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A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Engineering and Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 24839

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Dr. Oliver Schierz

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Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Materials Sciences, University of Leipzig, Augustuspl. 10, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
Interests: dentistry; oral-health-related quality of life; temporomandibular disorders; temporomandibular joint; psychometric properties in questionnaires; polymers in prosthetic dentistry; tooth wear
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Dear Colleagues,

Polymers have many applications in the dental field. Diverse types of polymeric and composite materials are used for dental treatment, especially in prosthetic and restorative dentistry. Moreover, in recent years, due to computer-assisted manufacturing procedures such as milling and 3D printing, new materials have become available for dental purposes. Typical examples are dental veneers, partial crowns, splints, and frameworks of fixed as well as removable dentures.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide the latest information on dental materials, especially in polymeric and composite materials. Topics in this Special Issue include but are not limited to the development and application of recent polymer-based dental materials and their biological and mechanical properties, their clinical performance evaluation, as well as machining and 3D printing devices. Original articles in vitro and in vivo, and reviews are all welcome.

Dr. Oliver Schierz
Guest Editor

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Keywords

tooth-shaded restorations
metal-free restorations
prosthetic dentistry
adhesive dentistry
CAD/CAM processing
dental splints
removable dental prostheses
fixed partial denture
polyaryletherketone
polyoxymethylene
polycarbonate

Related Special Issue

Modern Polymers for Dental Application 2.0 in Biomedicines (5 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 159 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Modern Polymers for Dental Application

by Oliver Schierz

Biomedicines 2024, 12(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020252 - 23 Jan 2024

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Ceramics dominate clinical procedures in modern dentistry related to the artificial replacement of teeth with fixed dental prostheses, replacing metal-based frameworks on a large scale [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

Research

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12 pages, 2309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Activity of a 3D-Printed Polymethylmethacrylate Dental Resin Enhanced with Graphene

by Helena Salgado, Ana T. P. C. Gomes, Ana S. Duarte, José M. F. Ferreira, Carlos Fernandes, Maria Helena Figueiral and Pedro Mesquita

Biomedicines 2022, 10(10), 2607; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102607 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1988

Abstract

The present study aimed to test, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans and the surface roughness of a 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate dental resin enhanced with graphene. A 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate dental resin was reinforced with four different concentrations of graphene: 0.01, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt%. Neat resin was used as a control. The specimens were printed in a liquid crystal display printer. Disc specimens were used in antimicrobial evaluation, and bar-shaped specimens were used to measure surface roughness. The study of antimicrobial activity included the inhibition of the growth of C. albicans and S. mutans and their adhesion to the resin’s surface. Surface roughness increased with the increase in the graphene concentration. The growth inhibition of C. albicans was observed in the different concentrations of graphene after 24 h, with no recovery after 48 h. The specimens doped with graphene were capable of inactivating S. mutans after 48 h. The surface-adhesion studies showed that the density of microbial biofilms decreases in the case of specimens doped with graphene. Graphene, despite increasing the resin’s surface roughness, was effective in inhibiting the growth and the adhesion to the resin’s surface of the main inducers of prosthetic stomatitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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12 pages, 2344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Pre-Treatment and Artificial Aging on the Retention of 3D-Printed Permanent Composite Crowns

by Tobias Graf, Kurt-Jürgen Erdelt, Jan-Frederik Güth, Daniel Edelhoff, Oliver Schubert and Josef Schweiger

Biomedicines 2022, 10(9), 2186; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092186 - 4 Sep 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

The aim of this in vitro study is to investigate the bonding properties of a 3D-printable permanent composite material in comparison to milled composite materials. The tested materials are 3D-printed BEGO VarseoSmile Crown ^plus (VA1_ab, VA1_nt, VA2_ab, VA2_nt), Vita Enamic (EN1, EN2), and 3M Lava Ultimate (UL1, UL2) (N = 64; n = 8). For this purpose, all crowns are luted to polymer tooth stumps #46 (FDI) using dual-curing luting composite, strictly according to the manufacturer’s instructions. VA1_ab and VA2_ab are additionally airborne-particle abraded. 4 groups (VA2_ab, VA2_nt, EN2, UL2) are artificially aged (1,200,000 cycles, 50 N, 10,000 thermocycles), whereby no specimen has failed. All 64 specimens undergo pull-off testing until retention loss. The mean forces of retention-loss is 786.6 ± 137.6 N (VA1_nt, *), 988.6 ± 212.1 N (VA2_nt, *, Ɨ), 1223.8 ± 119.2 N (VA1_ab, Ɨ, ǂ), 1051.9 ± 107.2 N (VA2_ab, *, Ɨ), 1185.9 ± 211.8 N (EN1, Ɨ, ǂ), 1485.0 ± 198.2 N EN2, ǂ), 1533.8 ± 42.4 N (UL1, ǂ), and 1521.8 ± 343.4 N (UL2, ǂ) (one-way ANOVA (Scheffé method); p < 0.05; *, Ɨ, ǂ: group distribution). No characteristic failure modes can be detected. In conclusion, all of the pull-off forces reflect retention values that seem to be sufficiently high for clinical use. Additional airborne-particle abrasion of VA does not result in significantly better retention but can be recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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9 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effect of the Same Polishing Protocol on the Surface Roughness of Denture Base Acrylic Resins

