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Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience

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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 31928

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Xiaopei Cai

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Interests: rail engineering and public works management; rail transportation

Dr. Huayang Yu

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
Interests: pavement; smart road construction; green materials; binder; intelligent transportation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tao Wang

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Interests: binder material; smart road construction; green materials; intelligent transportation; pavement structure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Building infrastructure resilience refers to the ability of the building infrastructure system to respond to disasters and the ability to recover after a disaster. It also refers to the ability of the building infrastructure system to resist disasters, absorb losses, and return to normal operation in a timely manner when a disaster occurs. Building infrastructure resilience belongs to the category of technical resilience. Technical resilience covers building structure, transportation, communication, drainage, waterlogging prevention, energy, fire protection, air defense, and medical and epidemic prevention, and includes all the building infrastructure of the city. Introducing the concept of resilience into building infrastructure research can inject new vitality into the research of infrastructure reliability. The acquisition of basic transportation resilience should rely on the combination of multi-disciplinary and multi-professional principles, knowledge and technology; it is necessary to improve the multiple positive functions of urban traffic resilience, not only to meet the requirements of mobility, disaster reduction and prevention, but also to satisfy the needs of controlling congestion, reducing energy consumption, reducing air pollution and increasing social equity. The potential topics include but are not limited to sustainable urban resilience, the resilience development of buildings, the resilience development of highway infrastructure, the resilience development of rail transit infrastructure, the sustainable resilience of building materials, and the evaluation and construction of a safe and resilient city.

Prof. Dr. Xiaopei Cai
Dr. Huayang Yu
Dr. Tao Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

sustainable resilience
building infrastructure
building structure
material
disaster resistance and mitigation measures

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 5921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability and Resilience—A Systematic Approach

by Khalilullah Mayar, David G. Carmichael and Xuesong Shen

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081242 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2588

Abstract

Stability and resilience are two crucial concepts to the proper functioning and understanding of the behavior of both natural and man-made systems exposed to perturbations and change. However, although the two have covered a similar territory within dynamic systems, the terminology and applications differ significantly. This paper presents a critical analysis of the two concepts by first collating the wealth of modern stability concept literature within dynamics systems and then linking it to resilience thinking, defined as adaptation where the system has the ability to respond perturbations and change through passive and active feedback structures. A lumped mass and simple pendulum, two simple linear and nonlinear dynamic systems following a state-space approach from modern control systems theory, are used to support the analysis and application. The research findings reveal that the two overarching categories of engineering resilience and socio-ecological resilience (extended ecological resilience) are in fact a reinvention of a closed-loop system dynamic stability with different types of active feedback mechanisms. Additionally, structural stability describes some vital aspects of social–ecological resilience such as critical thresholds where, under change, a system loses the ability to return to the starting form or move to another suitable form through active feedback mechanisms or direct management actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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16 pages, 3910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach to Automatically Calibrate and Detect Building Cracks

by Zongchao Liu, Xiaoda Li, Junhui Li and Shuai Teng

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081081 - 24 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1425

Abstract

Timely crack detection plays an important role in building damage assessment. In this study, an automatic crack detection method based on image registration and pixel-level segmentation (improved DeepLab_v3+) is proposed. Firstly, the moving images are calibrated by image registration, and the similarity method is adopted to evaluate the calibrated results. Secondly, the DeepLab_v3+ is improved and used to segment the fixed images and the calibrated images. Finally, the difference of crack pixels between the fixed and calibrated images is estimated, and the key parameter is investigated to find the optimal optimizer and learning rate. The results illustrate that: (1) the image registration technology shows excellent calibration achievement and the average error is only 4%; (2) with the resnet50 being selected as the backbone network of improved Deeplab_v3+, the automatic detection method proposed in this study is more efficient in comparison with other common pixel-level segmentation algorithms; (3) the best network optimizer of improved Deeplab_v3+ and learning rate of crack segmentation task are sgdm and 0.001, respectively. The crack detection method proposed in this study can significantly improves the technical level of crack detection in practical projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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17 pages, 12136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Admixtures on Pore Characteristics, Permeability, Strength, and Anti-Stripping Property of Porous Concrete

by Yi Zhang, Hui Li, Qingqing Lu, Jie Yang and Tao Wang

Buildings 2022, 12(7), 1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12071020 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1481

