Advanced Research in Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Biology and Oncology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 216

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Division of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Interests: anaplastic thyroid cancer; targeted therapy strategies; integrated immunotherapy; tumor microenvironment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thyroid and parathyroid diseases encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, ranging from benign disorders to aggressive malignancies. Thyroid cancer remains one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies, with its incidence continuing to rise globally. While differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) generally has a favorable prognosis when conventional treatments such as surgery, radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, and thyroid hormone suppression are implemented, the management of aggressive subtypes—including poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC), anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)—remains a significant clinical challenge. Additionally, disorders of the parathyroid glands, particularly primary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid carcinoma, present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that warrant further investigation.

Recent advances in molecular profiling have provided deeper insights into the genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote the progression of tumors, providing a basis for novel targeted therapies and immunotherapy approaches. Furthermore, the role of calcium metabolism, parathyroid hormone regulation, and their systemic involvement in endocrine health have attracted the attention of researchers.

This Special Issue aims to highlight innovative developments in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid and parathyroid diseases. We welcome contributions that explore innovative therapeutic strategies, precision medicine applications, and the role of tumor microenvironment modulation in disease progression. The scope of this Special Issue includes emerging biomarkers for prognosis and treatment selection, the mechanisms of treatment resistance, advances in systemic therapies, and novel surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques. We particularly welcome the submission of studies that connect laboratory discoveries with clinical applications, offering new perspectives regarding the evolving landscape of thyroid and parathyroid disease management. Through this collection, we seek to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date resource that informs future research and clinical practice.

Dr. Anping Su
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • thyroid cancer treatment
  • tumor microenvironment
  • immunotherapy
  • targeted therapy
  • precision medicine

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

15 pages, 13044 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Parathyroid Preservation in Thyroidectomy: The Burjeel Protocol Utilizing Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
by Iyad Hassan, Lina Hassan, Mohamad Askar and Rawan Khalid Salih
Biomedicines 2025, 13(5), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051044 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 153
Abstract
Background: Autofluorescence can identify parathyroid glands and protect their vasculature during thyroid surgery to prevent postoperative hypoparathyroidism. This study evaluates the Burjeel intraoperative protocol using near-infrared indocyanine green (ICG-NiR) imaging to preserve parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy. Methods: This study conducted [...] Read more.
Background: Autofluorescence can identify parathyroid glands and protect their vasculature during thyroid surgery to prevent postoperative hypoparathyroidism. This study evaluates the Burjeel intraoperative protocol using near-infrared indocyanine green (ICG-NiR) imaging to preserve parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy. Methods: This study conducted a single-centre retrospective matched cohort analysis involving 156 consecutive patients who underwent thyroidectomy using the Burjeel ICG-guided near-infrared (NiR) fluorescence protocol (“ICG group”). Patients were matched 1:1 based on gender and extent of resection with 156 counterparts who underwent standard thyroid surgery. The Stryker Spy-phi NiR fluorescence imaging system (Stryker™, Portage, MI, USA) was utilized in three modes—green, black/white, and colourful—to facilitate real-time visualization. Post-lobectomy, each parathyroid gland was individually scored for viability before the closure of the surgical site. Patients were stratified into hypoparathyroidism and euparathyroidism groups based on the parathyroid hormone levels measured on the first postoperative day. Results: The groups had 133 women and 23 men. Preoperative factors like age (43.7 years in both groups); resection time (49 min in the ICG group versus 50 min in the conventional group); and PTH, TPO, and Vit D3 levels were not statistically different. The ICG group had a lower rate of inadvertent parathyroidectomy (9% vs. 17.9% in the standard group, chi-square test, p = 0.015), a lower rate of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (18.6% vs. 35.3%, chi-square test, p = 0.001), and higher postoperative PTH levels (t-test, p = 0.0001). Postoperative hypoparathyroidism was associated with malignant surgical pathology and malignancy on both sides (p = 0.026 and 0.01, respectively). This study found that female participants had a higher incidence of unintentional parathyroidectomy (p = 0.001) but not postoperative hypoparathyroidism. Subgroup analysis showed a negative connection between ICG score and female hypoparathyroidism. Conclusions: The new Burjeel ICG-guided NiR fluorescence approach has greatly reduced inadvertent parathyroidectomy and hypoparathyroidism in female total thyroidectomy patients. Further research is needed to identify numerical variables that aid intraoperative decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases)
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