by Margarida Martins Quezada, Helena Salgado, André Correia, Carlos Fernandes and Patrícia Fonseca

Biomedicines 2022, 10(8), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10081971 - 14 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

This investigation aims to determine the effect of the same polishing protocol on the surface roughness (Ra) of different resins obtained by different processing techniques. Acrylic resins obtained by CAD/CAM technology overcame the disadvantages identified in conventional materials. A total of thirty samples (six of each resin): self-cured, heat-polymerized, injection molded, CAD/CAM 3D-printed and CAD/CAM milled were prepared. JOTA^® Kit 1877 DENTUR POLISH was used to polish the samples by two techniques: manual and mechanized, with a prototype for guided polishing exclusively developed for this investigation. The Ra was measured by a profilometer. The values were analyzed using ANOVA, Games–Howell post-hoc test and One-sample t-test, with p < 0.05. Manual polishing produces lower values of Ra compared to mechanized polishing, except for injected molded resins (p = 0.713). Manual polishing reveals significant differences between the resin pairs milling/3D-printing (p = 0.012) and thermopolymerizable/milling (p = 0.024). In the mechanized technique only, significant differences regarding the R_a values were found between the self-cured/3D-printed (p = 0.004) and self-cured/thermopolymerizable pair resins (p = 0.004). Differences in surface roughness values can be attributed to the inherent characteristics of the resin and the respective processing techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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12 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Surface Characteristics after Acidic Challenges

by Irina Nica, Simona Stoleriu, Alexandru Iovan, Ionuț Tărăboanță, Galina Pancu, Nicoleta Tofan, Răzvan Brânzan and Sorin Andrian

Biomedicines 2022, 10(7), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071755 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2139

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess by atomic force microscopy (AFM) the surface roughness of a traditional glass ionomer cement- GIC (Fuji IX GP, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and a resin modified glass ionomer cement- RMGIC (Vitremer, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) after different immersion regimes on some acidic drinks. Sixteen cylindrical samples having the height of 5 mm and the thickness of 2 mm were obtained from each material and they were divided into two groups: Group I (Fuji IX samples) and Group II (Vitremer samples). Specimens of each group were then randomly divided into 4 subgroups: subgroup A (control)—15 samples were kept in artificial saliva and in the other three subgroups, each having 15 samples the samples were immersed in Coca-Cola (subgroup B), Cappy lemonade and mint (subgroup C) and Fuzetea (subgroup D) for 7 days (subgroups A1–D1), 14 days (subgroups A2–D2), and 21 days (subgroups A3–D3). AFM qualitative and quantitative surface evaluation (mean value of surface roughness parameter, Sa) of each sample was performed. The highest surface roughness was determined when both materials were submerged 14 days in acidic drinks. Traditional GIC was more affected by acidic environment when comparing to RMGIC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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10 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wear Behaviour of Polymer-Infiltrated Network Ceramics, Lithium Disilicate and Cubic Zirconia against Enamel in a Bruxism-Simulated Scenario

by Andrea Baldi, Massimo Carossa, Allegra Comba, Mario Alovisi, Felice Femiano, Damiano Pasqualini, Elio Berutti and Nicola Scotti

Biomedicines 2022, 10(7), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071682 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1635

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the wear rate of polymer-infiltrated network composites and ceramics against enamel in a bruxism-simulated scenario. Ninety-six (n = 96) molars were divided into six groups (n = 16) according to their occlusal material: group 1—a polymer-infiltrated network ceramic (PINC); group 2—a second polymer-infiltrated network ceramic (PINC2); group 3—nanohybrid resin-based composite (CO); group 4—cubic zirconia (ZR); group 5—lithium disilicate (LS); and group 6—sound enamel (EN). A laser scanner was used to digitalize all of the occlusal surfaces before and after a fatigue test, which was conducted with a chewing simulator set at 80 N and semicircular movement in order to simulate bruxist movement and loads. Statistical analysis of volume loss was performed with a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test. ZR had significantly inferior wear to PINC (p ≤ 0.01) and CO (p = 0.04). LS wore the antagonist enamel significantly more than PINC, CO, PINC2 and EN (p ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, ZR wore the antagonist enamel significantly more than CO (p ≤ 0.01) and PINC2 (p = 0.05). In conclusion, PINCs better preserved antagonist enamel at the expense of a higher wear of their own. LS causes significantly higher enamel wear compared with PINCs. ZR caused significantly higher enamel wear compared with CO and PINC2, but it was wear-resistant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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13 pages, 4636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acid Resistance of CAD/CAM Resin Composites

