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A special issue of Biomimetics (ISSN 2313-7673). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomimetic Design, Constructions and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 May 2026 | Viewed by 10062

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Dr. Shupeng Wang

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Guest Editor

Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
Interests: bionic sensors and actuators; intelligent actuating materials; dynamic drag reduction technology
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Dr. Pengyun Xu

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Guest Editor

Engineering College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Interests: thermal spray coating; thermal spray technology; spraying process simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Yangyang Wei

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Guest Editor

Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
Interests: digital simulation design; bionic cross design; data visualization design; computer-aided design
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biomimetics, a discipline that mimics the structure and function of biological systems in nature, has been widely applied in various engineering fields. From architectural engineering to industrial design, the application of biomimetics enhances design efficiency and significantly contributes to the realization of sustainable development. Biological principles provide innovative solutions in contemporary engineering design, advancing technology and optimizing resource utilization. The design principles found in nature inspire creative resolutions to diverse engineering challenges, positioning biomimetics as a vital driver of interdisciplinary innovation.

This Special Issue explores the application of biomimetics in specific engineering fields, particularly focusing on innovative cases and applications in architectural engineering, human living environment engineering, and industrial design. We invite scholars, engineers, and designers from around the world to share their cutting-edge research and theories in biomimetics, exploring how bionic design can optimize engineering solutions, enhance resource efficiency, and contribute to sustainable development. We look forward to engaging with the global community, advancing the development of bionic design concepts, and contributing to a sustainable future for humanity.

Dr. Shupeng Wang
Dr. Pengyun Xu
Dr. Yangyang Wei
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomimetics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

application of biomimetics in engineering
innovation and practice of bionic design
biomimetics in architectural engineering
biomimetics in human living environment engineering
biomimetics in industrial design
sustainable engineering design
nature-inspired engineering solutions
biomimetics and interdisciplinary innovation

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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29 pages, 1937 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Knitted Fabrics with Biomimetic Bird Feather Hierarchical Structures for Thermal and Moisture Adaptation in Outdoor Environments for the Elderly

by Yuan Shu, Panpan Li, Yihan Wang and Yangyang Wei

Biomimetics 2026, 11(6), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11060364 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

Bird feathers possess functions such as water resistance, thermal insulation, and air permeability, providing inspiration for the design of functional fabrics. Based on the functional differentiation of different feather regions and the structural constraints associated with these functions, this study selected down feathers, feather vanes, hooklets, and fluffy feather filament node structures as biomimetic prototypes. Four biomimetic knitted structures were designed for outdoor environments with significant temperature fluctuations and for the thermo-moisture comfort needs of older adults. Through macro- and micro-structural feature extraction, three-dimensional modeling, and experimental testing, a multi-parameter evaluation system covering water resistance, thermal resistance, thermal insulation rate, air permeability, moisture vapor transmission, and moisture management was established to systematically evaluate the thermo-moisture regulation performance of the fabrics. The results showed that each structure exhibited distinct performance advantages: Structure 1 demonstrated the best thermal insulation performance; Structure 2 showed relatively superior water resistance and outstanding air permeability; Structure 4 exhibited relatively superior moisture vapor transmission and moisture management performance; and Structure 3 achieved the highest gray relational optimality value, indicating a relatively balanced thermo-moisture regulation capability. Among all performance indicators, air permeability showed the highest correlation with the knitted structures. Based on these results, and considering regional differences in heat generation and sweating across different body parts of older adults, this study further explored zonal application strategies for elderly outdoor clothing to improve wearing comfort and functionality under environments with fluctuating thermal conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

24 pages, 1245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Inspired Energy-Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Honeybee Foraging Behavior and MDP-Driven Adaptive Scheduling

by Fangyan Chen, Xiangcheng Wu, Weimin Qi, Zhiming Wang, Zhiyu Wang and Peng Li

Biomimetics 2026, 11(5), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11050311 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 540