Abstract

To solve the problem of insufficient strength and durability of porous concrete pavement, seven different admixtures were used in this study so that the above properties could be optimized. The strengthening effect of admixtures on the strength and anti-stripping property of porous concrete was evaluated. The effects of different admixtures on the pore characteristics, strength, and anti-stripping of porous concrete were analyzed with CT tomography technology. The relationship between the pore characteristics of porous concrete and its strength, the anti-stripping property, was explored separately, and the correlation between the strength and anti-stripping property was also investigated. The addition of admixtures affected the pore characteristics of porous concrete, and there was no significant correlation between them. The strength of porous concrete was improved by the addition of admixtures, but the addition of different admixtures had different effects on the improvement of strength. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the strength and pore characteristics. Adding admixtures could improve the anti-stripping property of porous concrete, however, different admixtures had different improvement effects. The effect of porosity on anti-stripping property was limited, while the pore number and equivalent aperture had no effect. There was no obvious correlation between the strength and anti-stripping property of porous concrete prepared with different admixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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15 pages, 8367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Classification and Mechanism of Microcrack Homogenization Research in Cement Concrete Based on X-ray CT

by Rui Wang, Hongjuan Wu, Mohan Zhao, Yu Liu and Chengqin Chen

Buildings 2022, 12(7), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12071011 - 14 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

Old cement pavement directly overlaid with an asphalt layer produces many reflection cracks. Using microcrack homogenization technology to treat old cement pavement can effectively reduce the occurrence of reflection cracks. Micro-crack homogenization is relatively mature at the technical level; however, there is relatively little research on its mechanism. To evaluate the microcrack effect of old cement pavement, we conducted core sampling on a project road section after the appearance of microcracks. The core samples were sliced by X-ray tomography (X-ray CT). The mesostructure of the core samples was obtained. The core sample was further divided into microscopic cracks and macroscopic cracks according to the length and width of the crack. The development characteristics of cracks were subdivided into type I-III microcracks and type I-IV cracks. The core-drilling sample was divided into 5652 CT images. The statistical results showed that there were 3582 type-I microcracks, 3197 type-II microcracks, and 1835 type-III microcracks. Among the specimens, the minor proportion of microcracks was 32.87%, the most significant proportion was 100.00%, and the average ratio was 47.51%. Furthermore, the cracks development law and formation mechanism were analyzed based on CT images and cracking statistics. The results showed: (1) The microcrack homogenization process produced many microcracks in the test section and achieved a specific microcrack effect. (2) The cracks produced by the microcrack homogenization process tended to develop along the transition zone of the aggregate–cement mortar interface. The development of microcracks was mainly related to the aggregates’ shape and gradation, as well as the energy required to generate cracks. The research conclusions of this paper can be used as a theoretical basis for the optimization and improvement of the microcrack homogenization process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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18 pages, 5376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast and Non-Destructive Prediction Model for Remaining Life of Rigid Pavement with or without Asphalt Overlay

by Xuan Hong, Weilin Tan, Chunlong Xiong, Zhixiong Qiu, Jiangmiao Yu, Duanyi Wang, Xiaopeng Wei, Weixiong Li and Zhaodong Wang

Buildings 2022, 12(7), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070868 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Remaining life is an important indicator of pavement residual effective service time and is directly related to maintenance decision-making with limited funds. This paper proposes a fast and non-destructive model to predict the remaining life of rigid PCC (Portland cement concrete) pavement, with or without asphalt overlay. Firstly, a model was constructed according to the current Chinese design specifications for concrete pavement integrating an inverse design concept. Secondly, the prediction model was applied to three typical pavement sections with 1430, 1250 and 1000 slabs, respectively. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was utilized to determine the geometric parameters in the predictive model and the physical state of the pavement. A falling weight detector (FWD) was utilized for determination of the mechanical parameters. A more reasonable equivalent elastic modulus of foundation was back-calculated instead of using the limited model in the design specification. Thirdly, the remaining life was predicted based on the current mechanical and geometric parameters. The distributions of the remaining life of the three pavement sections was statistically analyzed. Finally, a decision-making system to inform maintenance strategy was proposed based on the remaining life and the technical condition of each slab. The results showed that the relationship between the remaining life and the mechanical parameters, geometric parameters and the physical state of the pavement was highly consistent with engineering experience. The success rate of the prediction model was as high as 96%. The proposed fast and non-destructive prediction model showed good engineering applicability and feasibility. The decision-making system was shown to be feasible in terms of economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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16 pages, 4134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full-Scale Prefabrication and Non-Destructive Quality Monitoring of Novel Bridge Substructure for “Pile-Column Integration”

by Longlin Wang, Hua Wang, Kailv Yang, Shuzhi Xie, Gangrong Wei, Ruijiao Li and Wensheng Wang

Buildings 2022, 12(6), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060715 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1611