by Leonie Schmohl, Anuschka Josephine Roesner, Florian Fuchs, Maximilian Wagner, Michael Benno Schmidt, Sebastian Hahnel, Angelika Rauch and Andreas Koenig

Biomedicines 2022, 10(6), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061383 - 11 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1890

Abstract

Acid resistance of CAD/CAM resin composites. Erosion-related tooth surface loss is closely related to acid exposure, such as contact with acidic beverages or disease-related reflux. As a result, dental restorations in affected patients are also exposed to acids, which indicates that the performance and longevity of a dental restoration is impacted by the acid resistance of the individually employed restorative materials. However, unlike for ceramic materials, the acid resistance of CAD/CAM resin composites is not commonly evaluated by the manufacturers, and no standardised test methods have yet been established. Against this background, the present in vitro study aimed to examine the long-term resistance of CAD/CAM resin composites (Brilliant Crios, Cerasmart, Grandio blocs, Lava Ultimate, Shofu Block HC) against three acidic media (tonic water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid) as well as demineralized water and to investigate potential damage mechanisms. Changes in surface roughness (Sa) were detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and changes in surface hardness were measured using Vickers hardness (HV). The damage mechanisms were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and micro X-ray computer tomography (µXCT). For each material, few changes in either Sa or HV were identified for at least one of the different media; for Cerasmart, the sharpest deterioration in surface properties was observed. SEM–EDS revealed leaching of barium, aluminium, and titanium from fillers in a 2 µm zone on the rough but not on the polished surface of the specimen. Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that polished CAD/CAM resin composites can be recommended for clinical use in patients with erosive conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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9 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Surface Roughness of Bulk-Fill Composite Resins after Submission to Acidic and Abrasive Aggressions

by Ionuț Tărăboanță, Dan Buhățel, Corina Alexandra Brînză Concită, Sorin Andrian, Irina Nica, Andra Claudia Tărăboanță-Gamen, Răzvan Brânzan and Simona Stoleriu

Biomedicines 2022, 10(5), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051008 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

This in vitro study aimed to assess the erosive effect of hydrochloric acid in association with toothbrushing procedure on the surface condition of three bulk-fill composite resins used for direct restoration. A total of 480 samples (160 from each composite resin): X-tra Fil (VOCO, Germany)—group A, Filtek Bulk-fill Posterior (3M-ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA)—group B, G-aenial Posterior (GC Japan)—group C were prepared, submitted to chemical attack for 60 min with hydrochloric acid 30% and, subsequently, submitted to the abrasive effect of toothbrushing using 10,000 cycles with medium and hard bristles, at three different times (immediately and after 30 min after acid attack or without any chemical attack). The surface roughness of the samples was measured using a noncontact profilometer (Dektak XT, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). The values were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests, with a p < 0.05. Chemical attack for 60 min associated with one year of toothbrushing with toothbrushes having medium or hard bristles increase the surface roughness of tested bulk-fill composite resins. No differences were recorded between toothbrushing with medium or firm bristles immediately or 30 min after acidic challenge for each of the three bulk-fill composite resins. Exposure to hydrochloric acid determines no effect on surface roughness of bulk-fill composite resins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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15 pages, 4084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ceramic Stereolithography of Bioactive Glasses: Influence of Resin Composition on Curing Behavior and Green Body Properties

by Qirong Chen, Franziska Schmidt, Oliver Görke, Anila Asif, Joachim Weinhold, Erfan Aghaei, Ihtesham ur Rehman, Aleksander Gurlo and Asma Tufail Shah

Biomedicines 2022, 10(2), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020395 - 7 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2485

