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Batteries
Special Issues
Advanced Battery Safety Technologies: From Materials to Systems
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Advanced Battery Safety Technologies: From Materials to Systems

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Storage System Aging, Diagnosis and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 12506

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Anthony Bombik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
Interests: battery modeling (thermal, mechanical, electrochemical, and degradation); thermal runaway
Dr. Lin Ma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
Interests: novel electrodes; failure mechanisms; Na-ion; electrolyte design
Dr. Jun Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
Interests: energy and electrochemistry with a broad spectrum of industrial application
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xiaochuan Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Applied Engineering Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
Interests: materials for energy conversion and storage applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world's growing need for energy storage, fueled by electric cars and renewable energy, demands faster progress in battery technology, especially in making them safer. This Special Issue, "Advanced Battery Safety Technologies: From Materials to Systems", is essential to tackle this challenge. Covering everything from the basic science of materials (with a focus on safety) to how batteries are designed as systems, including how they're modeled, what makes them fail, thermal control, designing for safety, and using safe and sustainable materials, this publication will encourage experts from different fields to work together and speed up breakthroughs in battery safety. It will be a key resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers, helping create safer, more efficient, and eco-friendly batteries.

This Special Issue will showcase the latest research across the whole battery process, from making new materials with inherent safety to designing smart battery management systems with advanced control and improving manufacturing with strict safety rules. By bringing together all this safety-focused knowledge, the journal aims to inspire new ideas and guide future research, ultimately leading to a truly safe and sustainable energy future. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Battery modeling;
  • Battery failure modes;
  • Thermal management;
  • Safety of battery systems;
  • Battery system design optimization;
  • Sustainable battery materials;
  • Next-gen battery material safety;
  • Battery management systems;
  • Safety in battery manufacturing.

Dr. Anthony Bombik
Dr. Lin Ma
Dr. Jun Xu
Dr. Xiaochuan Lu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • battery modeling
  • battery failure modes
  • thermal management
  • safety of battery systems
  • battery system design optimization
  • sustainable battery materials
  • next-gen battery material safety
  • battery management systems
  • safety in battery manufacturing

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 14796 KB  
Article
Thermal Runaway Propagation in Pouch-Type Lithium-Ion Battery Modules: Effects of State of Charge and Initiation Location
by So-Jin Kim, Yeong-Seok Yu, Chan-Seok Jeong, Sang-Bum Lee and Yong-Un Na
Batteries 2025, 11(11), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110398 - 28 Oct 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2827
Abstract
The widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy-storage systems (ESSs) has raised growing concern about fire hazards caused by thermal runaway (TR). While many studies have examined cell-level TR mechanisms, investigations at the module level remain limited despite [...] Read more.
The widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy-storage systems (ESSs) has raised growing concern about fire hazards caused by thermal runaway (TR). While many studies have examined cell-level TR mechanisms, investigations at the module level remain limited despite their importance for safety design. In this study, TR propagation was experimentally analyzed in a 12-cell (2p6s) pouch-type LIB module with EV-grade cells. The state of charge (SOC) and initiation location were the main variables. TR was initiated by a surface-mounted Kapton heating film, with power increased stepwise from 63 W to 141 W at 5-min intervals. Temperature, voltage, and heat release rate (HRR) were continuously monitored. Results showed that higher SOC led to earlier TR onset, shorter vent-to-ignition delay, and stronger combustion with jet flames. Center initiation produced rapid bidirectional propagation with a peak heat release rate (PHRR) of 590 kW and a propagation time of 107 s, whereas edge initiation caused slower unidirectional spread with a PHRR of 105 kW and a propagation time of 338 s. These results demonstrate that both SOC and initiation location critically control TR severity and propagation, providing essential data for EV fire safety evaluation and module design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Battery Safety Technologies: From Materials to Systems)
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27 pages, 14839 KB  
Article
Fin-Embedded PCM Tubes in BTMS: Heat Transfer Augmentation and Mass Minimization via Multi-Objective Surrogate Optimization
by Bo Zhu, Yi Zhang and Zhengfeng Yan
Batteries 2025, 11(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11100387 - 21 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1581
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) demands lightweight yet efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS). The fin-embedded phase-change material energy storage tube (PCM-EST) offers significant potential due to its high thermal energy density and passive operation, but conventional designs face a critical [...] Read more.
The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) demands lightweight yet efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS). The fin-embedded phase-change material energy storage tube (PCM-EST) offers significant potential due to its high thermal energy density and passive operation, but conventional designs face a critical trade-off: enhancing heat transfer typically increases mass, conflicting with EV lightweight requirements. To resolve this conflict, this study proposes a multi-objective surrogate optimization framework integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Kriging modeling. Fin geometric parameters—number, height, and tube length—were rigorously analyzed via ANSYS (2020 R1) Fluent simulations to quantify their coupled effects on PCM melting/solidification dynamics and structural mass. The results reveal that fin configurations dominate both thermal behavior and weight. An enhanced multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm was then deployed to simultaneously maximize heat transfer and minimize mass, generating a Pareto-optimal solution. The optimized design achieves 8.7% enhancement in heat exchange capability and 0.732 kg mass reduction—outperforming conventional single-parameter designs by 37% in weight savings. This work establishes a systematic methodology for synergistic thermal-structural optimization, advancing high-performance BTMS for sustainable EVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Battery Safety Technologies: From Materials to Systems)
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Review

