental abscesses were the most common manifestation, with a pooled prevalence of 0.39. Meta-regression showed no association between therapy duration and abscess occurrence but revealed a negative association between mean age and abscess prevalence. Conclusions: Dental abscesses were the most frequent manifestation in children with HR. The role of therapy in improving oral health remains unclear due to insufficient data, indicating a need for further studies on the impact of HR on children’s oral health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
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