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Biomedicines
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Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases
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Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 7936

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Javier Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital U. Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain
Interests: immune-mediated diseases; biomarkers; diagnosis technologies; omics technologies; genes; proteins; cytokines; HLA

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Immune-mediated diseases (IMIDs) comprise a group of diseases, mainly of multifactorial origin. Genetic factors that are increasingly better known, thanks to the new diagnostic technologies, together with environmental factors, which are often unknown, give rise to a dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, resulting in an inflammatory process that can affect one or more organs.

Immune-monitoring technologies, which have undergone spectacular progress in recent years, mainly due to the development of so-called "omics", are used to detect disease-relevant immune biomarkers, either to facilitate diagnosis or monitor response to therapy. To date, this immune monitoring is predominantly used in the research field, but its implementation in routine clinical use is becoming more common. The principle of a biomarker for a disease is very important because this implies that it must be specific for this disease, which allows it to be used in its diagnosis and monitoring or follow-up.

Dr. Javier Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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17 pages, 1905 KiB  
Article
Association between Food-Specific Immunoglobulin G4 Antibodies in Adults with Self-Reported Signs and Symptoms Attributed to Adverse Reactions to Foodstuffs
by Lisset Pantoja-Arévalo, Eva Gesteiro, Torsten Matthias, Rafael Urrialde and Marcela González-Gross
Biomedicines 2023, 11(12), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123335 - 17 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1001
Abstract
Signs and symptoms attributed to adverse reactions to foodstuffs (ARFS) need tools for research and evaluation in clinical practice. The objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate the most frequent self-reported signs and symptoms attributed to ARFS in Spanish adults, (b) to [...] Read more.
Signs and symptoms attributed to adverse reactions to foodstuffs (ARFS) need tools for research and evaluation in clinical practice. The objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate the most frequent self-reported signs and symptoms attributed to ARFS in Spanish adults, (b) to determine the prevalence of food-specific IgG4 antibody reactions (AbRs), and (c) to investigate the association between self-reported ARFS symptomatology and food-specific IgG4 AbRs. Food-specific IgG4 AbRs against 57 common food and beverages (AESKUCARE-T2FA® in vitro point-of-care test kit, Aesku.Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) were determined in capillary blood samples of 205 volunteers living in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The most frequent self-reported signs and symptoms were related to skin (43%), digestive (41%), and nervous system (NS, 33%) problems. The prevalence of food-specific IgG4 AbRs was cow’s milk (73%), sheep’s milk (70%), casein (66%), and goat’s milk (56.10%). Positive IgG4 AbRs against tomato had a profile consisting of 3/4 of skin problems, more than half of digestive, and 2/5 of NS self-reported signs and symptoms. In conclusion, at least 1/3 of the studied sample reported skin, digestive, and NS signs and symptoms. The most frequent food-specific IgG4 AbRs were related to dairy. Skin problems were more frequent in positive tomato IgG4 AbRs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases)
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13 pages, 1243 KiB  
Article
Hyperinflammatory Immune Response in COVID-19: Host Genetic Factors in Pyrin Inflammasome and Immunity to Virus in a Spanish Population from Majorca Island
by Natalia Martínez-Pomar, Vanesa Cunill, Marina Segura-Guerrero, Elisabet Pol-Pol, Danilo Escobar Oblitas, Jaime Pons, Ignacio Ayestarán, Patricia C. Pruneda, Inés Losada, Nuria Toledo-Pons, Mercedes García Gasalla and Joana Maria Ferrer Balaguer
Biomedicines 2023, 11(9), 2548; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092548 - 16 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1008
Abstract
The hyperinflammatory response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to its severity, and many critically ill patients show features of cytokine storm (CS) syndrome. We investigated, by next-generation sequencing, 24 causative genes of primary immunodeficiencies whose defect predisposes to CS. We studied two cohorts [...] Read more.