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enable energy-efficient data collection in dynamic environments but continue to face the dual challenges of severely constrained node energy and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of data traffic. Inspired by honeybee foraging behavior, this paper proposes a hybrid optimization framework that integrates mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and Markov decision processes (MDP), utilizing Q-learning for adaptive decision-making. The proposed framework systematically maps the dual-layer decision-making mechanism of honeybee foraging onto a synergistic architecture combining MILP-based global planning and MDP-based local adaptation, offering a novel bio-inspired solution for mobile sink trajectory planning and adaptive routing. Specifically, the upper-level MILP module simulates a colony-level global assessment of distant nectar sources, generating an initial global trajectory by determining the optimal access sequence of cluster heads to minimize the movement cost of the mobile sink. The lower-level Q-learning module simulates the individual-level local adaptation, where bees adjust harvesting behavior in real-time based on nectar quality and distance. This module continuously optimizes routing parameters based on real-time network states, including residual energy, the ratio of surviving nodes, data queue lengths, and cluster head density. The algorithm employs an

ϵ

-greedy strategy to balance exploration and exploitation, while a periodic decision-update mechanism is introduced to harmonize computational efficiency with learning stability. Furthermore, a multi-objective reward function is designed to jointly optimize energy efficiency, network lifetime, end-to-end latency, and path length. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MILP-MDP hybrid framework significantly outperforms several representative baseline algorithms in terms of network lifetime extension and energy balance. These findings validate that the integration of bio-inspired foraging strategies and reinforcement learning provides an efficient and robust solution for trajectory planning and adaptive routing in dynamic WSNs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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25 pages, 8082 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm-Based Multi-Scale Fusion Attention Enhanced SwinIR Model for Super-Resolution and Recognition of Text Images on Electrophoretic Displays

by Xin Xiong, Zikang Feng, Peng Li, Xi Hu, Jiyan Liu and Xueqing Liu

Biomimetics 2026, 11(3), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11030195 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 600

Abstract

Electrophoretic Displays (EPDs) are widely adopted in e-readers and portable devices due to their ultra-low power consumption and eye-friendly reflective characteristics. However, inherent hardware limitations, such as low resolution, slow response speed, and display degradation, frequently result in blurred strokes and degraded text readability. While traditional driving waveform optimizations can mitigate these issues, they are device-dependent and require extensive manual calibration. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm-based Multi-scale Fusion Attention-enhanced SwinIR (IWOA-MFA-SwinIR) model for super-resolution and recognition of text images on EPDs. Structurally, the model incorporates a multi-scale fused attention (MFA) module that synergistically integrates channel, spatial, and gated attention mechanisms to precisely capture high-frequency text details while suppressing background noise within the SwinIR architecture. Furthermore, to enhance model robustness and eliminate manual tuning, an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA) is employed to adaptively optimize critical hyperparameters, including embedding dimension (d), attention head count (h), learning rate (

l r

), and dimensionality reduction coefficient (r). Experiments conducted on the TextZoom and EPD datasets demonstrate that the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance. In the ablation study, it attains a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 24.406, a Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) of 0.8837, and a Character Recognition Accuracy (CRA) of 89.81%. In the comparative evaluation, the proposed model consistently outperforms the second-best comparison model across three difficulty levels, yielding approximately a 1% improvement in PSNR, a 0.8% improvement in SSIM, and an 8% improvement in CRA. This confirms the proposed model’s superiority over mainstream comparative models in restoring text fidelity and improving recognition rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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37 pages, 3961 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Dynamics Modeling of Pitch Motion and Obstacle-Crossing Capability Analysis for Articulated Tracked Vehicles Based on Myriapod Locomotion Mechanism

by Ningyi Li, Xixia Liu, Hongqian Chen, Yu Zhang and Shaoliang Zhang

Biomimetics 2026, 11(2), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11020121 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 591

