Journal Description
Biosensors
Biosensors
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the technology and science of biosensors published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Chemistry, Analytical) / CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.9 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.2 (2023)
Latest Articles
Correction: Zhang et al. A Study on the Mechanism and Properties of a Self-Powered H2O2 Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Fuel Cell Configuration with FePc and Graphene Cathode Catalyst Materials. Biosensors 2024, 14, 290
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090452 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024
Abstract
In this published publication [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials (Graphene, Carbon Nitride and MXenes, etc.)—Based Advanced Functional Catalysts for Biosensor and Biofuel Cell Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Improved Glycemic Control during a One-Week Adventure Camp in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes—The DIACAMP Study
by
Antonia-Therese Kietaibl, Faisal Aziz, Eva Wurm, Celine Tomka, Elke Fröhlich-Reiterer, Othmar Moser, Thomas R. Pieber, Peter Fasching, Julia K. Mader, Harald Sourij and Felix Aberer
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090451 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024
Abstract
Adolescence remains a crucial age associated with diabetes distress in individuals living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The Austrian organization “Diabär” regularly hosts a one-week adventure camp for adolescents (12–18 years) living with T1D. The camp focuses on “fun activities” without a structured
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Adolescence remains a crucial age associated with diabetes distress in individuals living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The Austrian organization “Diabär” regularly hosts a one-week adventure camp for adolescents (12–18 years) living with T1D. The camp focuses on “fun activities” without a structured educational protocol in order to minimize diabetes distress and increase diabetes management skills. In contrast to educational camps, training is kept to a minimum. However, attendees analyze the glycemic data of the previous day with their medical supervisor once daily during the camp. All subjects used a standardized real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system (DexcomG7) throughout the whole study. Glycemic metrics were prospectively analyzed during three periods: week 1 = home phase, week 2 = adventure camp, and week 3 = after the camp. Safety (time below range 1 [TBR1], 69–54 mg/dL, and time below range 2 [TBR2], <54 mg/dL) and efficacy (time in range [TIR], 70–180 mg/dL) were assessed by comparing the CGM data during weeks 1–3. The CGM data of 14 participants were analyzed. The TIR was higher during the camp week versus week 1 (70.4 ± 11.1% vs. 53.1 ± 20.2%; p = 0.001). The TBR1 significantly increased during camp compared to week 1 (2.5 ±1.7% vs. 1.3 ± 1.2%; p = 0.009), whereas the TBR2 did not differ. No serious adverse events occurred. This adventure camp without a main focus on education showed feasibility and safety in adolescents with T1D.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Glucose Biosensors)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of a Modular miRNA-Responsive Biosensor for Organ-Specific Evaluation of Liver Injury
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Xinxin Zhang, Tingting Wang, Xiangqing Fan, Meixia Wang, Zhixi Duan, Fang He, Hong-Hui Wang and Zhihong Li
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090450 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being considered essential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for multiple diseases. In recent years, researchers have emphasized the need to develop probes that can harness extracellular miRNAs as input signals for disease diagnostics. In this study, we introduce a
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being considered essential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for multiple diseases. In recent years, researchers have emphasized the need to develop probes that can harness extracellular miRNAs as input signals for disease diagnostics. In this study, we introduce a novel miRNA-responsive biosensor (miR-RBS) designed to achieve highly sensitive and specific detection of miRNAs, with a particular focus on targeted organ-specific visualization. The miR-RBS employs a Y-structured triple-stranded DNA probe (Y-TSDP) that exhibits a fluorescence-quenched state under normal physiological conditions. The probe switches to an activated state with fluorescence signals in the presence of high miRNA concentrations, enabling rapid and accurate disease reporting. Moreover, the miR-RBS probe had a modular design, with a fluorescence-labeled strand equipped with a functional module that facilitates specific binding to organs that express high levels of the target receptors. This allowed the customization of miRNA detection and cell targeting using aptameric anchors. In a drug-induced liver injury model, the results demonstrate that the miR-RBS probe effectively visualized miR-122 levels, suggesting it has good potential for disease diagnosis and organ-specific imaging. Together, this innovative biosensor provides a versatile tool for the early detection and monitoring of diseases through miRNA-based biomarkers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Molecular Engineering-Based Biosensors)
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Open AccessReview
Microfluidic Gastrointestinal Cell Culture Technologies—Improvements in the Past Decade
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Adrian J. T. Teo, Siu-Kin Ng, Kaydeson Khoo, Sunny Hei Wong and King Ho Holden Li
