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Feature Review Papers in Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 16422

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor

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Co-Guest Editor
Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Interests: human anatomy, histology and embryology; oncology; advanced diagnostics; carcinogenesis; immunomorphology; extracellular vesicles; exosomes; heat shock proteins; molecular chaperons; chaperonins; chaperonopathies; chaperonotherapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

This Special Issue “Feature Review Papers in Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering” will collect review papers in all the areas of interest covered by “Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/sections/Applied_Biosciences_Bioengineering).

We welcome multidisciplinary research in the following fields: advanced diagnostics, anatomy and histology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biomaterials, biomechanics, biomedicine, biorobotics, biosensors, biosignal processing, biotechnology, cardiac bioengineering, clinical bioengineering, drug delivery, genetics, immunology and microbiology, life science, neural bioengineering, neuroscience, oncobiology, physiology, pulmonary bioengineering, tissue engineering, etc.

Prof. Dr. Francesco Cappello
Guest Editor

Dr. Stefano Burgio
Co-Guest Editor

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4986 KiB  
Article
On the Finite Element Modeling of the Lumbar Spine: A Schematic Review
by Vincenza Sciortino, Salvatore Pasta, Tommaso Ingrassia and Donatella Cerniglia
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020958 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2441
Abstract
Finite element modelling of the lumbar spine is a challenging problem. Lower back pain is among the most common pathologies in the global populations, owing to which the patient may need to undergo surgery. The latter may differ in nature and complexity because [...] Read more.
Finite element modelling of the lumbar spine is a challenging problem. Lower back pain is among the most common pathologies in the global populations, owing to which the patient may need to undergo surgery. The latter may differ in nature and complexity because of spinal disease and patient contraindications (i.e., aging). Today, the understanding of spinal column biomechanics may lead to better comprehension of the disease progression as well as to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Better insight into the spine’s biomechanics would certainly guarantee an evolution of current device-based treatments. In this setting, the computational approach appears to be a remarkable tool for simulating physiological and pathological spinal conditions, as well as for various aspects of surgery. Patient-specific computational simulations are constantly evolving, and require a number of validation and verification challenges to be overcome before they can achieve true and accurate results. The aim of the present schematic review is to provide an overview of the evolution and recent advances involved in computational finite element modelling (FEM) of spinal biomechanics and of the fundamental knowledge necessary to develop the best modeling approach in terms of trustworthiness and reliability. Full article
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Review