Abstract

Myriapods achieve remarkable obstacle-crossing capability through inter-segment pitch adjustment and coordinated anterior–posterior propulsion, providing valuable biomimetic inspiration for engineering design. Articulated tracked vehicles, connecting front and rear units via pitch mechanisms, exhibit functional similarity to myriapod body segments. This study develops a comprehensive dynamic model for articulated tracked vehicle pitch motion to reveal its biomimetic connection with myriapod locomotion. A quadratic-function-based non-uniform track–ground contact pressure distribution method with zero-gradient boundary conditions is proposed, effectively eliminating the non-physical negative pressure issue inherent in traditional assumptions. Systematic analyses reveal that the front unit provides primary traction under pitch-up conditions, forming a front-pulling-rear driving mode, while the rear unit dominates under pitch-down and acceleration conditions, forming a rear-pushing-front driving mode. Through pitch attitude adjustment, the maximum surmountable vertical-wall height increased from 263 to 593 mm, representing a 125.45% improvement. This traction distribution pattern closely matches the anterior-guidance and posterior-propulsion mechanism observed in myriapod locomotion. This study quantitatively validates the functional analogy between articulated tracked vehicle pitch dynamics and myriapod inter-segment coordination, providing theoretical foundations for bio-inspired tracked vehicle design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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20 pages, 1096 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Ant Colony Optimization-Based Dynamic Path Planning and Energy Optimization Model in Wireless Sensor Networks for Mobile Sink by Using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming

by Fangyan Chen, Xiangcheng Wu, Zhiming Wang, Weimin Qi and Peng Li

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010044 - 6 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 882

Abstract

Currently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been mutually applied to environmental monitoring and industrial control due to their low-cost and low-energy sensor nodes. However, WSNs are composed of a large number of energy-limited sensor nodes, which requires balancing the relationship among energy consumption, transmission delay, and network lifetime simultaneously to avoid the formation of energy holes. In nature, gregarious herbivores, such as the white-bearded wildebeest on the African savanna, employ a “fast-transit and selective-dwell” strategy when searching for water; they cross low-value regions quickly and prolong their stay in nutrient-rich pastures, thereby minimizing energy cost while maximizing nutrient gain. Ants, meanwhile, dynamically evaluate the “energy-to-reward” ratio of a path through pheromone concentration and its evaporation rate, achieving globally optimal foraging. Inspired by these two complementary biological mechanisms, our study proposes a novel ACO-conceptualized optimization model formulated via mixedinteger linear programming (MILP). By mapping the pheromone intensity and evaporation rate into the MILP energy constraints and cost functions, the model integrates discrete decision-making (path selection) and continuous variables (dwell time) by dynamic path planning and energy optimization of mobile sink, constituting multi-objective optimization. Firstly, we can achieve flexible trade-offs between multiple objectives such as data transmission delay and energy consumption balance through adjustable weight coefficients of the MILP model. Secondly, the method transforms complex path planning and scheduling problems into deterministic optimization models with theoretical global optimality guarantees. Finally, experimental results show that the model can effectively optimize network performance, significantly improve energy efficiency, while ensuring real-time performance and extended network lifetime. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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23 pages, 7435 KB

Open AccessArticle

Composite Biomimetic Multi-Subsoiler for Drag Reduction and Wear Resistance Simulation and Experimental Validation

by Xiaoyang Wang, Jinguang Li, Junyan Liu, Le Yang, Fancheng Dai, Chanjuan Long and Lijun Zhao