The hyperinflammatory response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to its severity, and many critically ill patients show features of cytokine storm (CS) syndrome. We investigated, by next-generation sequencing, 24 causative genes of primary immunodeficiencies whose defect predisposes to CS. We studied two cohorts with extreme phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2 infection: critical/severe hyperinflammatory patients (H-P) and asymptomatic patients (AM-risk-P) with a high risk (older age) to severe COVID-19. To explore inborn errors of the immunity, we investigated the presence of pathogenic or rare variants, and to identify COVID-19 severity-associated markers, we compared the allele frequencies of common genetic polymorphisms between our two cohorts. We found: 1 H-P carries the likely pathogenic variant c.887-2 A>C in the IRF7 gene and 5 H-P carries variants in the MEFV gene, whose role in the pathogenicity of the familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) disease is controversial. The common polymorphism analysis showed three potential risk biomarkers for developing the hyperinflammatory response: the homozygous haplotype rs1231123A/A-rs1231122A/A in MEFV gene, the IFNAR2 p.Phe8Ser variant, and the CARMIL2 p.Val181Met variant. The combined analysis showed an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 in patients that had at least one of our genetic risk markers (odds ratio (OR) = 6.2 (95% CI) (2.430–16.20)). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases)
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15 pages, 1934 KiB  
Article
Amino Acid Profiling Identifies Disease-Specific Signatures in IgE-Mediated and Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergy in Pediatric Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
by Kacper Packi, Joanna Matysiak, Szymon Plewa, Agnieszka Klupczyńska-Gabryszak, Eliza Matuszewska, Natalia Rzetecka, Anna Bręborowicz and Jan Matysiak
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071919 - 06 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1219
Abstract
An IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) in atopic dermatitis (AD) children should be easily differentiated from other immune-mediated adverse effects related to food. Specific IgEs for particular protein components has provided additional diagnostic value. However, component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) has not solved all diagnostic problems [...] Read more.
An IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) in atopic dermatitis (AD) children should be easily differentiated from other immune-mediated adverse effects related to food. Specific IgEs for particular protein components has provided additional diagnostic value. However, component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) has not solved all diagnostic problems either. We analysed the serum profile of 42 amino acids (AAs) in 76 AD children aged 2–60 months with an IgE-mediated FA (n = 36), with a non-IgE-mediated FA (n = 15) and without an FA (n = 25) using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and an aTRAQ kit. We identified homocitrulline (Hcit), sarcosine (Sar) and L-tyrosine (Tyr) as features that differentiated the studied groups (one-way ANOVA with least significant difference post hoc test). The Hcit concentrations in the non-IgE-mediated FA group were significantly decreased compared with the IgE-mediated FA group (p = 0.018) and the control group (p = 0.008). In AD children with a non-IgE-mediated FA, the Tyr levels were also significantly reduced compared with the controls (p = 0.009). The mean concentration of Sar was the highest in the non-IgE-mediated FA group and the lowest in the IgE-mediated FA group (p = 0.047). Future studies should elucidate the involvement of these AAs in the molecular pathway of IgE- and non-IgE-mediated allergic responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases)
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13 pages, 1429 KiB  
Article
Blood Profiling of Athletes after COVID-19: Differences in Blood Profiles of Post-COVID-19 Athletes Compared to Uninfected Athletic Individuals—An Exploratory Analysis
by Shirin Vollrath, Lynn Matits, Achim Jerg, Jule Zorn, Lucas John, Jürgen Michael Steinacker and Daniel Alexander Bizjak
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071911 - 06 Jul 2023
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Abstract
Blood profiling data in athletic populations and their respective responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are lacking. Thus, this exploratory pilot study aimed to analyze and compare clinical blood markers in previously infected trained athletes (ATH; 30 m/29 f) and a not previously infected healthy [...] Read more.