Abstract

The assembly process of “pile-column integration” is proposed in this study and applied in the engineering with the characteristics that most of the pile foundations are end-bearing piles, which is conducive to returning to the normal operation of transportation infrastructure in a timely manner. From the perspective of practical application, the bridge structure components, including pile column and cap beam, are reasonably designed and prefabricated according to the requirements of the reconstruction and expansion project of the old bridge. Through non-destructive testing technologies, the concrete strength, cover thickness of reinforcement, and component size of prefabricated components are monitored and tested to evaluate the quality of full-scale prefabricated bridge substructure for “pile-column integration”. The monitoring results showed that the concrete strength monitoring results of prefabricated components by the rebound method are relatively stable. The concrete strength of the prefabricated components was higher than the design concrete strength and their qualified rate was 100%. According to the monitoring of cover thickness of reinforcement, the measured cover thickness of reinforcement in prefabricated components by electromagnetic induction method fell within the allowable range, and their qualified rates were around 90%. The concrete strength and cover thickness of reinforcement for prefabricated components could meet the design requirements. Although the component size of the prefabricated components could be tested by a 3-D point cloud scanning system, the monitoring effect of a relatively smaller component size still needs to be improved. The quality monitoring of full-scale bridge substructures for “pile-column integration” proved the rationality of prefabrication and the feasibility of non-destructive testing technologies, providing references for the application of “pile-column integration”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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18 pages, 8008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Design of Mix Proportion of Hot-Mix Epoxy Asphalt Mixture for Steel Bridge Decks and Its Anti-Slip Performance

by Wen Nie, Duanyi Wang, Junjian Yan and Xiaoning Zhang

Buildings 2022, 12(4), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040437 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2190

Abstract

To solve the problem of the insufficient anti-slip performance of steel bridge deck wear layers, a kind of new epoxy asphalt mixture FAC-10 (Full Epoxy Asphalt Content is shortened to FAC) is proposed in this paper based on the design method of an asphalt-rich mix proportion. The FAC-10 pavement layer was tracked and tested using a pavement texture tester to study the change in its skid resistance under traffic load from a macroscopic and microscopic perspective. The influence of traffic load on the deformation of the FAC-10 wearing layer was also simulated and analyzed via lab tests. The results show that the new FAC-10 epoxy asphalt mixture is superior to the traditional EA-10 epoxy asphalt mixture in terms of skid resistance. During the monitoring and testing period, the three-dimensional (3D) structure depth of the pavement surface showed a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend, while the density of microtexture distribution showed the opposite trend. After a wheel pressure rutting test, the rutted slab showed slight deformation and a certain degree of reduction in 3D structure depth; the deformation of the rutted slab mainly occured in the surface layer, and the internal deformation was negligible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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19 pages, 3998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Three-Dimensional Morphological Characteristics Evaluation Method and Processing Quality of Coarse Aggregate

by Weixiong Li, Duanyi Wang, Bo Chen, Kaihui Hua, Wenzheng Su, Chunlong Xiong and Xiaoning Zhang

Buildings 2022, 12(3), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030293 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2129

Abstract

The size, shape, gradation and appearance of aggregate have a significant impact on the road performance of asphalt mixtures, which is directly related to the deformation characteristics and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures. In order to be able to design a long-life asphalt pavement, the aggregate must have reasonable morphology and morphological characteristics. In order to quantitatively analyze the shape characteristics of the road coarse aggregate, a high-precision three-dimensional scanner is used to obtain the characteristic lattice of the aggregate surface, and the solid model of the coarse aggregate particles is established. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphological indicators of the aggregate are analyzed and discussed. Meanwhile, aggregates processed by typical quarries in Guangdong Province are collected, and the influence of different processing techniques on the morphology of aggregates are analyzed. The results show that the difference between the perimeter and projected area of the aggregate contour under different viewing angles is relatively large, which is closely related to the flatness index of the aggregate. It can better characterize the three-dimensional shape of the aggregate. The closer the aggregate is to the cubic state, the greater the sphericity value; the ellipsoid index calculated based on the three-dimensional circumscribed ellipsoid can better characterize the angularity of the aggregate. The worse the angularity of the aggregate, the larger the corresponding ellipsoid value. The sphericity of the aggregate processed by counter-breaking is lower, and the angularity is better. The sphericity of the aggregate processed by the shaping process is the best, but the angularity is lower. According to actual needs, different processing techniques can be combined and blended to obtain aggregate finished products with a more balanced grain shape and angularity. The richer the angularity of the coarse aggregate, the better the high-temperature stability and fatigue resistance of the asphalt mixture. However, the stability of performance indicators will become worse. In practical engineering applications, it is recommended to further combine the screening efficiency of the hot material screen of the mixing plant with the stability of the hot material gradation and the uniformity of construction quality to select a suitable aggregate processing technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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17 pages, 5850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Internal Drainage Systems for Steel Bridge Deck Pavements

by Wen Nie, Duanyi Wang, Jian Huang, Caifeng Jiang and Junjian Yan

Buildings 2022, 12(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030284 - 02 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1646

