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Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 29388

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ricardo Pinho

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
Interests: physical exercise; oxidative stress; redox biology; antioxidants; chronic disease; systemic adaptation

Prof. Dr. Zsolt Radák

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Guest Editor

1. Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
2. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 2-579-15, Japan
Interests: exercise; aging; epigenetics; hormesis; systemic adaptation; microbiome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue intends to highlight physical exercise as an important agent in regulating the redox system. Studies and guidelines have suggested that physical exercise for the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases reveals different behavioral, biochemical, and molecular effects. Despite aerobic exercise being more widely studied, other exercise forms such as resistance or combined exercises have also received attention in the scientific literature. Although the redox mechanisms regulated by physical exercise and related chronic diseases are not fully understood, it is widely accepted that regular physical exercise promotes synergistic effects in different organs and tissues. This synergy modulates gene expression and causes molecular biochemical and physiological changes. However, these biological responses induced by different training models depend on the duration, intensity, frequency, and type of exercise. In this scenario, understanding and deepening the knowledge of the molecular role of different types of physical exercise in the regulation of oxidative stress contributes to promising therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this Special Issue titled “Exercise-Induced Response Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress” is to receive articles about basic or applied research or systematic reviews and meta-analyses of recent work carried out by researchers in the field of exercise biochemistry, including themes such as physical training, antioxidants, redox biology, and chronic disease.

Prof. Dr. Ricardo Pinho
Prof. Dr. Zsolt Radák
Guest Editors

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Keywords

physical exercise
oxidative stress
antioxidant
chronic disease
redox biology
hormesis

Published Papers (14 papers)

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13 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress and Performance after Training in Professional Soccer (European Football) Players

by Michele Abate, Raffaello Pellegrino, Angelo Di Iorio and Vincenzo Salini

Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071470 - 22 Jul 2023

Viewed by 999

Abstract

Vitamins, hormones, free radicals, and antioxidant substances significantly influence athletic performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these biological mediators changed during the season and if this was associated with the rate of improvement in performance after training, assessed by means of a standardized test. Professional male soccer players took part in the study. Two evaluations were performed: the first in the pre-season period and the second at the mid-point of the official season, after about 6 months of intensive training and weekly matches. Blood levels of vitamins D, B12, and folic acid, testosterone and cortisol, free radicals, and antioxidant substances were measured. Two hours after breakfast, a Yo-Yo test was performed. The relationships between the biological mediators and the rate of improvement after training (i.e., the increase in meters run in the Yo-Yo test between the pre-season and mid-season periods) were evaluated by means of a linear mixed models analysis. Results: Eighty-two paired tests were performed. The athletes showed better performance after training, with an increase in the meters run of about 20%. No significant relationships between the vitamin and hormone values and the gain in the performance test were observed. Plasmatic levels of free radicals increased significantly, as did the blood antioxidant potential. An indirect relationship between oxidative stress and the improvement in performance was observed (free radicals β ± SE: = −0.33 ± 0.10; p-value = 0.001), with lower levels of oxidative stress being associated with higher levels of performance in the Yo-Yo test. Monitoring the measures of oxidative stress could be a useful additional tool for coaches in training and/or recovery programs tailored to each player. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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22 pages, 6944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Intensity Exercise Promotes Deleterious Cardiovascular Remodeling in a High-Cardiovascular-Risk Model: A Role for Oxidative Stress

by Aline Meza-Ramos, Anna Alcarraz, Marta Lazo-Rodriguez, Gemma Sangüesa, Elisenda Banon-Maneus, Jordi Rovira, Maria Jose Ramirez-Bajo, Marta Sitges, Lluís Mont, Pedro Ventura-Aguiar, Montserrat Batlle and Eduard Guasch

Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071462 - 20 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1315