Abstract

Herein we report on the preparation of a bioactive glass (BAG)-based photocurable resin for the additive manufacturing of BAG scaffolds with high filler loadings. The preparation of glass/ceramics resins for stereolithography with high filler loading is always a challenge, especially for fillers with a high refractive index variance. Various photocurable resin compositions with and without bioactive glass fillers have been investigated to see the influence of bioactive glass on physical properties of the resin and resulting green body. The effect of concentration of monomers, reactive diluent, light absorber (Sudan orange G dye), photoinitiator (PI), non-reactive diluent, and fillers (BAG) on rheology and photocuring behavior of the resin and tomography of the resulting 3D structures have been investigated. The BAG contents affect the rheology of resin and influence the rate of the polymerization reaction. The resin compositions with 55–60% BAG, 10% PEG-200 (diluent), 1% of PI and 0.015% of the dye were found to be suitable compositions for the stereolithographic fabrication. A higher percentage of PI caused over-curing, while a higher amount of dye decreased the cure depth of the resin. The micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the resulting green bodies display a relatively dense glass scaffold without any visible cracks and good interlayer connection and surface finishing. These properties play an important role in the mechanical behavior of 3D scaffolds. This study will be helpful to prepare high density glass/ceramic slurries and optimize their printing properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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14 pages, 1397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoanalytical Investigations on the Influence of Storage Time in Water of Resin-Based CAD/CAM Materials

by Martin Rosentritt, Sibylle Schneider-Feyrer, Thomas Strasser, Andreas Koenig, Leonie Schmohl and Alois Schmid

Biomedicines 2021, 9(12), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121779 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

New resin-based composites and resin-infiltrated ceramics are used to fabricate computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)-based restorations, although little information is available on the long-term performance of these materials. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of storage time (24 h, 90 days, 180 days) on the thermophysical properties of resin-based CAD/CAM materials. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used in the study. TGA provided insight into the composition of the resin-based materials and the influence of internal plasticization and water sorption. Resin-based composites showed different decomposition, heat energy and mechanical behavior, which was influenced by storage time in water. Individual materials such as Grandio bloc showed lower influence of water storage while maintaining good mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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13 pages, 1362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Dental Resin-Based Composites in Leukemia Saliva: An In Vitro Analysis

by Alexandru Mester, Marioara Moldovan, Stanca Cuc, Ciprian Tomuleasa, Sergiu Pasca, Miuta Filip, Andra Piciu and Florin Onisor

Biomedicines 2021, 9(11), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111618 - 4 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Background: The aim was to analyze, in vitro, four resin based composite systems (RBCs) immersed in saliva of leukemia patients before starting chemotherapy regiments. Material and methods: Saliva was collected from 20 patients (4 healthy patients, 16 leukemia patients). Resin disks were made for each RBC and were immersed in the acute leukemia (acute lymphocytic (ALL), acute myeloid (AML)), chronic leukemia (chronic lymphocytic (CLL), chronic myeloid (CML)), Artificial saliva and Control environment, and maintained for seven days. At the end of the experiment, the characteristics and the effective response of saliva from the studied salivas’ on RBCs was assessed using water sorption, water solubility, residual monomer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data analysis was performed and a p-value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The behaviour of RBCs in different immersion environments varies according to the characteristics of the RBCs. RBCs with a higher filler ratio have a lower water sorption. The solubility is also deteriorated by the types of organic matrix and filler; the results of solubility being inversely proportional on the scale of negative values compared to sorption values. Chromatograms of residual monomers showed the highest amount of unreacted monomers in ALL and AML, and the Control and artificial saliva environments had the smallest residual monomer peaks. Because of the low number of differences between the experimental conditions, we further considered that there were no important statistical differences between experimental conditions and analysed them as a single group. Conclusion: The influence of saliva on RBCs depends on the type of leukemia; acute leukemia influenced the most RBCs by changing their properties compared to chronic leukemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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11 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Mechanical Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate as Denture Base Material: Heat-Polymerized vs. 3D-Printed—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies

by Cláudia Lourinho, Helena Salgado, André Correia and Patrícia Fonseca

Biomedicines 2022, 10(10), 2565; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102565 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

The synergy between dentistry and informatics has allowed the emergence of new technologies, specifically 3D printing, which has led to the development of new materials. The aim of this research was to compare the mechanical properties of dental base resins for 3D printing with conventional ones. This systematic review was developed using the PRISMA guidelines, and the electronic literature search was performed with the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science—MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, until 30 April 2022. Two researchers selected the studies independently, and thus eight articles were found eligible for analysis. A meta-analysis was developed to estimate flexural strength. The Cohen’s kappa corresponding to this review was 1.00, and the risk assessment was considered low for the included studies. The 3D printing resin presented lower values of flexural strength and hardness compared with the heat-cured resin. Regarding impact strength, a lower value was recorded for the heat-cured resin compared with the 3D printing resin. Three-dimensional printing resins are viable materials for making prosthetic bases but need further clinical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Polymers for Dental Application)

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