Abstract

As large span steel bridges develop rapidly, the type of steel deck paving is also diversifying. However, the current steel deck paving layer is a dense-graded mixture of both upper and lower layers. This makes it difficult for water to drain out of the dense deck when it enters the interior of the deck, and the deck is easily damaged by the traffic load. This paper aims to prolong the service life of the pavement and solve the problem that the pavement is prone to water damage under the existing pavement system. In this paper, a new steel bridge deck paving system is formed by developing a new type of waterproofing binder layer material and developing an open-graded paving layer underlayment. Through indoor tests and finite element software analysis, the effect of the environment on the pull-out strength of the waterproofing binder layer material under different permaculture conditions is investigated; a suitable void ratio control range for the paving layer is explored through paving layer seepage analysis and indoor tests. The study revealed that the new epoxy resin waterproofing bonding layer was able to maintain a large pull-out strength value in a 60 °C water bath for 2 weeks. The paving with void ratios of 18, 20, and 22% were all able to drain 50% of the water inside the paving within 2 h, with excellent drainage capacity. Based on the modeling analysis and indoor test results, the target void ratio of the asphalt mix under the pavement is recommended to be controlled at 20–22%, with a void ratio in this range to solve the problem of water entering the steel bridge deck pavement and causing pavement distress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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15 pages, 5382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Design of Structure and Material of Epoxy Asphalt Mixture Used in Steel Bridge Deck Pavement

by Wen Nie, Duanyi Wang, Yangguang Sun, Wei Xu and Xiaoquan Xiao

Buildings 2022, 12(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010009 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2740

Abstract

To comprehensively investigate the integrated structural and material design of the epoxy asphalt mixture used in steel bridge deck pavement, the following works have been conducted: 1. The strain level of steel bridge deck pavement was calculated; 2. The ultimate strain level of fatigue endurance for epoxy asphalt concrete was measured; 3. The effect of water tightness of epoxy asphalt mixture on the bonding performance of steel plate interface was tested. 4. For better performance evaluation, quantitative analysis of the anti-skid performance of epoxy asphalt mixture was carried out by testing the structure depth using a laser texture tester. Results show the following findings: 1. The fatigue endurance limit strain level of epoxy asphalt mixture (600 με) was higher than that of the steel bridge deck pavement (<300 με), indicating that the use of epoxy asphalt concrete has better flexibility and can achieve a longer service life in theory; 2. The epoxy asphalt concrete has significant water tightness to protect the steel plate interface from corrosion and ensure good bonding performance; 3. The porosity of epoxy asphalt mixture used in steel bridge deck paving should be controlled within 3%; 4. In terms of anti-skid performance of bridge deck pavement, the FAC-10 graded epoxy asphalt mixture is recommended when compared with EA-10C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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13 pages, 4114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Behavior of Steel–Concrete Composite Decks with Different Shear Span-to-Depth Ratios

by Sayan Sirimontree, Chanachai Thongchom, Suraparb Keawsawasvong, Peem Nuaklong, Pitcha Jongvivatsakul, Warayut Dokduea, Linh Van Hong Bui and Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi

Buildings 2021, 11(12), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120624 - 08 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3005

Abstract

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the mechanical behaviors of steel‒concrete composite decks with different shear span-to-depth ratios. Herein, four composite decks categorized into two types with shear span-to-depth ratios of 2.5 and 4.6 are designed for an experimental program. The decks then undergo the four-point bending tests until failure to investigate the structural responses, such as the load, displacement, crack mechanism, and failure mode. Conventional section analysis is used to derive the flexural strength of composite decks in comparison with the test results. Additionally, the ductility of the composite decks is assessed based on the displacement indices. The analysis results demonstrate that the stiffness and capacity of the composite deck increase with the decrease in the shear span length. However, the ductility of the composite slabs increases with the shear span length. The flexural strengths predicted by section analysis overestimate the actual test results. The shear span-to-depth ratio affects the crack mechanism of the composite decks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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21 pages, 6957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Surface Texture Features of Asphalt Pavement Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology

by Bo Chen, Chunlong Xiong, Weixiong Li, Jiarui He and Xiaoning Zhang

Buildings 2021, 11(12), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120623 - 07 Dec 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3188

