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Antibiotics
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Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis
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Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2020) | Viewed by 47827

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jesus Simal-Gandara

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
Interests: agro-environmental; food chemistry; sustainable primary production; food quality and safety
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The effect of antibiotics on various organisms, as well as in the whole ecosystem, may occur at relatively low concentrations. Therefore, its concentration must be precisely quantified in several matrices, including environmental samples, but also in food and biological fluids. The use of liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry has increased the reliability, accessibility, and accuracy with which antibiotics can be detected and quantified. The effect of different variables during the pre-analytical treatment, such as extraction, concentration, and purification, is also of key relevance. The use of structurally similar, isotopically labeled (deuterated) standards, as well as any other strategies to improve the recovery of the target antibiotics are also relevant. In summary, manuscripts concerning other related areas of global interest on antibiotic analysis and residues are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Jesus Simal-Gandara
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Antibiotic extraction
  • antibiotic concentration
  • antibiotic purification
  • antibiotic analysis
  • antibiotics in environmental samples
  • antibiotics in foods and drinks
  • antibiotics in biological fluids

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 1920 KiB  
Article
Application of Rank Annihilation Factor Analysis for Antibacterial Drugs Determination by Means of pH Gradual Change-UV Spectral Data
by Mahnaz Esteki, Elham Dashtaki, Yvan Vander Heyden and Jesus Simal-Gandara
Antibiotics 2020, 9(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070383 - 6 Jul 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3668
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to develop a simple and efficient spectrophotometric technique combined with chemometrics for the simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in drug formulations. Specifically, we sought: (i) to evaluate the potential use of rank annihilation [...] Read more.
The main objective of this study was to develop a simple and efficient spectrophotometric technique combined with chemometrics for the simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in drug formulations. Specifically, we sought: (i) to evaluate the potential use of rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA) to pH gradual change spectrophotometric data in order to provide sufficient accuracy and model robustness; and (ii) to determine SMX and TMP concentration in drug formulations without tedious pre-treatments such as derivatization or extraction techniques which are time-consuming and require hazardous solvents. In the proposed method, the spectra of the sample solutions at different pH values were recorded and the pH-spectra bilinear data matrix was generated. On these data, RAFA was then applied to estimate the concentrations of SMX and TMP in synthetic and real samples. Applying RAFA showed that the two drugs could be determined simultaneously with concentration ratios of SMX to TMP varying from 1:30 to 30:1 in the mixed samples (concentration range is 1–30 µg mL−1 for both components). The limits of detection were 0.25 and 0.38 µg mL−1 for SMX and TMP, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of SMX and TMP in some synthetic, pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluid samples. In addition, the means of the estimated RSD (%) were 1.71 and 2.18 for SMX and TMP, respectively, in synthetic mixtures. The accuracy of the proposed method was confirmed by spiked recovery test on biological samples with satisfactory results (90.50–109.80%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis)
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14 pages, 1523 KiB  
Article
Determination of Delafloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using a Green RP-HPTLC and NP-HPTLC Methods: A Comparative Study
by Prawez Alam, Essam Ezzeldin, Muzaffar Iqbal, Gamal A.E. Mostafa, Md. Khalid Anwer, Mohammed H. Alqarni, Ahmed I. Foudah and Faiyaz Shakeel
Antibiotics 2020, 9(6), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060359 - 25 Jun 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3581
Abstract
In this work; delafloxacin (DLFX) was determined using a validated green RP-HPTLC and NP-HPTLC methods in commercial tablets and in-house developed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). RP-HPTLC determination of DLFX was performed using “RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates”. However; NP-HPTLC estimation of [...] Read more.