Abstract

Although the benefits of moderate exercise in patients at high cardiovascular risk are well established, the effects of strenuous exercise remain unknown. We aimed to study the impact of strenuous exercise in a very high cardiovascular risk model. Nephrectomized aged Zucker obese rats were trained at a moderate (MOD) or high (INT) intensity or were kept sedentary (SED) for 10 weeks. Subsequently, echocardiography and ex vivo vascular reactivity assays were performed, and blood, aortas, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), and left ventricles (LVs) were harvested. An improved risk profile consisting of decreased body weight and improved response to a glucose tolerance test was noted in the trained groups. Vascular reactivity experiments in the descending thoracic aorta demonstrated increased endothelial NO release in the MOD group but not in the INT group, compared with SED; the free radical scavenger TEMPOL improved endothelial function in INT rats to a similar level as MOD. An imbalance in the expression of oxidative stress-related genes toward a pro-oxidant environment was observed in the PVAT of INT rats. In the heart, INT training promoted eccentric hypertrophy and a mild reduction in ejection fraction. Obesity was associated with LV fibrosis and a transition toward β-myosin heavy chain and the N2Ba titin isoform. Exercise reverted the myosin imbalance, but only MOD reduced the predominance of the N2Ba titin isoform. In conclusion, moderate exercise yields the most intense cardiovascular benefits in a high-cardiovascular-risk animal model, while intense training partially reverts them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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14 pages, 8672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aerobic Physical Training Attenuates Oxidative Stress in the Spinal Cord of Adult Rats Induced by Binge-like Ethanol Intake

by Amanda do Nascimento Rodrigues, Diane Cleydes Baia da Silva, Daiane Claydes Baia-da-Silva, Paulo Fernando Santos Mendes, Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira, Gabriel Sousa Rocha, Marco Aurelio M. Freire, Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes, Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia, Walace Gomes-Leal and Rafael Rodrigues Lima

Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051051 - 05 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1724

Abstract

Binge drinking is the most frequent consumption pattern among young adults and remarkably changes the central nervous system; thus, research on strategies to protect it is relevant. This study aimed to investigate the detrimental effects of binge-like EtOH intake on the spinal cord of male rats and the potential neuroprotective effects provided by moderate-intensity aerobic physical training. Male Wistar rats were distributed into the ‘control group’, ‘training group’, ‘EtOH group’, and ‘training + EtOH’. The physical training protocol consisted of daily 30-min exercise on a treadmill for 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days off during 4 weeks. After the fifth day of each week, distilled water (‘control group’ and ‘training group’) or 3 g/kg of EtOH diluted at 20% w/v (‘EtOH group’ and ‘training + EtOH group’) was administered for 3 consecutive days through intragastric gavage to simulate compulsive consumption. Spinal cord samples were collected for oxidative biochemistry and morphometric analyses. The binge-like EtOH intake induced oxidative and tissue damage by decreasing reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, increasing lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reducing motor neurons (MN) density in the cervical segment. Even under EtOH exposure, physical training maintained GSH levels, reduced LPO, and prevented MN reduction at the cervical segment. Physical training is a non-pharmacological strategy to neuroprotect the spinal cord against oxidative damage induced by binge-like EtOH intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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15 pages, 2059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Exercise Mitigates Salivary Gland and Saliva Damages in Rats Exposed to Binge-like Ethanol Pattern

by Beatriz Rodrigues Risuenho Peinado, Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão, Cristian dos Santos Pereira, Diane Cleydes Baia da Silva, Railson de Oliveira Ferreira, Antônio Hernandes Chaves-Neto, Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes and Rafael Rodrigues Lima

Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051038 - 03 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1407

Abstract

Heavy episodic ethanol (EtOH) consumption is a typical pattern, especially among younger people. The therapeutic effect of exercise on EtOH damage has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether moderate exercise can reduce the damage generated by ethanol consumption in salivary glands and saliva. Thus, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (sedentary animals treated with water); training (trained animals treated with EtOH); EtOH (sedentary animals treated with EtOH); and EtOH + training (trained animals treated with ethanol). EtOH was administered to the animals at a dose of 3 g/kg/day at a concentration of 20% w/v for three consecutive days per week via intragastric gavage. The training was performed on a treadmill for five successive days. At the end of the 4-week experimental protocol, the animals were euthanized, and salivary glands and saliva were collected for oxidative biochemistry analysis. Our results showed that EtOH consumption generated changes in the oxidative biochemistry of the salivary glands and saliva. Thus, it was possible to conclude that moderate physical exercise can significantly recover antioxidant activity, reducing the damage generated by EtOH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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19 pages, 2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Physical Exercise and Motor Activity on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome

by Marco Calapai, Luisa Puzzo, Giuseppe Bova, Daniele Alfio Vecchio, Rosario Blandino, Alessia Barbagallo, Ilaria Ammendolia, Luigi Cardia, Maria De Pasquale, Fabrizio Calapai, Emanuela Esposito, Fabio Trimarchi, Debora Di Mauro, Gioacchino Calapai and Carmen Mannucci

Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030643 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1969

Abstract

It is estimated that 10–50% of interventions can generate persistent post-surgical pain. Chronic post-mastectomy pain is a condition persisting for at least three months after surgery. It has been shown that physical activity in the cancer patient allows the improvement of the pain symptom. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical activity on the intensity and interference of chronic pain in the quality of life of women underwent mastectomy needed for breast cancer removal. The secondary objective was to measure the effects of physical activity on inflammatory and oxidative markers in the same population. A Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to assess pain intensity, and Brief Inventory Pain (BIP) was used for assessing interference of pain in quality of life. Physical activity was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, c-reactive protein (CRP), and biomarkers of oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were evaluated in the blood of patients. All the evaluations were performed after three and six months after surgery. Results showed that adequate physical activity can diminish intensity and interference of pain and that these effects are associated with a reduction of blood biomarkers of inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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23 pages, 2332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Hydration Strategies in Young Men during Prolonged Exercise at Elevated Ambient Temperatures on Pro-Oxidative and Antioxidant Status Markers, Muscle Damage, and Inflammatory Status

by Tomasz Pałka, Piotr Michał Koteja, Łukasz Tota, Łukasz Rydzik, Alejandro Leiva-Arcas, Anna Kałuża, Wojciech Czarny and Tadeusz Ambroży

Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030642 - 04 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2266

Abstract

Physical exercise is associated with an increase in the speed of metabolic processes to supply energy to working muscles and endogenous heat production. Intense sweating caused by the work performed at high ambient temperatures is associated with a significant loss of water and electrolytes, leading to dehydration. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of different hydration strategies in young men during prolonged exercise at elevated ambient temperatures on levels of pro-oxidative and antioxidant status, oxidative status markers (TAC/TOC), muscle cell damage (Mb, LDH), and inflammatory status (WBC, CRP, IL-1β). The study was conducted on a group of 12 healthy men with average levels of aerobic capacity. The intervention consisted of using various hydration strategies: no hydration; water; and isotonic drinks. The examination was di-vided into two main stages. The first stage was a preliminary study that included medical exami-nations, measurements of somatic indices, and exercise tests. The exercise test was performed on a cycle ergometers. Their results were used to determine individual relative loads for the main part of the experiment. In the second stage, the main study was conducted, involving three series of weekly experimental tests using a cross-over design. The change in plasma volume (∆PV) measured im-mediately and one hour after the exercise test was significantly dependent on the hydration strategy (p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively). The mean values of oxidative status did not differ signifi-cantly between the hydration strategy used and the sequence in which the test was performed. Using isotonic drinks, due to the more efficient restoration of the body’s water and electrolyte balance compared to water or no hydration, most effectively protects muscle cells from the negative effects of exercise, leading to heat stress of exogenous and endogenous origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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18 pages, 1921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Molecular Brain Changes Parallel Adaptive Cardiovascular Response to Forced Running in Mice

by Clara Bartra, Lars Andre Jager, Anna Alcarraz, Aline Meza-Ramos, Gemma Sangüesa, Rubén Corpas, Eduard Guasch, Montserrat Batlle and Coral Sanfeliu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101891 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1997