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11 pages, 1593 KiB  
Review
Myoepithelioma of the Hand: A Systematic Review
by Guido Bocchino, Giacomo Capece, Silvia Pietramala, Giuseppe Rovere, Lorenzo Rocchi, Pasquale Farsetti, Giulio Maccauro and Camillo Fulchignoni
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 9149; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14199149 - 9 Oct 2024
Viewed by 509
Abstract
Myoepithelioma is an exceptionally rare tumor, primarily arising in glandular tissues but occasionally found in soft tissues, including the hand. Its occurrence in the hand is particularly uncommon, presenting unique clinical challenges due to the limited number of documented cases and the unusual [...] Read more.
Myoepithelioma is an exceptionally rare tumor, primarily arising in glandular tissues but occasionally found in soft tissues, including the hand. Its occurrence in the hand is particularly uncommon, presenting unique clinical challenges due to the limited number of documented cases and the unusual location. We conducted a literature review in June 2024, with the aim to evaluate the current understanding of hand myoepithelioma, recent diagnostic advances, treatment options, and the diverse presentations of this neoplasm. Articles confirmed that patients present with a painless, slow-growing mass in the hand, often misdiagnosed as more common soft tissue tumors like lipomas or fibromas. Imaging, particularly MRI and ultrasound, aids in assessing the tumor, but definitive diagnosis relies on histopathology, including immunophenotyping. Managing spindle cell myoepithelioma in the hand requires a multidisciplinary approach, with surgical excision being the primary treatment. Achieving clear margins is critical yet challenging due to the hand’s complex anatomy. In some cases, adjuvant therapies such as radiation or chemotherapy may be necessary. The prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, location, and the success of surgical removal, with complete excision typically leading to a favorable outcome. Full article
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20 pages, 1068 KiB  
Review
Applied Research on Atopic Dermatitis with Special Emphasis on the Role of Emollients in This Disorder: A Review
by Małgorzata Katarzyna Kowalska, Sara Małgorzata Orłowska and Łukasz Bednarczyk
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8315; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188315 - 15 Sep 2024
Viewed by 764
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory dermatosis. Recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus very often reduce the quality of life of patients, affecting their mental health. For this reason, it is necessary to undertake treatment. Treatment should be characterized by an [...] Read more.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory dermatosis. Recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus very often reduce the quality of life of patients, affecting their mental health. For this reason, it is necessary to undertake treatment. Treatment should be characterized by an individual approach to the patient, taking into account the predominant pathogenetic factors in the development of atopic dermatitis and systematic skin care. Soothing the typical symptoms of AD, i.e., dry skin and persistent itching, involves emollients, which counteract xerosis and reduce the feeling of itching. Studies confirm that the regular use of emollients in patients with AD prolongs the period between relapses and alleviates the intensity of symptoms during periods of disease severity. This review paper aims to highlight the challenges that patients with atopic dermatitis face. This work will also present an indication of the rationale for the use of emollients in this condition, as well as an indication of the forms of their application in therapeutic and care preparations. Full article
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13 pages, 500 KiB  
Review
Technique Variables Associated with Fast Bowling Performance: A Systematic-Narrative Review
by Shruti Bhandurge, Peter Alway, Sam Allen, Glen Blenkinsop and Mark King
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6752; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156752 - 2 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1136
Abstract
The performance characteristics of fast bowling include high ball release speed, that reduces the shot execution time of the batter, accuracy, ensuring the ball follows the desired trajectory, and deception. This can lead the batter to misjudge the ball speed or path. Previous [...] Read more.
The performance characteristics of fast bowling include high ball release speed, that reduces the shot execution time of the batter, accuracy, ensuring the ball follows the desired trajectory, and deception. This can lead the batter to misjudge the ball speed or path. Previous research has utilised a variety of biomechanical methodologies in order to further understand fast bowling techniques. The aim of this study was to systematically review biomechanical literature related to cricket fast bowling performance and narratively synthesise findings to provide a comprehensive summary of key performance characteristics. The articles were finalised according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORT Discus and Web of Science databases were searched and assessed by title, abstract, full-text and a bibliography assessment of included full-text articles. The search strategy included keywords of cricket fast bowling, biomechanics and performance analysis. A validated scale was developed to evaluate the quality of studies and risk of bias. Across the 15 studies finalised for the review (from 2000--2022), there was consensus in some of the characteristics reported to be associated with ball release speed; however, there was disagreement or limited evidence for others. A faster run-up, efficient and sequential transfer of linear to angular momentum, quick deceleration during the delivery stride with an extended front knee from front foot contact to ball release and delaying the bowling arm leading to ball release were the major techniques variables consensually associated with ball release speed. The lack of standardisation of cohort ability and protocols may have contributed to contradictory findings across studies. Full article
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19 pages, 349 KiB  
Review
The Role of Microorganisms and Their Antibacterial Compounds in Food Biopreservation
by Barbara Sionek, Aleksandra Szydłowska and Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5557; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135557 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 2521
Abstract
The increase in the nutritional awareness of consumers has meant that products with high nutritional value, sensory attractiveness, and safety are currently being sought on the market. One of the aspects in which the innovativeness of a food product can be considered is [...] Read more.
The increase in the nutritional awareness of consumers has meant that products with high nutritional value, sensory attractiveness, and safety are currently being sought on the market. One of the aspects in which the innovativeness of a food product can be considered is the preservation method. Fermentation is considered one of the oldest methods. In practice, biopreservation is primarily a method of using non-pathogenic microorganisms and/or their metabolites to increase microbiological safety and extend food shelf life. Advances in microbiology and genetic engineering, taking into account various sources of microbiota isolation, have rediscovered the fermentation process and allowed us to obtain innovative functional products. Recently, bacteriocins have gained importance. For many years, they have been applied as biopreservatives in food manufacturing, alone or in combination with other preservatives. The most promising perspective of food preservation seems to be the development of combined systems including natural preservatives (i.e., bacteriocin and lipopeptides), emerging non-thermal technologies, and other methods such as encapsulation nanotechnology and active packaging. In this paper, a narrative review is presented to analyze the most recently published literature regarding the role of microorganisms and microbial produced antibacterial compounds in food biopreservation. New biopreservation technologies as an alternative to artificial preservatives were also discussed. Full article
17 pages, 3787 KiB  
Review
Quantitative Assessment of Upper-Limb Volume: Implications for Lymphedema Rehabilitation?
by Lorenzo Lippi, Alessio Turco, Stefano Moalli, Mauro Nascimben, Claudio Curci, Alessandro de Sire, Lia Rimondini and Marco Invernizzi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9810; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179810 - 30 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Upper-limb lymphedema is a chronic condition characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the arm or hand, resulting in swelling and functional impairment. The accurate and reliable volumetric assessment of limb volume is crucial for the correct management of lymphedema. This narrative [...] Read more.
Upper-limb lymphedema is a chronic condition characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the arm or hand, resulting in swelling and functional impairment. The accurate and reliable volumetric assessment of limb volume is crucial for the correct management of lymphedema. This narrative review provides an overview of the different methods proposed in the literature for the volumetric assessment of upper-limb lymphedema. In more detail, several methods of volumetric assessment have been proposed in recent years, including water displacement, the centimetric method, perometry, bioimpedance spectroscopy, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and three-dimensional laser scanning techniques. On the other hand, each method is characterized by specific strengths and limitations in terms of accuracy, reliability, practicality, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, factors including operator experience, equipment availability, and patient population characteristics might have several implications in the optimal assessment of upper-limb volume. In this context, a precise volumetric assessment is crucial to improving the rehabilitation framework, patient education, and research outcomes. As a result, the integration of emerging technologies is needed to improve the tailored management of patients with upper-limb lymphedema. In conclusion, volumetric assessment methods provide valuable insights in the management of upper-limb lymphedema, improving patient care, treatment outcomes, and research advancements. Future research should focus on testing these innovative solutions on larger samples of patients to enhance the reproducibility, accuracy, accessibility, and clinical utility of volumetric assessment methods in the complex treatment framework of upper-limb lymphedema. Full article
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Other