In this work; delafloxacin (DLFX) was determined using a validated green RP-HPTLC and NP-HPTLC methods in commercial tablets and in-house developed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). RP-HPTLC determination of DLFX was performed using “RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates”. However; NP-HPTLC estimation of DLFX was performed using “silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates”. For a green RP-HPTLC method; the ternary combination of ethanol:water:ammonia solution (5:4:2 v/v/v) was used as green mobile phase. However; for NP-HPTLC method; the ternary mixture of ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia solution (5:4:2 v/v/v) was used as normal mobile phase. The analysis of DLFX was conducted in absorbance/reflectance mode of densitometry at λmax = 295 nm for both methods. RP-HPTLC method was found more accurate, precise, robust and sensitive for the analysis of DLFX compared with the NP-HPTLC method. The % assay of DLFX in commercial tablets and in-house developed SLNs was determined as 98.2 and 101.0%, respectively, using the green RP-HPTLC technique, however; the % assay of DLFX in commercial tablets and in-house developed SLNs was found to be 94.4 and 95.0%, respectively, using the NP-HPTLC method. Overall, the green RP-HPTLC method was found superior over the NP-HPTLC. Therefore, the proposed green RP-HPTLC method can be successfully applied for analysis of DLFX in commercial tablets, SLNs and other formulations containing DLFX. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis)
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12 pages, 1203 KiB  
Article
Simple and Accurate HPTLC-Densitometric Method for Quantification of Delafloxacin (A Novel Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic) in Plasma Samples: Application to Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats
by Prawez Alam, Muzaffar Iqbal, Essam Ezzeldin, Nasr Y. Khalil, Ahmed I. Foudah, Mohammed H. Alqarni and Faiyaz Shakeel
Antibiotics 2020, 9(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9030134 - 23 Mar 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4054
Abstract
Delafloxacin (DLX) is a recently-approved fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is recommended for the treatment of “acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections”. A thorough literature survey revealed only a single published method for the estimation of DLX using UPLC-MS/MS technique in biological samples. There [...] Read more.
Delafloxacin (DLX) is a recently-approved fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is recommended for the treatment of “acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections”. A thorough literature survey revealed only a single published method for the estimation of DLX using UPLC-MS/MS technique in biological samples. There is no high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been reported for the estimation of DLX in dosage forms and/or biological samples. Therefore, a selective, sensitive, rapid and validated HPTLC-densitometry technique has been used for the estimation of DLX in human plasma for the first time. HPTLC quantification of DLX and internal standard (IS; gatifloxacin) was carried out on glass coated silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates using the ternary mixture of ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonia solution 5:4:2 (%, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Densitometric detection was done at 344 nm. The Rf values were recorded as 0.43 and 0.27 for the DLX and the IS, respectively. The linearity range of DLX was obtained as 16–400 ng/band. A simple protein precipitation method was used for the extraction of analyte from plasma using methanol. The proposed HPTLC technique was validated for “linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness”. The proposed HPTLC technique was successfully utilized for the assessment of pharmacokinetic profile of DLX in rats after oral administration. After oral administration, the peak plasma concentration of DLX was obtained as 194.19 ng/ml in 1 h. The proposed HPTLC method could be applied in study of pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic drug monitoring of DLX in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis)
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Review

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41 pages, 1343 KiB  
Review
Antibacterial Use of Macroalgae Compounds against Foodborne Pathogens
by Aurora Silva, Sofia A. Silva, C. Lourenço-Lopes, C. Jimenez-Lopez, M. Carpena, P. Gullón, M. Fraga-Corral, V. F. Domingues, M. Fátima Barroso, J. Simal-Gandara and M. A. Prieto
Antibiotics 2020, 9(10), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100712 - 17 Oct 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 12452
Abstract
The search for food resources is a constant in human history. Nowadays, the search for natural and safe food supplies is of foremost importance. Accordingly, there is a renewed interest in eco-friendly and natural products for substitution of synthetic additives. In addition, microbial [...] Read more.