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090449 - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cell culture technology has evolved in the past decade with the integration of microfluidic technologies, bringing advantages with greater selectivity and cost effectiveness. Herein, these technologies are sorted into three categories, namely the cell-culture insert devices, conventional microfluidic devices, and 3D-printed microfluidic
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Gastrointestinal cell culture technology has evolved in the past decade with the integration of microfluidic technologies, bringing advantages with greater selectivity and cost effectiveness. Herein, these technologies are sorted into three categories, namely the cell-culture insert devices, conventional microfluidic devices, and 3D-printed microfluidic devices. Each category is discussed in brief with improvements also discussed here. Introduction of different companies and applications derived from each are also provided to encourage uptake. Subsequently, future perspectives of integrating microfluidics with trending topics like stool-derived in vitro communities and gut–immune–tumor axis investigations are discussed. Insights on modular microfluidics and its implications on gastrointestinal cell cultures are also discussed here. Future perspectives on point-of-care (POC) applications in relations to gastrointestinal microfluidic devices are also discussed here. In conclusion, this review presents an introduction of each microfluidic platform with an insight into the greater contribution of microfluidics in gastrointestinal cell cultures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Point-of-Care Diagnostics)
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Open AccessArticle
A Novel Ferrocene-Linked Thionine as a Dual Redox Mediator for the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and Hydrogen Peroxide
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Manikandan Palinci Nagarajan, Manikandan Ramalingam, Ilakeya Subbiah Arivuthilagam, Vishwa Paramaguru, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Jongdeok Park, Francis Kwaku Asiam, Byungjik Lee, Kwang Pyo Kim and Jae-Joon Lee
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090448 - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
We introduce a novel dual redox mediator synthesized by covalently linking ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (FcDA) and thionine (TH) onto a pre-treated glassy carbon electrode. This unique structure significantly enhances the electro-oxidation of dopamine (DA) and the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O
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We introduce a novel dual redox mediator synthesized by covalently linking ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (FcDA) and thionine (TH) onto a pre-treated glassy carbon electrode. This unique structure significantly enhances the electro-oxidation of dopamine (DA) and the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), offering a sensitive detection method for both analytes. The electrode exhibits exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, demonstrating potential for practical applications in biosensing. It facilitates rapid electron transfer between the analyte and the electrode surface, detecting H2O2 concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 60 µM with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.49 µM and DA concentrations from 0.3 to 230 µM with an LoD of 0.07 µM. The electrode’s performance was validated through real-sample analyses, yielding satisfactory results.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors to Support the One Health Concept)
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Open AccessEditorial
Editorial to the Special Issue “Advances in Optical Biosensors and Chemical Sensors”
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Flavio Esposito, Stefania Campopiano and Agostino Iadicicco
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090447 - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Optical biosensors and optical chemical sensors are innovative analytical tools that utilize light-based techniques to detect and quantify a plethora of biological and chemical substances [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Biosensors and Chemical Sensors)
Open AccessArticle
Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Allosteric Transcription Factors (aTFs) for Pb2+ Detection
by
Ningkang Yu, Chen Zhao, Xiaodan Kang, Cheng Zhang, Xi Zhang, Chenyu Li, Shang Wang, Bin Xue, Xiaobo Yang, Chao Li, Zhigang Qiu, Jingfeng Wang and Zhiqiang Shen
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090446 - 18 Sep 2024
Abstract
Exposure to Pb2+ in the environment, especially in water, poses a significant threat to human health and urgently necessitates the development of highly sensitive Pb2+ detection methods. In this study, we have integrated the high sensitivity of electrochemical techniques with allosteric
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Exposure to Pb2+ in the environment, especially in water, poses a significant threat to human health and urgently necessitates the development of highly sensitive Pb2+ detection methods. In this study, we have integrated the high sensitivity of electrochemical techniques with allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) to develop an innovative electrochemical biosensing platform. This biosensors leverage the specific binding and dissociation of DNA to the aTFs (PbrR) on electrode surfaces to detect Pb2+. Under the optimal conditions, the platform has a broad linear detection range from 1 pM to 10 nM and an exceptionally low detection threshold of 1 pM, coupled with excellent selectivity for Pb2+. Notably, the biosensor demonstrates regenerative capabilities, enabling up to five effective Pb2+ measurements. After one week of storage at 4 °C, effective lead ion detection was still possible, demonstrating the biosensor’s excellent stability, this can effectively save the cost of detection. The biosensor also achieves a recovery rate of 93.3% to 106.6% in real water samples. The biosensor shows its potential as a robust tool for the ultrasensitive detection of Pb2+ in environmental monitoring. Moreover, this research provides new insights into the future applications of aTFs in electrochemical sensing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Biosensors and Biosensing)