Abstract

Physically active lifestyle has huge implications for the health and well-being of people of all ages. However, excessive training can lead to severe cardiovascular events such as heart fibrosis and arrhythmia. In addition, strenuous exercise may impair brain plasticity. Here we investigate the presence of any deleterious effects induced by chronic high-intensity exercise, although not reaching exhaustion. We analyzed cardiovascular, cognitive, and cerebral molecular changes in young adult male mice submitted to treadmill running for eight weeks at moderate or high-intensity regimens compared to sedentary mice. Exercised mice showed decreased weight gain, which was significant for the high-intensity group. Exercised mice showed cardiac hypertrophy but with no signs of hemodynamic overload. No morphological changes in the descending aorta were observed, either. High-intensity training induced a decrease in heart rate and an increase in motor skills. However, it did not impair recognition or spatial memory, and, accordingly, the expression of hippocampal and cerebral cortical neuroplasticity markers was maintained. Interestingly, proteasome enzymatic activity increased in the cerebral cortex of all trained mice, and catalase expression was significantly increased in the high-intensity group; both first-line mechanisms contribute to maintaining redox homeostasis. Therefore, physical exercise at an intensity that induces adaptive cardiovascular changes parallels increases in antioxidant defenses to prevent brain damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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12 pages, 3729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training and High-Intensity Interval Training on Testicular Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and m6A Methylation in Obese Male Mice

by Zujie Xu, Ying Qin, Binbin Lv, Zhenjun Tian and Bing Zhang

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101874 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

Exercise is an effective way to improve reproductive function in obese males. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are important pathological factors of obesity-related male infertility. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is associated with obesity and testicular reproductive function. Our study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of 8 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on testicular oxidative stress, apoptosis and m6A methylation in obese male mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into the four groups: normal diet (ND) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, high-fat diet with moderate-intensity continuous training (HFD-MICT) group and high-fat diet with high-intensity interval training (HFD-HIIT) group. Mice in the HFD-MICT and HFD-HIIT groups were subjected to 8 weeks of MICT or HIIT treadmill protocols after 12 weeks of HFD feeding. We found that MICT and HIIT increased the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO-1 in the testes of obese mice, and HIIT increased it more than MICT. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression and TUNEL-positive cells were consistently up-regulated in the testes of obese mice, but MICT and HIIT restrained these HFD-induced effects. In addition, HFDs increased m6A levels and the gene expression of METTL3, YTHDF2 and FTO in the testes, but these effects were reversed by MICT and HIIT. However, HIIT was more effective than MICT in reducing m6A methylation in the testes of obese mice. These results demonstrate that both MICT and HIIT protected against HFD-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and m6A methylation in testicular tissues; as a result, testicular morphological and functional impairment improved. In particular, HIIT was more beneficial than MICT in increasing the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes and testicular antioxidant capacity and decreasing m6A methylation in the testes of HFD-fed mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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17 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Redox Environment and Tryptophan Catabolism through Kynurenine Pathway in Military Divers’ and Swimmers’ Serum Samples

by Laura Sánchez Chapul, Gonzalo Pérez de la Cruz, Lucio Antonio Ramos Chávez, Jesús F. Valencia León, Joel Torres Beltrán, Erika Estrada Camarena, Paul Carillo Mora, Daniela Ramírez Ortega, José U. Baños Vázquez, Gabriela Martínez Nava, Alexandra Luna Angulo, Carlos Martínez Canseco, Tiffany Y. Wences Chirino, Juan Ríos Martínez and Verónica Pérez de la Cruz

Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071223 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1919

Abstract

Endurance and resistance exercises, alone or in combination, induce metabolic changes that affect tryptophan (Trp) catabolism. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of Trp degradation, and it is modulated by the inflammatory and redox environments. Previous studies have shown that KP metabolites work as myokines that mediate the positive systemic effects related to exercise. However, it is poorly understood how different exercise modalities and intensities impact the KP. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of two different exercise modalities, military diving and swimming, on the KP and the redox environment. A total of 34 healthy men from the Mexican Navy were included in the study, 20 divers and 14 swimmers, who started and stayed in military training consistently during the six months of the study; 12 Mexican men without fitness training were used as the control group. Physical fitness was determined at the beginning and after 6 months of training; criteria included body composition; serum levels of Trp, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK); the glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG); and malondialdehyde (MDA).. Results showed a significant loss of body fat in both the diver and swimmer groups. Compared with the control group, divers showed a decrease in Trp and 3-HK levels, but no changes were observed in the KYN/Trp, KYNA/Trp or 3-HK/Trp ratios, while swimmers showed a decrease in KYN levels and an increase in the KYNA and 3-HK levels. Additionally, divers showed a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio and an increase in MDA levels, in contrast to the swimmers, who showed a decrease in MDA levels and an increase in GSH/GSSG levels. Our findings suggest a differential shift in the KP and redox environment induced by diving and swimming. Swimming promotes an antioxidant environment and a peripheral overactivation of the KP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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20 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Angiotensin II Promotes Skeletal Muscle Angiogenesis Induced by Volume-Dependent Aerobic Exercise Training: Effects on miRNAs-27a/b and Oxidant–Antioxidant Balance