The search for food resources is a constant in human history. Nowadays, the search for natural and safe food supplies is of foremost importance. Accordingly, there is a renewed interest in eco-friendly and natural products for substitution of synthetic additives. In addition, microbial contamination of food products during their obtaining and distribution processes is still a sanitary issue, and an important target for the food industry is to avoid food contamination and its related foodborne illnesses. These diseases are fundamentally caused by certain microorganisms listed in this review and classified according to their Gram negative or positive character. Algae have proven to possess high nutritional value and a wide variety of biological properties due to their content in active compounds. Among these capabilities, macroalgae are recognized for having antimicrobial properties. Thus, the present paper revises the actual knowledge of microbial contaminants in the food industry and proposes antimicrobial algal compounds against those pathogenic bacteria responsible for food contamination as valuable molecules for its growth inhibition. The capacity of algae extracts to inhibit some major food pathogen growth was assessed. Moreover, the main applications of these compounds in the food industry were discussed while considering their favorable effects in terms of food safety and quality control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis)
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41 pages, 1226 KiB  
Review
Macroalgae as a Source of Valuable Antimicrobial Compounds: Extraction and Applications
by Aurora Silva, Sofia A. Silva, M. Carpena, P. Garcia-Oliveira, P. Gullón, M. Fátima Barroso, M.A. Prieto and J. Simal-Gandara
Antibiotics 2020, 9(10), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100642 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 108 | Viewed by 12404
Abstract
In the last few decades, attention on new natural antimicrobial compounds has arisen due to a change in consumer preferences and the increase in the number of resistant microorganisms. Macroalgae play a special role in the pursuit of new active molecules as they [...] Read more.
In the last few decades, attention on new natural antimicrobial compounds has arisen due to a change in consumer preferences and the increase in the number of resistant microorganisms. Macroalgae play a special role in the pursuit of new active molecules as they have been traditionally consumed and are known for their chemical and nutritional composition and their biological properties, including antimicrobial activity. Among the bioactive molecules of algae, proteins and peptides, polysaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments can be highlighted. However, for the complete obtaining and incorporation of these molecules, it is essential to achieve easy, profitable and sustainable recovery of these compounds. For this purpose, novel liquid–liquid and solid–liquid extraction techniques have been studied, such as supercritical, ultrasound, microwave, enzymatic, high pressure, accelerated solvent and intensity pulsed electric fields extraction techniques. Moreover, different applications have been proposed for these compounds, such as preservatives in the food or cosmetic industries, as antibiotics in the pharmaceutical industry, as antibiofilm, antifouling, coating in active packaging, prebiotics or in nanoparticles. This review presents the main antimicrobial potential of macroalgae, their specific bioactive compounds and novel green extraction technologies to efficiently extract them, with emphasis on the antibacterial and antifungal data and their applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis)
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12 pages, 263 KiB  
Review
Antimicrobial Properties on Non-Antibiotic Drugs in the Era of Increased Bacterial Resistance
by Maria Lagadinou, Maria Octavia Onisor, Athanasios Rigas, Daniel-Vasile Musetescu, Despoina Gkentzi, Stelios F. Assimakopoulos, George Panos and Markos Marangos
Antibiotics 2020, 9(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9030107 - 2 Mar 2020
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 10553
Abstract
In recent years, due to the dramatic increase in and global spread of bacterial resistance to a number of commonly used antibacterial agents, many studies have been directed at investigating drugs whose primary therapeutic purpose is not antimicrobial action. In an era where [...] Read more.
In recent years, due to the dramatic increase in and global spread of bacterial resistance to a number of commonly used antibacterial agents, many studies have been directed at investigating drugs whose primary therapeutic purpose is not antimicrobial action. In an era where it is becoming increasingly difficult to find new antimicrobial drugs, it is important to understand these antimicrobial effects and their potential clinical implications. Numerous studies report the antibacterial activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anaesthetics, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, promethazine, trifluoperazine, methdilazine and thioridazine, antidepressants, antiplatelets and statins. Several studies have explored a possible protective effect of statins inreducing the morbidity and mortality of many infectious diseases. Various non-antibiotic agents exhibit antimicrobial activity via multiple and different mechanisms of action. Further studies are required in the field to further investigate these antimicrobial properties in different populations. This is of paramount importance in the antimicrobial resistance era, where clinicians have limited therapeutic options to combat problematic infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Antibiotics Analysis)
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