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Open AccessArticle
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Microfluidic Biosensor Using Cell-Imprinted Polymers for Bacteria Detection
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Shiva Akhtarian, Satinder Kaur Brar and Pouya Rezai
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090445 - 18 Sep 2024
Abstract
The rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial contaminants using low-cost and portable point-of-need (PoN) biosensors has gained significant interest in water quality monitoring. Cell-imprinted polymers (CIPs) are emerging as effective and inexpensive materials for bacterial detection as they provide specific binding sites designed
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The rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial contaminants using low-cost and portable point-of-need (PoN) biosensors has gained significant interest in water quality monitoring. Cell-imprinted polymers (CIPs) are emerging as effective and inexpensive materials for bacterial detection as they provide specific binding sites designed to capture whole bacterial cells, especially when integrated into PoN microfluidic devices. However, improving the sensitivity and detection limits of these sensors remains challenging. In this study, we integrated CIP-functionalized stainless steel microwires (CIP-MWs) into a microfluidic device for the impedimetric detection of E. coli bacteria. The sensor featured two parallel microchannels with three-electrode configurations that allowed simultaneous control and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. A CIP-MW and a non-imprinted polymer (NIP)-MW suspended perpendicular to the microchannels served as the working electrodes in the test and control channels, respectively. Electrochemical spectra were fitted with equivalent electrical circuits, and the charge transfer resistances of both cells were measured before and after incubation with target bacteria. The charge transfer resistance of the CIP-MWs after 30 min of incubation with bacteria was increased. By normalizing the change in charge transfer resistance and analyzing the dose–response curve for bacterial concentrations ranging from 0 to 107 CFU/mL, we determined the limits of detection and quantification as 2 × 102 CFU/mL and 1.4 × 104 CFU/mL, respectively. The sensor demonstrated a dynamic range of 102 to 107 CFU/mL, where bacterial counts were statistically distinguishable. The proposed sensor offers a sensitive, cost-effective, durable, and rapid solution for on-site identification of waterborne pathogens.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Biosensors for Environmental, Agricultural and Food Safety Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Salmonella Detection in Food Using a HEK-hTLR5 Reporter Cell-Based Sensor
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Esma Eser, Victoria A. Felton, Rishi Drolia and Arun K. Bhunia
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090444 - 18 Sep 2024
Abstract
The development of a rapid, sensitive, specific method for detecting foodborne pathogens is paramount for supplying safe food to enhance public health safety. Despite the significant improvement in pathogen detection methods, key issues are still associated with rapid methods, such as distinguishing living
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The development of a rapid, sensitive, specific method for detecting foodborne pathogens is paramount for supplying safe food to enhance public health safety. Despite the significant improvement in pathogen detection methods, key issues are still associated with rapid methods, such as distinguishing living cells from dead, the pathogenic potential or health risk of the analyte at the time of consumption, the detection limit, and the sample-to-result. Mammalian cell-based assays analyze pathogens’ interaction with host cells and are responsive only to live pathogens or active toxins. In this study, a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line expressing Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR-5) and chromogenic reporter system (HEK dual hTLR5) was used for the detection of viable Salmonella in a 96-well tissue culture plate. This cell line responds to low concentrations of TLR5 agonist flagellin. Stimulation of TLR5 ligand activates nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB)—linked alkaline phosphatase (AP-1) signaling cascade inducing the production of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). With the addition of a ρ-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate, a colored end product representing a positive signal is quantified. The assay’s specificity was validated with the top 20 Salmonella enterica serovars and 19 non-Salmonella spp. The performance of the assay was also validated with spiked food samples. The total detection time (sample-to-result), including shortened pre-enrichment (4 h) and selective enrichment (4 h) steps with artificially inoculated outbreak-implicated food samples (chicken, peanut kernel, peanut butter, black pepper, mayonnaise, and peach), was 15 h when inoculated at 1–100 CFU/25 g sample. These results show the potential of HEK-DualTM hTLR5 cell-based functional biosensors for the rapid screening of Salmonella.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogens Detection)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Electrochemical Advancements for Liquid-Biopsy Nucleic Acid Detection for Point-of-Care Prostate Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics
by
Joseph Broomfield, Melpomeni Kalofonou, Charlotte L. Bevan and Pantelis Georgiou
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090443 - 14 Sep 2024
Abstract
Current diagnostic and prognostic tests for prostate cancer require specialised laboratories and have low specificity for prostate cancer detection. As such, recent advancements in electrochemical devices for point of care (PoC) prostate cancer detection have seen significant interest. Liquid-biopsy detection of relevant circulating
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Current diagnostic and prognostic tests for prostate cancer require specialised laboratories and have low specificity for prostate cancer detection. As such, recent advancements in electrochemical devices for point of care (PoC) prostate cancer detection have seen significant interest. Liquid-biopsy detection of relevant circulating and exosomal nucleic acid markers presents the potential for minimally invasive testing. In combination, electrochemical devices and circulating DNA and RNA detection present an innovative approach for novel prostate cancer diagnostics, potentially directly within the clinic. Recent research in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, voltammetry, chronoamperometry and potentiometric sensing using field-effect transistors will be discussed. Evaluation of the PoC relevance of these techniques and their fulfilment of the WHO’s REASSURED criteria for medical diagnostics is described. Further areas for exploration within electrochemical PoC testing and progression to clinical implementation for prostate cancer are assessed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Point-of-Care Diagnostics)
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Open AccessArticle
Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Extracellular Lactate Detection
by
Yan Nan, Peng Zuo and Bangce Ye
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090442 - 14 Sep 2024
Abstract
Lactate is a critical regulatory factor secreted by tumors, influencing tumor development, metastasis, and clinical prognosis. Precise analysis of tumor-cell-secreted lactate is pivotal for early cancer diagnosis. This study describes a paper-based microfluidic chip to enable the detection of lactate levels secreted externally
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Lactate is a critical regulatory factor secreted by tumors, influencing tumor development, metastasis, and clinical prognosis. Precise analysis of tumor-cell-secreted lactate is pivotal for early cancer diagnosis. This study describes a paper-based microfluidic chip to enable the detection of lactate levels secreted externally by living cells. Under optimized conditions, the lactate biosensor can complete the assay in less than 30 min. In addition, the platform can be used to distinguish lactate secretion levels in different cell lines and can be applied to the screening of antitumor drugs. Through enzymatic chemical conversion, this platform generates fluorescent signals, enabling qualitative assessment under a handheld UV lamp and quantitative analysis via grayscale intensity measurements using ImageJ (Ver. 1.50i) software. The paper-based platform presented in this study is rapid and highly sensitive and does not necessitate other costly and intricate instruments, thus making it applicable in resource-constrained areas and serving as a valuable tool for investigating cell lactate secretion and screening various anti-cancer drugs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Microfluidics in Cell Manipulation and Biosensing)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Random Lasing in Human Blood
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Sergio de Armas-Rillo, Beatriz Abdul-Jalbar, Josmar Salas-Hernández, Jose María Raya-Sánchez, Tomás González-Hernández and Fernando Lahoz
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090441 - 13 Sep 2024
Abstract
Random lasing (RL) is an optical phenomenon that arises from the combination of light amplification with optical feedback through multiple scattering events. In this paper, we present our investigations of RL generation from human blood samples. We tested mixtures of rhodamine B dye
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Random lasing (RL) is an optical phenomenon that arises from the combination of light amplification with optical feedback through multiple scattering events. In this paper, we present our investigations of RL generation from human blood samples. We tested mixtures of rhodamine B dye solutions with different blood components, including platelets, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and whole blood. Intense coherent RL was obtained in all cases at relatively low pump thresholds, except for erythrocytes. We also studied the potential of RL signal analysis for biosensing applications using blood samples from healthy individuals and patients suffering from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). CLL is a blood disease characterized by a high count of lymphocytes with significant morphological changes. A statistical analysis of the RL spectra based on principal component and linear discriminant analyses was conducted for classification purposes. RL-based sample discrimination was conducted for whole blood, platelet, and lymphocyte samples, being especially successful (86.7%) for the latter. Our results highlight the potential of RL analysis as a sensing tool in blood.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Optical Methods for Biosensing)
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Open AccessCommunication
