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Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition
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Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 July 2026 | Viewed by 14852

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Francesco Cappello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Interests: anatomy; histology; embryology; organogenesis; cell differentiation; tissue homeostasis; organ remodelling; molecular chaperones; cell stress; nanovesicles; exosomes; microbiota; airways; gastrointestinal tract; carcinogenesis; neuroscience; sport medicine; nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Alessandra Maria Vitale

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Interests: cellular and molecular biology; neuroscience; human anatomy; neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders; rare genetic diseases; glioblastoma; chaperone system; molecular chaperones; heat shock proteins; Hsp60; CCT5; chaperonopathies; chaperonotherapy; extracellular vesicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Stefano Burgio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Medicine and Surgery, “Kore” University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
Interests: human anatomy, histology and embryology; oncology; advanced diagnostics; carcinogenesis; immunomorphology; extracellular vesicles; exosomes; heat shock proteins; molecular chaperons; chaperonins; chaperonopathies; chaperonotherapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue “Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition” will collect review papers in all areas of interest covered by the “Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering” Section of Applied Sciences (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/sections/Applied_Biosciences_Bioengineering).

We welcome multidisciplinary research in the following fields: advanced diagnostics, anatomy and histology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biomaterials, biomechanics, biomedicine, biorobotics, biosensors, biosignal processing, biotechnology, cardiac bioengineering, clinical bioengineering, drug delivery, genetics, immunology and microbiology, life science, neural bioengineering, neuroscience, oncobiology, physiology, pulmonary bioengineering, tissue engineering, etc.

Prof. Dr. Francesco Cappello
Dr. Alessandra Maria Vitale
Guest Editors

Dr. Stefano Burgio
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • histology
  • embryology
  • microscopic anatomy
  • tissue bioengineering
  • bioinformatics
  • regenerative medicine
  • biomaterials
  • translational bioengineering
  • personalized medicine

