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Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment—3rd Edition

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2027 | Viewed by 920

Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Diseases, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
2. Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Diseases, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
Interests: clinical thyroidology; parathyroid imaging; laboratory medicine; molecular imaging; PET/CT; thyroid cancer; thyroid diseases; molecular endocrinology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are excited to launch the third edition of the Special Issue “Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment”, with the first edition available at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers/special_issues/57624JGNGB and the second edition at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers/special_issues/O73E651X2N.

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, representing approximately 4% of all new cancer cases. The prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer depend on the tumor type and its stage at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve prognosis and reduce mortality. Well-established treatments (surgery and radioiodine) and new options (molecular-targeting drugs) for patients with aggressive thyroid cancers have kept the mortality rate for this malignancy low despite the increase in its incidence. This Special Issue will highlight the role of different diagnostic procedures (i.e., ultrasound, molecular imaging, laboratory, cytology, and molecular cytology), therapeutic approaches (i.e., surgery, theranostics, hormone therapy, non-invasive procedures, radiotherapy, molecular-targeting drugs, redifferentiating agents), and prognostic markers in personalized thyroid cancer treatment.

Prof. Dr. Luca Giovanella
Dr. Petra Petranović Ovčariček
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • thyroid cancer
  • ultrasound
  • molecular imaging
  • fine-needle aspiration cytology
  • thyroidectomy
  • radioactive iodine
  • radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitors

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

30 pages, 3309 KB  
Review
Theranostic Approaches to Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Narrative Review
by Petra Petranović Ovčariček, Murat Tuncel, Martin W. Huellner, Alfredo Campennì and Luca Giovanella
Cancers 2026, 18(12), 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18121937 - 14 Jun 2026
Viewed by 701
Abstract
Background: Radioiodine (Na[131I]I) therapy is the cornerstone of systemic treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), exploiting sodium–iodide symporter (NIS) expression for durable control. Up to 30–40% of advanced cases develop radioiodine-refractory disease (RAI-R DTC), marked by impaired iodine uptake, aggressive behavior, [...] Read more.
Background: Radioiodine (Na[131I]I) therapy is the cornerstone of systemic treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), exploiting sodium–iodide symporter (NIS) expression for durable control. Up to 30–40% of advanced cases develop radioiodine-refractory disease (RAI-R DTC), marked by impaired iodine uptake, aggressive behavior, and poor response to Na[131I]I. Locoregional treatments, multikinase inhibitors (MKIs), and selective targeted agents improve progression-free survival but are not curative and carry cumulative toxicity, motivating precision-based alternatives. The primary objective of this review is to clarify the evolving theranostic paradigm in RAI-R DTC; the secondary objectives are to appraise redifferentiation and iodine-based theranostics for restoring or exploiting iodine avidity and to evaluate non-iodine theranostic strategies for cases where iodine biology is absent, impaired, or unreliable. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence on theranostic strategies in RAI-R DTC, drawn from available studies, clinical trials, and current guidelines, with an emphasis on redifferentiation and non-iodine approaches; a systematic search protocol was not applied. Results: Theranostics couples target-specific molecular imaging with matched radionuclide therapy and response-adapted sequencing. Its most transformative application is redifferentiation, in which pharmacologic modulation of oncogenic signaling can restore iodine avidity and enable renewed, dosimetry-guided Na[131I]I treatment. Beyond iodine, somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) have re-emerged in very selected cases, whereas alpha emitters remain investigational. Refractoriness is increasingly viewed as a reversible continuum rather than a fixed state. Conclusions: Theranostics can individualize RAI-R DTC treatment, restoring or exploiting iodine biology where possible and shifting to non-iodine targets where it is unreliable. Patient selection, timing, and integration with systemic therapy are central, and prospective validation is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment—3rd Edition)
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