All-Dielectric Metasurface-Based Terahertz Molecular Fingerprint Sensor for Trace Cinnamoylglycine Detection
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Qiyuan Xu, Mingjun Sun, Weijin Wang and Yanpeng Shi
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090440 - 13 Sep 2024
Abstract
Terahertz (THZ) spectroscopy has emerged as a superior label-free sensing technology in the detection, identification, and quantification of biomolecules in various biological samples. However, the limitations in identification and discrimination sensitivity of current methods impede the wider adoption of this technology. In this
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Terahertz (THZ) spectroscopy has emerged as a superior label-free sensing technology in the detection, identification, and quantification of biomolecules in various biological samples. However, the limitations in identification and discrimination sensitivity of current methods impede the wider adoption of this technology. In this article, a meticulously designed metasurface is proposed for molecular fingerprint enhancement, consisting of a periodic array of lithium tantalate triangular prism tetramers arranged in a square quartz lattice. The physical mechanism is explained by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The metasurface achieves a high quality factor (Q-factor) of 231 and demonstrates excellent THz sensing capabilities with a figure of merit (FoM) of 609. By varying the incident angle of the THz wave, the molecular fingerprint signal is strengthened, enabling the highly sensitive detection of trace amounts of analyte. Consequently, cinnamoylglycine can be detected with a sensitivity limit as low as . This study offers critical insights into the advanced application of THz waves in biomedicine, particularly for the detection of urinary biomarkers in various diseases, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics for Bioapplications: Sensors and Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Investigation of Interferences of Wearable Sensors with Plant Growth
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Xiao Xiao, Xinyue Liu, Yanbo Liu, Chengjin Tu, Menglong Qu, Jingjing Kong, Yongnian Zhang and Cheng Zhang
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090439 - 11 Sep 2024
Abstract
Plant wearable sensors have shown exceptional promise in continuously monitoring plant health. However, the potential adverse effects of these sensors on plant growth remain unclear. This study systematically quantifies wearable sensors’ interference with plant growth using two ornamental species, Peperomia tetraphylla and Epipremnum
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Plant wearable sensors have shown exceptional promise in continuously monitoring plant health. However, the potential adverse effects of these sensors on plant growth remain unclear. This study systematically quantifies wearable sensors’ interference with plant growth using two ornamental species, Peperomia tetraphylla and Epipremnum aureum. We evaluated the impacts of four common disturbances—mechanical pressure, hindrance of gas exchange, hindrance of light acquisition, and mechanical constraint—on leaf growth. Our results indicated that the combination of light hindrance and mechanical constraint demonstrated the most significant interference. When the sensor weight was no greater than 0.6 g and the coverage was no greater than 5% of the leaf area, these four disturbances resulted in slight impacts on leaf growth. Additionally, we fabricated a minimally interfering wearable sensor capable of measuring the air temperature of the microclimate of the plant while maintaining plant growth. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing plant wearable sensors, balancing functionality with minimal plant interference.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors for Plant Health Monitoring)
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Open AccessArticle
2PP-Hydrogel Covered Electrodes to Compensate for Media Effects in the Determination of Biomass in a Capillary Wave Micro Bioreactor
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Sven Meinen, Steffen Brinkmann, Kevin Viebrock, Bassant Elbardisy, Henning Menzel, Rainer Krull and Andreas Dietzel
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090438 - 9 Sep 2024
Abstract
Microbioreactors increase information output in biopharmaceutical screening applications because they can be operated in parallel without consuming large quantities of the pharmaceutical formulations being tested. A capillary wave microbioreactor (cwMBR) has recently been reported, allowing cost-efficient parallelization in an array that can be
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Microbioreactors increase information output in biopharmaceutical screening applications because they can be operated in parallel without consuming large quantities of the pharmaceutical formulations being tested. A capillary wave microbioreactor (cwMBR) has recently been reported, allowing cost-efficient parallelization in an array that can be activated for mixing as a whole. Although impedance spectroscopy can directly distinguish between dead and viable cells, the monitoring of cells in suspension within bioreactors is challenging because the signal is influenced by the potentially varying properties of the culture medium. In order to address this challenge, an impedance sensor consisting of two sets of microelectrodes in a cwMBR is presented. Only one set of electrodes was covered by a two-photon cross-linked hydrogel to become insensitive to the influence of cells while remaining sensitive to the culture medium. With this impedance sensor, the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be measured in a range from 1 to 20 g L−1. In addition, the sensor can compensate for a change in the conductivity of the suspension of 5 to 15 mS cm−1. Moreover, the two-photon cross-linking of hydroxyethyl starch methacrylate hydrogel, which has been studied in detail, recommends itself for even much broader sensing applications in miniaturized bioreactors and biosensors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS Based Biosensors and Its Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Investigation of a Camera-Based Contactless Pulse Oximeter with Time-Division Multiplex Illumination Applied on Piglets for Neonatological Applications