by Luis Felipe Rodrigues, Bruno Rocha Avila Pelozin, Natan Daniel da Silva Junior, Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Everton Crivoi do Carmo, Glória de Fatima Alves da Mota, Victoria Cachofeiro, Vicente Lahera, Edilamar Menezes Oliveira and Tiago Fernandes

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040651 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2765

Abstract

Aerobic exercise training (ET) produces beneficial adaptations in skeletal muscles, including angiogenesis. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is highly involved in angiogenesis stimuli. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying capillary growth in skeletal muscle induced by aerobic ET are not completely understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of volume-dependent aerobic ET on skeletal muscle angiogenesis involving the expression of miRNAs-27a and 27b on RAS and oxidant–antioxidant balance. Eight-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sedentary control (SC), trained protocol 1 (P1), and trained protocol 2 (P2). P1 consisted of 60 min/day of swimming, 5×/week, for 10 weeks. P2 consisted of the same protocol as P1 until the 8th week, but in the 9th week, rats trained 2×/day, and in the 10th week, trained 3×/day. Angiogenesis and molecular analyses were performed in soleus muscle samples. Furthermore, to establish ET-induced angiogenesis through RAS, animals were treated with an AT1 receptor blocker (losartan). Aerobic ET promoted higher VO₂ peak and exercise tolerance values. In contrast, miRNA-27a and -27b levels were reduced in both trained groups, compared with the SC group. This was in parallel with an increase in the ACE1/Ang II/VEGF axis, which led to a higher capillary-to-fiber ratio. Moreover, aerobic ET induced an antioxidant profile increasing skeletal muscle SOD2 and catalase gene expression, which was accompanied by high nitrite levels and reduced nitrotyrosine concentrations in the circulation. Additionally, losartan treatment partially re-established the miRNAs expression and the capillary-to-fiber ratio in the trained groups. In summary, aerobic ET promoted angiogenesis through the miRNA-27a/b–ACE1/Ang II/VEGF axis and improved the redox balance. Losartan treatment demonstrates the participation of RAS in ET-induced vascular growth. miRNAs and RAS components are promising potential targets to modulate angiogenesis for combating vascular diseases, as well as potential biomarkers to monitor training interventions and physical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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Review

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15 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Exercise on Oxidative Stress after Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review

by Grazia Maugeri, Alessandra Amato, Martina Sortino, Velia D′Agata and Giuseppe Musumeci

Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071401 - 08 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2138

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an irreversible disease resulting in partial or total loss of sensory and motor function. The pathophysiology of SCI is characterized by an initial primary injury phase followed by a secondary phase in which reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and associated oxidative stress play hallmark roles. Physical exercise is an indispensable means of promoting psychophysical well-being and improving quality of life. It positively influences the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, exercise may provide a mechanism to regulate the variation and equilibrium between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. After a brief overview of spinal cord anatomy and the different types of spinal cord injury, the purpose of this review is to investigate the evidence regarding the effect of exercise on oxidative stress among individuals with SCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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12 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fruit-Derived Anthocyanins: Effects on Cycling-Induced Responses and Cycling Performance

by Cândice L. K. Copetti, Fernando Diefenthaeler, Fernanda Hansen, Francilene G. K. Vieira and Patricia F. Di Pietro

Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020387 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2863

