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Biomedicines
Special Issues
Periodontal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches
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Periodontal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Translational Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 4271

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Lu Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UB Microbiome Center, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 345 Biomedical Research Building, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
Interests: machine learning; bioinformatics; computational biology; periodontal disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Periodontal disease is a multifaceted infectious condition influenced by an intricate interplay of various etiologic and contributory factors. Multiple experimental studies have supported the finding that periodontal disease is initiated by a synergistic and dysbiotic microbial community, which modulates the host response in ways that impair immune surveillance rather than by specific ‘periopathogens’. Inflammation and dysbiosis in the subgingival microbiome positively reinforce each other in the development of periodontal disease. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing and multiomics have significantly enhanced our understanding of the complex interactions between the oral microbiome and the host’s immune response. Additionally, several artificial intelligence (AI) models have been developed for periodontal applications. By leveraging advanced techniques and analytical tools, such as machine learning algorithms, we can uncover novel insights into the mechanisms driving periodontal disease progression and explore new opportunities for developing personalized therapeutic interventions. This Special Issue seeks contributions that delve into the multifaceted pathophysiology of periodontal disease, exploring its molecular, microbial, and immunological underpinnings. Furthermore, this Special Issue will highlight innovative therapeutic strategies, ranging from novel pharmacological interventions and regenerative techniques to cutting-edge technologies like machine learning and personalized medicine approaches. By bringing together research from these diverse areas, we aim to foster a deeper understanding of periodontal disease and pave the way for the development of more effective diagnostic, preventive, and treatment modalities.

Dr. Lu Li
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • periodontal disease
  • oral microbiome
  • dysbiosis
  • artificial intelligence (AI)
  • personalized therapeutic interventions

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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11 pages, 1271 KiB  
Article
Xanthohumol: Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Mechanically Stimulated Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
by Christian Niederau, René H. Tolba, Joachim Jankowski, Nikolaus Marx, Michael Wolf and Rogerio Bastos Craveiro
Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2688; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122688 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 837
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Initial sterile inflammation is an essential molecular process in the periodontium during orthodontic tooth movement. A better understanding and possible modulations of these processes are of great interest to develop individual therapies for special patient groups. The prenylated plant polyphenol xanthohumol (XN) [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Initial sterile inflammation is an essential molecular process in the periodontium during orthodontic tooth movement. A better understanding and possible modulations of these processes are of great interest to develop individual therapies for special patient groups. The prenylated plant polyphenol xanthohumol (XN) could have modulating effects as it has shown anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis-inhibiting effects in various cell lines. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of XN in an in vitro model of compressively stimulated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), which have a different function in the periodontium than the previously used cementoblasts. Methods: The expression of inflammatory markers at the mRNA and protein levels and the regulation of central kinases were investigated. Results: XN showed a dose-dependent influence on cell viability. Low concentrations between 0.2 and 4 µM showed positive effects, while 8 µM caused a significant decrease in viability after 24 h. Mechanical stimulation induced an upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene (IL-6, COX2) and protein (IL-6) expression. Here, XN significantly reduced stimulation-related IL-6 mRNA and gene expression. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK was upregulated by mechanical stimulation, and XN re-established phosphorylation at a level similar to the control. Conclusions: We demonstrated a selective anti-inflammatory effect of XN in hPDLSCs. These findings provide the basis for further investigation of XN in the modulation of inflammatory responses in orthodontic therapy and the treatment of periodontal inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches)
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13 pages, 3874 KiB  
Article
The Role of Bone and Root Resorption on the Biomechanical Behavior of Mandibular Anterior Teeth Subjected to Orthodontic Forces: A Finite Element Approach
by Jana Flatten, Thomasz Gedrange, Christoph Bourauel, Ludger Keilig and Anna Konermann
Biomedicines 2024, 12(9), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091959 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1400
Abstract
Aims: This study was conducted to systematically evaluate the biomechanical impact of varying degrees of root and bone resorption resulting from periodontitis and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on the mandibular anterior teeth. The objective was to determine whether these distinct resorption patterns exert [...] Read more.
Aims: This study was conducted to systematically evaluate the biomechanical impact of varying degrees of root and bone resorption resulting from periodontitis and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on the mandibular anterior teeth. The objective was to determine whether these distinct resorption patterns exert a specific influence on tooth displacement and strain patterns. Methods: A finite element (FE) model of an idealized anterior mandible from the first premolar in the third to the fourth quadrant was developed without bone or root resorption and a constant periodontal ligament (PDL) thickness of 0.2 mm. Variations included three root resorption levels (0%, 20%, 50%) and three bone resorption types (circular 50%, circular 80%, vestibular 80%). Models ranged from 200,000 to 440,000 elements and 55,000 to 130,000 nodes. Orthodontic forces, namely root torque (5 Nmm), intrusion (0.2 N), and distalization (0.5 N) were applied for subsequent crown displacement and PDL strain analysis. Results: A total of 180 simulations were performed. Simulations showed that displacement was similar across different bone resorption conditions, irrespective of modeled root resorptions. Circumferential bone resorption increased tooth displacement, regardless of root resorption status. Vestibular bone resorption exhibited less increase in tooth displacement. However, when accompanied by root resorption, the combination exacerbated tooth displacement. Strains in the PDL clearly increased with a circumferential bone resorption of 80%. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical role of bone resorption in tooth displacement during OTM, particularly the challenges associated with circumferential resorption. Clinicians must consider both bone and root resorption for personalized medicine treatment of patients with severe periodontitis, in favor of low-force application strategies to optimize outcomes and minimize complications linked to excessive tooth displacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches)
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16 pages, 8537 KiB  
Case Report
Complex Full-Arch Treatment with Zygomatic Implants, Fully Digital Protocol with Scan Flag Intraoral Scanning, and 3D-Printed Temporary Reconstructions in a Periodontal Patient—A Case Report
by Adam Nowicki and Karolina Osypko
Biomedicines 2024, 12(11), 2617; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112617 - 15 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1463
Abstract
Background: The following case report presents the treatment of a patient with severe maxillary atrophy and failing residual dentition. The patient has been diagnosed with stage IV grade C periodontitis, making this case challenging from the very beginning. Methods: The treatment plan was [...] Read more.
Background: The following case report presents the treatment of a patient with severe maxillary atrophy and failing residual dentition. The patient has been diagnosed with stage IV grade C periodontitis, making this case challenging from the very beginning. Methods: The treatment plan was based on collecting and merging digital data: CBCT, a face scan, and an intraoral scan. Due to the advancement of the periodontal disease, the treatment was divided into three stages. The entire process was conducted in a digital manner, based on the concept of prosthetically driven implantology. Additionally, all prosthetic temporaries were planned via digital smile design. Stage I included extracting the residual dentition, placing four implants in the mandible, and the delivery of a 3D-printed upper removable denture. Stage II included placing two zygomatic implants, two anchored piriform rims, and one midline implant. Both arches were immediately loaded with the intraoral welding of abutments screwed to multiunit abutments and 3D-printed shells. Subsequently, in stage III, two milled ceramic superstructures combined with a titanium milled bar were delivered as a final screw-retained restoration with the application of scan flags (horizontal scan bodies) for intraoral scanning. Results: The aforementioned technologies can all be implemented and merged into one complex treatment plan combining high predictability, successful esthetics, and a reliable and accurate end result. Even though the concept of scan flags is relatively new, this case shows its potential and merit. Conclusions: This case represents the power of the digital approach as a helpful tool in the recreation of functional and esthetic smiles in compromised conditions in periodontal patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches)
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