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René Thull, Sybelle Goedicke-Fritz, Daniel Schmiech, Aly Marnach, Simon Müller, Christina Körbel, Matthias W. Laschke, Erol Tutdibi, Nasenien Nourkami-Tutdibi, Elisabeth Kaiser, Regine Weber, Michael Zemlin and Andreas R. Diewald
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090437 - 9 Sep 2024
Abstract
(1) Objective: This study aims to lay a foundation for noncontact intensive care monitoring of premature babies. (2) Methods: Arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured using a monochrome camera and time-division multiplex controlled lighting at three different wavelengths (660 nm, 810
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(1) Objective: This study aims to lay a foundation for noncontact intensive care monitoring of premature babies. (2) Methods: Arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured using a monochrome camera and time-division multiplex controlled lighting at three different wavelengths (660 nm, 810 nm and 940 nm) on a piglet model. (3) Results: Using this camera system and our newly designed algorithm for further analysis, the detection of a heartbeat and the calculation of oxygen saturation were evaluated. In motionless individuals, heartbeat and respiration were separated clearly during light breathing and with only minor intervention. In this case, the mean difference between noncontact and contact saturation measurements was 0.7% (RMSE = 3.8%, MAE = 2.93%). (4) Conclusions: The new sensor was proven effective under ideal animal experimental conditions. The results allow a systematic improvement for the further development of contactless vital sign monitoring systems. The results presented here are a major step towards the development of an incubator with noncontact sensor systems for use in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors (IECB 2024))
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Open AccessArticle
Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Biosensor for Rapid Screening of Chemicals with Estrogenic Effect
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Ruixin Li, Jin Li, Xianbo Lu, Fanli Meng and Jiping Chen
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090436 - 9 Sep 2024
Abstract
Estrogenic chemicals are widely distributed and structurally diverse. They primarily disrupt estrogen-related metabolism in animals or humans by mimicking the agonistic receptor effects of natural estrogens, thereby influencing the transcription of estrogen receptors to regulate their quantity and sensitivity. This disruption of estrogen-related
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Estrogenic chemicals are widely distributed and structurally diverse. They primarily disrupt estrogen-related metabolism in animals or humans by mimicking the agonistic receptor effects of natural estrogens, thereby influencing the transcription of estrogen receptors to regulate their quantity and sensitivity. This disruption of estrogen-related metabolism can lead to estrogen-related effects, posing risks to biological health, emphasizing the urgent need for simple and effective methods to screen compounds with estrogenic effects. Herein, a new electrochemical biological effect biosensor based on human estrogen receptor α (hERα) is developed, which uses hERα as the biorecognition element and employs the electroactive horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled 17β-estradiol (E2) multifunctional conjugate HRP-E2 as the signal-boosting element and ligand competition agent. Based on the specific ligand–receptor interaction principle between the target and nuclear receptor, by allowing the test compound to compete with HRP-E2 conjugate for binding to hERα and testing the electrocatalytic signal of the conjugate that fails to bind to the hERα estrogen receptor, rapid screening and quantitative detection of chemical substances with estrogenic effect have been achieved. The biosensor shows a wide linear range of 40 pM to 40 nM with a detection limit of 17 pM (S/N = 3) for E2, and the detection limit is 2 orders of magnitude better than that of the previously reported sensors. The biosensor based on ligand–receptor binding can not only quantitatively analyze the typical estrogen E2, but also evaluate the relative estrogen effect strength of other estrogen compounds, which has good stability and selectivity. This electrochemical sensing platform displays its promising potential for rapid screening and quantitative detection of chemicals with estrogenic effects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical and Fluorescent Biosensors: Novel Strategies, Methods, and Materials II)
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Open AccessArticle
Advanced Liver-on-a-Chip Model for Evaluating Drug Metabolism and Hepatotoxicity
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Sonia Frojdenfal and Agnieszka Zuchowska
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090435 - 6 Sep 2024
Abstract
The liver has many important functions, including the biotransformation of drugs and detoxification of the human organism. As such, it is also exposed to many harmful substances, which leads to disorders and diseases such as cirrhosis. For these reasons, it seems important to