Blood profiling data in athletic populations and their respective responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are lacking. Thus, this exploratory pilot study aimed to analyze and compare clinical blood markers in previously infected trained athletes (ATH; 30 m/29 f) and a not previously infected healthy athletic control group (HC; 12 m/19 f). The ATH group undertook a sports medical examination which included extended blood analyses. Blood profiles with a total of 74 variables were assessed (blood counts, pro-/inflammatory and immunological markers, and micronutrients), and the ATH group was compared to the age-matched, vaccinated HC group with comparable athletic back grounds, though without previous SARS-CoV-2-infections. The ATH group showed lower IgG, Troponin-T levels, and they had a lower complement/acute-phase protein activation. Furthermore, Vitamin D levels were lower and electrolyte/micronutrient concentrations were higher in ATH. Soluble transferrin receptor as a marker of erythrocyte turnover was decreased whereas PTT as a coagulation marker was increased. Subgroup analyses according to sex revealed more differences between the women of the ATH and HC groups (for 25 different variables) than between the men (for 5 different variables), especially for immunological and metabolic variables. In particular, the immune system and electrolyte/micronutrient status should be observed frequently and sex-specifically in this athletic cohort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases)
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9 pages, 1032 KiB  
Article
Angiopoietin-like 2 Protein and Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A New Biomarker for Disease Severity
by José L. Hernández, J. Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals, Mónica Renuncio-García, Elena González-López, Ricardo Blanco and Marcos A. González-López
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041204 - 18 Apr 2023
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Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis is not fully understood at present. The role of proinflammatory cytokines, several adipokines, retinol-binding protein 4, angiopoietin-2 and other molecules has been previously reported. Angiopoietin-like 2 protein (ANGPTL2) is a glycoprotein belonging to [...] Read more.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis is not fully understood at present. The role of proinflammatory cytokines, several adipokines, retinol-binding protein 4, angiopoietin-2 and other molecules has been previously reported. Angiopoietin-like 2 protein (ANGPTL2) is a glycoprotein belonging to the angiopoietin-like family that may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. To our knowledge, the role of serum ANGPTL2 levels in HS has not been assessed to date. In the current case–control study, we aimed to investigate serum ANGPTL2 levels in HS patients and controls and to assess whether ANGPTL2 levels could be associated with the severity of HS. Ninety-four patients with HS and sixty controls of similar age and sex were included in the study. Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data, as well as routine laboratory parameters and serum concentrations of ANGPTL2, were assessed in all participants. HS patients had significantly higher serum ANGPTL2 levels than controls after adjusting for confounders. Moreover, ANGPTL2 concentrations positively correlated with disease duration and severity. Our results indicate for the first time that serum ANGPTL2 concentrations are elevated in HS patients compared to controls and correlate with the duration of the disease. Besides, ANGPTL2 might serve as a biomarker of HS severity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases)
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9 pages, 1258 KiB  
Brief Report
Long-Term Benefit of Perlingual Polybacterial Vaccines in Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases and Active Immunosuppression
by Inés Pérez-Sancristóbal, Eduardo de la Fuente, María Paula Álvarez-Hernández, Kissy Guevara-Hoyer, Concepción Morado, Cristina Martínez-Prada, Dalifer Freites-Nuñez, Virginia Villaverde, Miguel Fernández-Arquero, Benjamín Fernández-Gutiérrez, Silvia Sánchez-Ramón and Gloria Candelas
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041168 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1571
Abstract
Introduction: We have previously shown that trained-immunity-based vaccines, namely TIbV, significantly reduce the rate of recurrent infections, both of the respiratory tract (RRTI) and urinary tract infections (RUTI) in SAD patients on disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs). Objective: We evaluated the frequency of RRTI and [...] Read more.
Introduction: We have previously shown that trained-immunity-based vaccines, namely TIbV, significantly reduce the rate of recurrent infections, both of the respiratory tract (RRTI) and urinary tract infections (RUTI) in SAD patients on disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs). Objective: We evaluated the frequency of RRTI and RUTI from 2018 to 2021 in those SAD patients that received TIbV until 2018. Secondarily, we evaluated the incidence and clinical course of COVID-19 in this cohort. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a cohort of SAD patients under active immunosuppression immunized with TIbV (MV130 for RRTI and MV140 for RUTI, respectively). Results: Forty-one SAD patients on active immunosuppression that were given TIbV up to 2018 were studied for RRTI and RUTI during the 2018–2021 period. Approximately half of the patients had no infections during 2018–2021 (51.2% no RUTI and 43.5% no RRTI at all). When we compared the 3-year period with the 1-year pre-TIbV, RRTI (1.61 ± 2.26 vs. 2.76 ± 2.57; p = 0.002) and RUTI (1.56 ± 2.12 vs. 2.69 ± 3.07; p = 0.010) episodes were still significantly lower. Six SAD patients (four RA; one SLE; one MCTD) with RNA-based vaccines were infected with SARS-CoV-2, with mild disease. Conclusions: Even though the beneficial protective effects against infections of TIbV progressively decreased, they remained low for up to 3 years, with significantly reduced infections compared to the year prior to vaccination, further supporting a long-term benefit of TIbV in this setting. Moreover, an absence of infections was observed in almost half of patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease Biomarkers in Immunomediated Diseases)
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