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37 pages, 7685 KB  
Review
Comparative Review of Cooling Systems for Lithium-Ion Battery Modules with 21700 Cylindrical Cells
by Leone Martellucci, Roberto Capata and Matteo De Marco
Batteries 2026, 12(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12030107 - 21 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1728
Abstract
The automotive sector is currently undergoing a rapid and complex transition from classic internal combustion engines to hybrid or fully electric propulsion systems, at the core of which is the battery pack. Currently, the battery packs of almost all electric vehicles on the [...] Read more.
The automotive sector is currently undergoing a rapid and complex transition from classic internal combustion engines to hybrid or fully electric propulsion systems, at the core of which is the battery pack. Currently, the battery packs of almost all electric vehicles on the road consist of lithium-ion cells. The thermal management of these cells represents a complex and fundamental challenge, essential not only to ensure optimal vehicle performance but also to guarantee passenger safety. Therefore, this paper examines and compares four main systems used for battery thermal management, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and overall effectiveness. First, a standard module comprising 21700 cylindrical cells, representative of automotive applications, is designed. Subsequently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) thermal analyses of this module are performed to evaluate four different cooling methods: forced air cooling, bottom cold plate cooling, liquid tube cooling, and immersion cooling combined with tab cooling. Finally, an experimental validation is conducted by testing these systems on a physical module, which is subjected to the same electrical discharge profile simulated in the CFD analyses, to verify the effectiveness of the four considered methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Battery Safety Technologies: From Materials to Systems)
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36 pages, 13501 KB  
Review
Research Progress on Risk Prevention and Control Technology for Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Power Stations: A Review
by Weihang Pan
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080301 - 6 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5680
Abstract
Amidst the background of accelerated global energy transition, the safety risk of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, especially the fire hazard, has become a key bottleneck hindering their large-scale application, and there is an urgent need to build a systematic prevention and control [...] Read more.
Amidst the background of accelerated global energy transition, the safety risk of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, especially the fire hazard, has become a key bottleneck hindering their large-scale application, and there is an urgent need to build a systematic prevention and control program. This paper focuses on the fire characteristics and thermal runaway mechanism of lithium-ion battery energy storage power stations, analyzing the current situation of their risk prevention and control technology across the dimensions of monitoring and early warning technology, thermal management technology, and fire protection technology, and comparing and analyzing the characteristics of each technology from multiple angles. Building on this analysis, this paper summarizes the limitations of the existing technologies and puts forward prospective development paths, including the development of multi-parameter coupled monitoring and warning technology, integrated and intelligent thermal management technology, clean and efficient extinguishing agents, and dynamic fire suppression strategies, aiming to provide solid theoretical support and technical guidance for the precise risk prevention and control of lithium-ion battery storage power stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Battery Safety Technologies: From Materials to Systems)
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