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26 pages, 3927 KiB  
Systematic Review
Patient Safety Culture in Hospital Settings Across Continents: A Systematic Review
by Hassan Alabdullah and Waldemar Karwowski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8496; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188496 - 20 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2536
Abstract
Patient Safety Culture (PSC) is the cornerstone of quality healthcare. Prior research has highlighted the critical role of a safety culture in healthcare. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has emphasized its effectiveness in reducing errors and improving patient care. This systematic review investigated [...] Read more.
Patient Safety Culture (PSC) is the cornerstone of quality healthcare. Prior research has highlighted the critical role of a safety culture in healthcare. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has emphasized its effectiveness in reducing errors and improving patient care. This systematic review investigated variations in how staff at international hospitals perceive PSC. In addition to assessing the status of patient safety, this investigation offers a comprehensive synthesis of research from multiple countries to inform future research endeavors. It focused on studies published between 2010 and 2024 that used the standardized Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) tool, versions 1.0 and 2.0. By following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the review identified vital strengths and weaknesses in PSC globally. Despite these variations, two key strengths emerged consistently across studies, particularly in Asia: teamwork within units and a focus on continuous learning. However, healthcare professionals also raised concerns about a punitive environment that discourages error reporting and inadequate staffing levels. Interestingly, nurses held less positive views on some PSC aspects compared to mixed staff. Several PSC areas of concern raised in previous studies have continued to appear in recent studies. These findings highlight the need for a holistic approach to strengthen PSC globally. This includes fostering a just culture that encourages error reporting, addressing staffing shortages, and promoting open communication among all healthcare professionals. Additionally, tailoring interventions to address regional variations is crucial for creating a safer and more supportive environment for patients worldwide. Full article
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17 pages, 14340 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics Models in the Stomach and Small Intestine
by Nadun Palmada, Saeed Hosseini, Recep Avci, John E. Cater, Vinod Suresh and Leo K. Cheng
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 6092; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106092 - 16 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3259
Abstract
The use of in silico models to improve our understanding of the fluid dynamics within the gastrointestinal tract has increased over the last few decades. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an in silico technique that can be used to characterize and model the [...] Read more.
The use of in silico models to improve our understanding of the fluid dynamics within the gastrointestinal tract has increased over the last few decades. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an in silico technique that can be used to characterize and model the fluid mechanics driving the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. This systematic review outlines the current methodologies used to develop CFD models of the stomach and small intestine, and summarizes the flow and mixing patterns predicted from these models. A literature search was conducted on Scopus, and 15 stomach CFD studies and 15 small intestine CFD studies were included in this review after the literature selection and exclusion process. Two primary flow patterns; retropulsive flow and recirculation regions, were identified within the stomach CFD models. The flow patterns within the small intestine were depended on the type of motility pattern present. The shortcomings of the current models are discussed, and considerations for future gastric and intestinal flow modeling are provided. Full article
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