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Review

28 pages, 1010 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in B-Mode Ultrasound Simulators
by Cindy M. Solano-Cordero, Nerea Encina-Baranda, Mailyn Pérez-Liva and Joaquin L. Herraiz
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12535; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312535 - 26 Nov 2025
Viewed by 2349
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) imaging is one of the most accessible, non-invasive, and real-time diagnostic techniques in clinical medicine. However, conventional B-mode US suffers from intrinsic limitations such as speckle noise, operator dependence, and variability in image interpretation, which reduce diagnostic reproducibility and hinder skill [...] Read more.
Ultrasound (US) imaging is one of the most accessible, non-invasive, and real-time diagnostic techniques in clinical medicine. However, conventional B-mode US suffers from intrinsic limitations such as speckle noise, operator dependence, and variability in image interpretation, which reduce diagnostic reproducibility and hinder skill acquisition. Because accurate image acquisition and interpretation rely heavily on the operator’s experience, mastering ultrasound requires extensive hands-on training under diverse anatomical and pathological conditions. Yet, traditional educational settings rarely provide consistent exposure to such variability, making simulation-based environments essential for developing and standardizing operator expertise. This scoping review synthesizes advances from 2014 to 2024 in B-mode ultrasound simulation, identifying 80 studies through structured searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE. Simulation methods were organized into interpolative, wave-based, ray-based, and convolution-based models, as well as emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven approaches. The review emphasizes recent simulation engines and toolboxes reported in this period and highlights the growing role of learning-based pipelines (e.g., Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and diffusion) for realism, scalability, and data augmentation. The results show steady progress toward high realism and computational efficiency, including Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated transport models, physics-informed convolution, and AI-enhanced translation and synthesis. Remaining challenges include the modeling of nonlinear and dynamic effects at scale, standardizing evaluation across tasks, and integrating physics with learning to balance fidelity and speed. These findings outline current capabilities and future directions for training, validation, and diagnostic support in ultrasound imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition)
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25 pages, 1840 KB  
Review
From Light to Insight: Hemodynamic Models for Optical Monitoring of the Brain in Cardiac Arrest
by Nima Soltani and Vladislav Toronov
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12260; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212260 - 19 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1101
Abstract
Optical neuromonitoring has matured from descriptive oxygenation trends to model-informed quantification of cerebral physiology. This review synthesizes evidence on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for monitoring cerebral blood flow (CBF), blood volume (CBV [...] Read more.
Optical neuromonitoring has matured from descriptive oxygenation trends to model-informed quantification of cerebral physiology. This review synthesizes evidence on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for monitoring cerebral blood flow (CBF), blood volume (CBV), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) during cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We focus on using hemo-metabolic models, especially Coherent Hemodynamic Spectroscopy (CHS) and the BrainSignals models, as a framework to explain what optical signals do (and do not) tell us about microvascular oxygen transport and mitochondrial metabolism. We compare linear vs. non-linear CHS formulations for large perturbations (e.g., CA/CPR), summarize emerging depth-sensitivity and extracerebral-signal suppression strategies, and outline how DCS pairs with NIRS to link oxygen delivery with use. Across animal and human studies, we highlight convergent patterns (rapid oxygenation collapse, partial reperfusion during CPR, lagging metabolic recovery), recurring limitations (extracerebral contamination, calibration to absolutes, motion), and standardization efforts required for translation. We conclude with a pragmatic roadmap for bedside implementation: harmonized physiological endpoints (CBF, CMRO2, rCCO), reporting standards, and model-informed thresholds to guide resuscitation. This review aims to bridge instrumentation, physiology, and modeling to enhance neuroprotective care in CA/CPR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1249 KB  
Review
Regenerative Applications and Performance of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells: A Comprehensive Review of In Vivo Studies
by Romain Podembski, Isabel Barahona, Catarina Izidoro, Alexis Romero and Paulo Mascarenhas
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11444; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111444 - 26 Oct 2025
Viewed by 2694
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) represent a promising cell source for true periodontal regeneration due to their ability to form bone, cementum, and functional ligament. This review critically synthesised twelve in vivo studies (rats = 5, pigs = 2, dogs = 2, sheep [...] Read more.
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) represent a promising cell source for true periodontal regeneration due to their ability to form bone, cementum, and functional ligament. This review critically synthesised twelve in vivo studies (rats = 5, pigs = 2, dogs = 2, sheep = 2, one human trial) evaluating PDLSC transplantation for periodontal defects. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (to May 2025) identified 358 records, of which 12 met predefined inclusion criteria. Data extraction encompassed cell source, scaffold, dose, follow-up, and quantitative regenerative outcomes. Nine studies reported cell doses (5 × 105–2 × 107 cells) and six PDLSC regeneration rates (33–100%). After normalisation for host mass, effective delivery ranged from 105 to 106 cells·kg−1, with optimal outcomes typically above 105 cells·kg−1. PDLSC transplantation consistently enhanced alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal-ligament regeneration compared with scaffold-alone or untreated controls, with the highest outcomes obtained using biocompatible scaffolds such as Hydroxyapatite/Tricalcium Phosphate (HA/TCP), Gelfoam, or amniotic membrane. Both autologous and allogeneic PDLSC achieved equivalent performance and excellent safety, while xenogeneic models confirmed immune tolerance. Despite encouraging results, the evidence remains preliminary—most studies were short-term and small-scale, and only one randomised human trial has been published. Standardisation of cell preparation, scaffold selection, dosing (absolute and mass-normalised), and follow-up is urgently needed. Future research should include Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant clinical trials and mechanistic studies on PDLSC differentiation, paracrine signalling, and exosome-mediated effects to consolidate their translational potential for predictable periodontal regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition)
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23 pages, 1242 KB  
Review
Aseptic Loosening in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Preventive Treatment Strategies
by Gabriele Ricciardi, Lorenza Siracusano, Edoardo Micale, Vito Addorisio, Mariagiovanna Ballato, Domenico Donadio, Pietro Tralongo, Giuseppe Giuffrè, Danilo Leonetti, Maurizio Martini and Biagio Zampogna
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 9156; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169156 - 20 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5044
Abstract
Aseptic loosening (AL) represents the leading cause of long-term failure in total joint arthroplasty, often necessitating revision surgery. This review explores the complex mechanisms underlying AL, which involve a multifaceted interaction between the implanted biomaterials and the host immune response. We outline the [...] Read more.
Aseptic loosening (AL) represents the leading cause of long-term failure in total joint arthroplasty, often necessitating revision surgery. This review explores the complex mechanisms underlying AL, which involve a multifaceted interaction between the implanted biomaterials and the host immune response. We outline the key inflammatory mechanisms triggered by wear debris from polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, metal, and ceramic materials. We also examine emerging biomarkers for early detection and differentiation between stable and loosened implants, including proinflammatory cytokines, bone metabolism markers, extracellular matrix degradation products, microRNAs, and genetic polymorphisms. Lastly, we discuss current and future strategies for prevention and treatment, ranging from surgical optimization and biomaterial selection to pharmacological interventions. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms may help reduce the incidence of AL and improve long-term outcomes in arthroplasty patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition)
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41 pages, 3877 KB  
Review
Cell Response to Oxidative Stress in Antarctic Filamentous Fungi
by Radoslav Abrashev, Jeny Miteva-Staleva, Yana Gocheva, Galina Stoyancheva, Vladislava Dishliyska, Boryana Spasova, Ekaterina Krumova and Maria Angelova
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 5149; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15095149 - 6 May 2025
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2913
Abstract
Antarctica, with its harsh environmental conditions, is home to a wide variety of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi. The survival of Antarctic mycoflora has led to increasing interest in their adaptation. Extreme low temperatures, low water availability, frequent freeze–thaw cycles, strong winds, ultraviolet radiation, [...] Read more.
Antarctica, with its harsh environmental conditions, is home to a wide variety of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi. The survival of Antarctic mycoflora has led to increasing interest in their adaptation. Extreme low temperatures, low water availability, frequent freeze–thaw cycles, strong winds, ultraviolet radiation, etc., are all prerequisites for accelerated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the occurrence of oxidative stress (OS). Antarctic fungi have effective mechanisms to cope with the damaging effects of ROS. While the distribution, morphology, physiology, and biotechnological potential of these fungi are well documented, the role of oxidative stress in their adaptation is poorly understood. This has been one of the main research topics of our team for a long time, and a number of papers on our results have been published. This review summarizes the existing literature on the induction of oxidative stress in Antarctic psychrophilic, psychrotolerant, and mesophilic fungi by extreme conditions. The most recent and relevant studies reporting on the relationship between cold stress and OS biomarkers and the damaging effects of ROS on key intracellular biomolecules are presented. The contribution of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses to the fungal cell response is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering, 2nd Edition)
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