Abstract

Previous evidence has shown that the consumption of fruit-derived anthocyanins may have exercise benefits. This review aimed to summarize the effects of fruit-derived anthocyanins on cycling-induced responses and cycling performance. Medline, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus online databases were searched. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The fruit-derived anthocyanins used in these studies were from cherry (n = 6), blackcurrant (n = 8), pomegranate (n = 2), açai (n = 1), and juçara fruit (n = 2), and were offered in juice, pulp, powder, freeze-dried powder, and extract form. The supplementation time ranged from acute consumption to 20 days, and the amount of anthocyanins administered in the studies ranged from 18 to 552 mg/day. The studies addressed effects on oxidative stress (n = 5), inflammation (n = 4), muscle damage (n = 3), fatigue (n = 2), nitric oxide biomarkers (n = 2), vascular function (n = 2), muscle oxygenation (n = 2), performance (n = 14), substrate oxidation (n = 6), and cardiometabolic markers (n = 3). The potential ergogenic effect of anthocyanin supplementation on cycling-induced responses seems to be related to lower oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle damage, and fatigue, and increased production of nitric oxide, with subsequent improvements in vascular function and muscle oxygenation leading to improved performance. In addition, the observed increase in fat oxidation can direct nutritional strategies to change the use of substrate and improve performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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Other

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19 pages, 2703 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Intracellular Oxidative Stress Induced by Physical Exercise in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Zhanyi Zhou, Chaoyi Chen, Ee-Chon Teo, Yan Zhang, Jialu Huang, Yining Xu and Yaodong Gu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091751 - 04 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

A physical exercise program is one of the commonly used methods for improving an individual’s antioxidative capacity. However, an inappropriate physical exercise program would induce extra oxidative stress (OS), and the relationship between the details of a physical exercise protocol and the severity of intracellular OS is still unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science with the eligibility criteria: (1) participants over 18 years old; (2) physical exercise interventions; (3) 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, F2-isoprostanes, and protein carbonyls (PCs) as outcome measures; (4) published in English and peer-reviewed. 12 studies were included, and the data of 8 in them were pooled together. The agreement between authors reached a kappa value of 0.73. The results of the meta-analysis showed that: (1) the level of OS did not depend on the absolute intensity of physical exercise but on both the intensity and the volume of exercise; (2) high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIAE) and a combined protocol of HIAE and resistance training had the highest potential to induce large OS in unhealthy people; (3) the OS induced by moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise was significantly larger than that induced by ordinary life activities in healthy adults; (4) high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise had the lowest and sub-lowest probabilities to induce high intracellular OS for unhealthy adults. activities induce OS in various tissues in the human body, and the severity of OS depends on many factors of physical exercises as well as the health condition of an individual. A high-intensity and high-volume physical exercise program has the largest possibility of inducing severe OS, while a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a high-intensity interval training program with a relatively low volume might be beneficial to the redox balance for unhealthy individuals. In conclusion, continuous aerobic exercise under moderate-intensity or high-intensity interval training could be recommended to enhance the body’s capacity for maintaining redox balance, especially for unhealthy individuals. The PROSPERO Registration Number is CRD42022349687. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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22 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Relationship between Exercise and Salivary Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review

by Raphael Charchar Campos Alves, Railson Oliveira Ferreira, Deborah Ribeiro Frazão, Yago Gecy de Souza Né, Paulo Fernando Santos Mendes, Guido Marañón-Vásquez, Luiz Fernando Freire Royes, Nathalia Carolina Fernandes Fagundes, Lucianne Cople Maia and Rafael Rodrigues Lima

Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081489 - 29 Jul 2022

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Abstract

Salivary content has been reported as a potential biomarker for oxidative stress assessments especially in context of exercise-induced oxidative stress. This systematic review following PRISMA guidelines aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise and changes promoted in oxidative stress identified in saliva. Methods: Studies published up to May 2022 were searched in online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, LILACS, OpenGrey, and Google Scholar). Risk of bias evaluation were performed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies with No Control Group. Results: A total of 473 references were identified and 22 considered eligible. In this case 14 studies reported increase of antioxidant parameters in saliva while eight studies demonstrated increased lipid peroxidation after exercise. Regarding nitrite levels, two studies showed higher levels after exercise. The quality of evidence was very low due to high heterogeneity, inconsistency and indirectness among studies according Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation analysis. Conclusion: Increase of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in saliva appears to be present after exercise, especially at moderate intensity. However, the wide variety of methods leads to divergent data. For precision in salivary assessments, new research with larger sample sizes and better participant matching are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Antioxidant Response and Oxidative Stress)

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