Abstract

Pavement surface texture features are one of key factors affecting the skid resistance of pavement. In this study, a set of stable and reliable texture measurement equipment was firstly assembled by using the linear laser ranging sensor, control system and data acquisition system. Secondly, the equipment was calibrated, and the superposition error of sensor and control system was tested by making a standard gauge block. Thirdly, four different kinds of asphalt mixture were designed, and their surface texture features were obtained by leveraging a three-dimensional laser scanner. Therefore, the surface texture features were characterized as one-dimensional profile features and three-dimensional surface features. At the end of this study, a multi-scale texture feature characterization method was proposed. Results demonstrate that the measurement accuracy of the laser scanning system in the x-axis direction can be controlled ranging from −0.01 mm to 0.01 mm, the resolution in the XY plane is 0.05 mm, and the reconstructed surface model of surface texture features can achieve a good visualization effect. They also show that the root mean square deviation of surface profiles of different asphalt pavements fluctuates greatly, which is mainly affected by the nominal particle size of asphalt mixture and the proportion of coarse aggregate, and the non-uniformity of pavement texture distribution makes it difficult to characterize the roughness of asphalt pavement effectively by a single pavement surface profile. This study proposed a texture section method to describe the 3D distribution of road surface texture at different depths. The macrotexture of the road surface gradually changes from sparse to dense starting from the shallow layer. The actual asphalt pavement texture can be characterized by a simplified combination model of “cone + sphere + column”. By calculating the surface area distribution of macro and microtextures of different asphalt pavements, it was concluded that the surface area of asphalt pavement under micro scale is about 1.8–2.2 times of the cutting area, and the surface area of macrotexture is about 1.4 times of the cutting area. Moreover, this study proposed texture distribution density to characterize the roughness of asphalt pavement texture at different scales. The S_MA index can represent the macroscopic structure level of different asphalt pavements to a certain extent, and the S_MI index can well represent the friction level of different asphalt pavements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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17 pages, 3240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Cold-Mixed High-Toughness Ultra-Thin Asphalt Layer towards Sustainable Pavement Construction

by Jiangmiao Yu, Nikun Yang, Fuda Chen, Yanlin Chen, Zhuohan Lin and Huayang Yu

Buildings 2021, 11(12), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120619 - 06 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3089

Abstract

Ultra-thin asphalt overlay has become the mainstream measure of road preventive maintenance due to its good economic benefits and road performance. However, hot mix asphalt concrete technology is widely used at present, which is not the most ideal way to promote energy saving and emission reduction in the field of road maintenance. At the same time, the ultra-thin friction course based on cold mix technology, such as slurry seal layer, micro-surface, and other technologies, are still far behind the hot mix friction course in terms of crack resistance. In this research, by establishing an integrated design of materials and structures, a cold paving technology called “high-toughness cold-mixed ultra-thin pavement (HCUP)” is proposed. The high-viscosity emulsified bitumen prepared by using high-viscosity and high-elasticity modified bitumen is used as the binder and sticky layer of HCUP. The thickness of HCUP is 0.8–2.0 cm, the typical thickness is 1.2 cm, and the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate is 8 mm. Indoor tests show that HCUP-8 has water stability, anti-skid performance, high temperature performance, peeling resistance, and crack resistance that are not weaker than traditional hot-mixed ultra-thin wear layers such as AC-10, Novachip, and GT-8. At the same time, the test road paving further proved that HCUP-8 has excellent road performance with a view to providing new ideas for low-carbon and environmentally friendly road materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Wi-Fi-Based Traffic Detection Technology in the Field of Intelligent Transportation Systems

by Yongjie Lin, Qihang Li, Duanya Lyu and Xiaofei Wang

Buildings 2022, 12(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040428 - 01 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2303

Abstract

With the increasing innovation and development of Wi-Fi technology, its penetration in the various fields of industry and academia is becoming more and more profound. As the core infrastructure of traffic data collection in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Wi-Fi-based traffic detectors have great potential for use in traffic target positioning, perception, and pattern recognition due to their low cost and extensive infrastructure deployment. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of three major Wi-Fi-based traffic detection applications in the field of ITS: target positioning, traffic parameter extraction, and travel mode identification. Among these, target positioning is one of the most widespread applications of Wi-Fi technology, which is also the basis for two other research aspects. Moreover, Wi-Fi-based positioning can be divided into two categories: ranging-based positioning and range-free one; in the field of transportation, it can also be categorized into pedestrian positioning and vehicle positioning based on travel mode. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of Wi-Fi-based ITS applications in practice, this study compares the various Wi-Fi-involved models and algorithms around the world, as well as provides some ideas and inspiration along with this direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building Infrastructure and Resilience)

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