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120793 - 21 Nov 2025

Viewed by 849

Abstract

In the process of operating subsoiling implements on sloping red soil in Southwest China, the subsoiler tip faces significant challenges due to strong soil adhesion and severe compaction. By employing engineering bionics, integrating bionic geometric structures and surfaces, this study focuses on the subsoiler tip and designs four types of bionic geometric surface structures: bionic convex hull, bionic micro-spike convex hull, bionic scales, and bionic micro-spike scales. Finite element force analysis and discrete element simulation experiments reveal that bionic surfaces and geometric structures exhibit significant advantages in terms of total deformation, equivalent elastic strain, and stress. These structures are less prone to deformation and fracture under loads, demonstrating a stronger bearing capacity. A discrete element simulation analysis indicates interference phenomena among the subsoilers during multi-subsoiler operations. Based on bionic multi-subsoiler implements, optimized designs were developed through discrete element simulations and soil bin tests. The optimized bionic multi-subsoiler implement features a micro-spike convex hull surface, with micro-spike scale surfaces arranged equidistantly along the edge corners of the shovel face: six on each side wing and three in the middle. The optimal operating parameters were a subsoiling speed of 1.25 m/s, an entry angle of 23.917°, and an entry depth of 280.167 mm. The relative errors between the simulated and experimental values for the soil looseness and soil disturbance coefficients were 19.7% and 18.1%, respectively. The soil bin test results showed soil looseness and soil disturbance coefficients of 19.5% and 17.6%, respectively. At this point, the resistance reduction and wear resistance performance were optimal. This study proposes a bionic design approach for reducing resistance and enhancing wear resistance during the subsoiling process in the viscous red soil of Southwest China, providing a reference for the design and development of new equipment for working in this soil environment. This study is the first to implement a composite biomimetic surface—combining crayfish-like micro-spike convex hulls and sandfish-like micro-scale scales—on multi-shank subsoiler tips, and to validate it using FEA, DEM, and soil tank testing. Under an optimized configuration and operating conditions, the mean particle disturbance velocity increased from 1.52 m/s to 2.399 m/s (+57.8%), and the simulation/experiment relative errors for the soil loosening and disturbance coefficients were approximately 1.03% and 2.84%, respectively. These results demonstrate an engineering-acceptable trade-off between disturbance efficiency and wear resistance and indicate a clear potential for industrial application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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20 pages, 5569 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Spectral Analysis of the Wake Velocity Effect in a 3D Falcon Prototype with Oscillating Feathers and Its Application in HAWT with Biomimetic Vortex Generators Using CFD

by Hector G. Parra, Javier A. Guacaneme, Elvis E. Gaona and Hernán Dario Cerón-Muñoz

Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090622 - 16 Sep 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1447 | Correction

Abstract

The peregrine falcon, known as the fastest bird in the world, has been studied for its ability to stabilize during high-speed dives, a capability attributed to the configuration of its dorsal feathers. These feathers have inspired the design of vortex generators devices that promote controlled turbulence to delay boundary layer separation on aircraft wings and turbine blades. This study presents an experimental wind tunnel investigation of a bio-inspired peregrine falcon prototype, equipped with movable artificial feathers, a hot-wire anemometer, and a 3D accelerometer. Wake velocity profiles measured behind the prototype revealed fluctuations associated with feather motion. Spectral analysis of the velocity signals, recorded with oscillating feathers at a wind tunnel speed of 10 m/s, showed attenuation of specific frequency components, suggesting that feather dynamics may help mitigate wake fluctuations induced by structural vibrations. Three-dimensional acceleration measurements indicated that prototype vibrations remained below 1 g, with peak differences along the X and Z axes ranging from −0.06 g to 0.06 g, demonstrating the sensitivity of the vibration sensing system. Root Mean Square (RMS) values of velocity signals increased with wind tunnel speed but decreased as the feather inclination angle rose. When the mean value was subtracted from the signal, higher RMS variability was observed, reflecting increased flow disturbance from feather movement. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis revealed that, for fixed feather angles, spectral magnitudes increased uniformly with wind speed. In contrast, dynamic feather oscillation produced distinctive frequency peaks, highlighting the feather’s influence on the wake structure in the frequency domain. To complement the experimental findings, 3D CFD simulations were conducted on two HAWT-type wind turbines—one with bio-inspired vortex generators and one without. The simulations showed a significant reduction in turbulent kinetic energy contours in the wake of the modified turbine, particularly in the Y-Z plane, compared to the baseline configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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22 pages, 5400 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polyaniline/Ti₃C₂ MXene Composites with Artificial 3D Biomimetic Surface Structure of Natural Macaw Feather Applied for Anticorrosion Coatings

by Chen-Cheng Chien, Yu-Hsuan Liu, Kun-Hao Luo, Ting-Yun Liu, Yi-Ting Kao, Shih-Harn Yang and Jui-Ming Yeh