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The liver has many important functions, including the biotransformation of drugs and detoxification of the human organism. As such, it is also exposed to many harmful substances, which leads to disorders and diseases such as cirrhosis. For these reasons, it seems important to consider liver metabolism and the direct effects on the liver when evaluating the efficacy of new drugs. Accordingly, we have developed an advanced in vitro liver model using an organ-on-a-chip approach that replicates many of the morphological and functional features of the liver in vivo. The model we created can metabolize drugs, which we demonstrated using two widely used anticancer drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and capecitabine (CAP). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first who evaluate the direct effects of these drugs not only on the viability of liver model-building cells but on their functions, such as cytochrome P450 activity and albumin production. Our study brings new hope to properly evaluating drug efficacy at the in vitro level.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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Open AccessArticle
Microwave Technique for Linear Skull Fracture Detection—Simulation and Experimental Study Using Realistic Human Head Models
by
Mariella Särestöniemi, Daljeet Singh, Mikael von und zu Fraunberg and Teemu Myllylä
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090434 - 6 Sep 2024
Abstract
Microwave (MW) sensing is regarded as a promising technique for various medical monitoring and diagnostic applications due to its numerous advantages and the potential to be developed into a portable device for use outside hospital settings. The detection of skull fractures and the
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Microwave (MW) sensing is regarded as a promising technique for various medical monitoring and diagnostic applications due to its numerous advantages and the potential to be developed into a portable device for use outside hospital settings. The detection of skull fractures and the monitoring of their healing process would greatly benefit from a rapidly and frequently usable application that can be employed outside the hospital. This paper presents a simulation- and experiment-based study on skull fracture detection with the MW technique using realistic models for the first time. It also presents assessments on the most promising frequency ranges for skull fracture detection within the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) and ultrawideband (UWB) ranges. Evaluations are carried out with electromagnetic simulations using different head tissue layer models corresponding to different locations in the human head, as well as an anatomically realistic human head simulation model. The measurements are conducted with a real human skull combined with tissue phantoms developed in our laboratory. The comprehensive evaluations show that fractures cause clear differences in antenna and channel parameters (S11 and S21). The difference in S11 is 0.1–20 dB and in S21 is 0.1–30 dB, depending on the fracture width and location. Skull fractures with a less than 1 mm width can be detected with microwaves at different fracture locations. The detectability is frequency dependent. Power flow representations illustrate how fractures impact on the signal propagation at different frequencies. MW-based detection of skull fractures provides the possibility to (1) detect fractures using a safe and low-cost portable device, (2) monitor the healing-process of fractures, and (3) bring essential information for emerging portable MW-based diagnostic applications that can detect, e.g., strokes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Biosensing)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Progress in the Synthesis of 3D Complex Plasmonic Intragap Nanostructures and Their Applications in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
by
Li Ma, Keyi Zhou, Xinyue Wang, Jiayue Wang, Ruyu Zhao, Yifei Zhang and Fang Cheng
Biosensors 2024, 14(9), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090433 - 6 Sep 2024
Abstract
Plasmonic intragap nanostructures (PINs) have garnered intensive attention in Raman-related analysis due to their exceptional ability to enhance light–matter interactions. Although diverse synthetic strategies have been employed to create these nanostructures, the emphasis has largely been on PINs with simple configurations, which often
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Plasmonic intragap nanostructures (PINs) have garnered intensive attention in Raman-related analysis due to their exceptional ability to enhance light–matter interactions. Although diverse synthetic strategies have been employed to create these nanostructures, the emphasis has largely been on PINs with simple configurations, which often fall short in achieving effective near-field focusing. Three-dimensional (3D) complex PINs, distinguished by their intricate networks of internal gaps and voids, are emerging as superior structures for effective light trapping. These structures facilitate the generation of hot spots and hot zones that are essential for enhanced near-field focusing. Nevertheless, the synthesis techniques for these complex structures and their specific impacts on near-field focusing are not well-documented. This review discusses the recent advancements in the synthesis of 3D complex PINs and their applications in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We begin by describing the foundational methods for fabricating simple PINs, followed by a discussion on the rational design strategies aimed at developing 3D complex PINs with superior near-field focusing capabilities. We also evaluate the SERS performance of various 3D complex PINs, emphasizing their advanced sensing capabilities. Lastly, we explore the future perspective of 3D complex PINs in SERS applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensing (Volume II))
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