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070465 - 15 Jul 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

In this paper, a series of polyaniline (PANI)/Ti₃C₂ MXene composites (PMCs) with a biomimetic structure were prepared and employed as an anticorrosion coating application. First, the PANI was synthesized by oxidative polymerization with ammonium persulfate as the oxidant. Then, 2D Ti₃C₂ MXene nanosheets were prepared by treating the Ti₃AlC₂ using the optimized minimally intensive layer delamination (MILD) method, followed by characterization via XRD and SEM. Subsequently, the PMC was prepared by the oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers in the presence of Ti₃C₂ MXene nanosheets, followed by characterization via FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, CV, and UV–Visible. Eventually, the PMC coatings with the artificial biomimetic surface structure of a macaw feather were prepared by the nano-casting technique. The corrosion resistance of the PMC coatings, evaluated via Tafel polarization and Nyquist impedance measurements, shows that increasing the MXene loading up to 5 wt % shifts the corrosion potential (E_corr) on steel from −588 mV to −356 mV vs. SCE, reduces the corrosion current density (I_corr) from 1.09 µA/cm² to 0.035 µA/cm², and raises the impedance modulus at 0.01 Hz from 67 kΩ to 3794 kΩ. When structured with the hierarchical feather topography, the PMC coating (Bio-PA-MX-5) further advances the E_corr to +103.6 mV, lowers the I_corr to 7.22 × 10⁻⁴ µA/cm², and boosts the impedance to 96,875 kΩ. Compared to neat coatings without biomimetic structuring, those with engineered biomimetic surfaces showed significantly improved corrosion protection performance. These enhancements arise from three synergistic mechanisms: (i) polyaniline’s redox catalysis accelerates the formation of a dense passive oxide layer; (ii) MXene nanosheets create a tortuous gas barrier that cuts the oxygen permeability from 11.3 Barrer to 0.9 Barrer; and (iii) the biomimetic surface traps air pockets, raising the water contact angle from 87° to 135°. This integrated approach delivers one of the highest combined corrosion potentials and impedance values reported for thin-film coatings, pointing to a general strategy for durable steel protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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Review

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39 pages, 4467 KB

Open AccessReview

Deep-Sea Biomimetic Manta Ray Robots: A Comprehensive Review Based on Operational Depth Spectrum, Structures, Energy Optimization, and Control Systems

by Lugang Ye, Hongyuan Liu, Qiulin Ding, Zhongming Hu, Weikun Li, Weicheng Cui and Dixia Fan

Biomimetics 2026, 11(3), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11030216 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 2452

Abstract

As deep-sea exploration transitions from large-scale search to precision pinpoint operations, the inherent limitations of traditional “rigid-body and propeller” vehicles—specifically in low-speed maneuverability, environmental compliance, and acoustic stealth—are becoming increasingly apparent. Leveraging its unique integrated “gliding-flapping” locomotion and exceptional maneuverability, the manta ray serves as an ideal biological prototype for next-generation deep-sea operational platforms. From a systems engineering perspective, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research status and technical evolution of biomimetic manta ray submersibles. First, a technical pedigree centered on “operational depth” is established, illustrating how design paradigms transition from “mechanism replication” in shallow waters to “pressure adaptation” at full-ocean depths. Second, the mechanical challenges in structural design are explored, demonstrating that a “rigid-flexible” gradient distribution strategy is critical to resolving the conflict between pressure resistance and propulsive compliance. Regarding energy and propulsion, the synergistic effects of hybrid gliding-flapping drives and integrated structural batteries in enhancing long-range endurance and energy efficiency are analyzed. Finally, the evolution of motion control architectures—transitioning from spinal-cord-inspired Central Pattern Generator (CPG) rhythmic control to Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) featuring embodied intelligence—is outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionics in Engineering Practice: Innovations and Applications)

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