Systems

16 pages, 895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Between Generational Handover Protocols, Knowledge Transfer Behavior, and Key Organizational Outcomes

by Elene Igoa-Iraola, Fernando Díez and José Miguel Román

Systems 2025, 13(7), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070497 - 20 Jun 2025

(1) Background: This paper examines the relationships between generational handover protocols, knowledge transfer behavior, and key organizational outcomes. (2) Methods: A quantitative design was applied, using non-parametric tests and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on survey data from 168 employees in [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This paper examines the relationships between generational handover protocols, knowledge transfer behavior, and key organizational outcomes. (2) Methods: A quantitative design was applied, using non-parametric tests and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on survey data from 168 employees in companies located in the Basque Country. (3) Results: The presence of formal knowledge transfer protocols and generational handover processes was significantly associated with greater employee knowledge-tranfer behaviors. These behaviors, in turn, had significant positive effects on organizational innovation and job performance. Although moderate correlations were observed with strategy, performance, and competitive advantage, the structural model did not confirm direct relationships. (4) Conclusions: Despite their strategic importance, many organizations still lack formalized mechanisms for knowledge preservation. This study offers a framework for understanding the impact of structured knowledge transfer practices on organizational performance and suggests avenues for future research in knowledge continuity and succession planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Management Towards Organisational Resilience)

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20 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Sustainable Development Performance of Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises

by Chaobo Zhou

Systems 2025, 13(7), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070496 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

As a major driving force in the current technological revolution, artificial intelligence (AI)
has significantly accelerated the intelligence, automation, and informatization of enterprises,
thereby inevitably influencing the sustainable development performance (SDP) of
manufacturing enterprises. This study takes the “Next-Generation AI Innovation Pilot
Zone” [...] Read more.

As a major driving force in the current technological revolution, artificial intelligence (AI)
has significantly accelerated the intelligence, automation, and informatization of enterprises,
thereby inevitably influencing the sustainable development performance (SDP) of
manufacturing enterprises. This study takes the “Next-Generation AI Innovation Pilot
Zone” policy as a case study and utilizes a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID)
model and machine learning techniques to investigate the impact of AI on the SDP of
Chinese manufacturing enterprises. The findings indicate that AI contributes to improving
the SDP of manufacturing firms. The mechanism analysis reveals that AI enhances
SDP via a green innovation effect, cost-saving effect, and digital transformation effect. The
moderation analysis further shows that the CEO duality inhibits the positive impact of AI
on SDP. The heterogeneity results based on the GRF model indicate that the positive relationship
between AI and SDP is pronounced in state-owned enterprises and heavily polluting
firms. This study not only enriches the literature on the micro-level environmental
effects of AI but also provides valuable insights for governments and businesses seeking
to improve SDP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Systems Driving Corporate Sustainability)

27 pages, 769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unmasking Greenwashing in the Building Materials Industry Through an Evolutionary Game Approach via Prospect Theory

by Zihan Li, Yi Zhang, Zihan Hu, Yixi Zeng, Xin Dong, Xinbao Lu, Jie Peng, Mingtao Zhu and Xingwei Li

Systems 2025, 13(7), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070495 - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

Green building materials play a vital role in mitigating the significant carbon emissions produced by the construction industry. However, the widespread presence of greenwashing, where firms falsely portray their products or practices as environmentally friendly, presents a critical obstacle to the adoption of [...] Read more.

Green building materials play a vital role in mitigating the significant carbon emissions produced by the construction industry. However, the widespread presence of greenwashing, where firms falsely portray their products or practices as environmentally friendly, presents a critical obstacle to the adoption of genuinely sustainable materials. The risk of collusion between building material enterprises and certification institutions further exacerbates this challenge by undermining trust in green certification processes. To investigate these issues, this study develops an evolutionary game model that captures the strategic interactions between building material enterprises and certification institutions. The model incorporates the behavioral assumptions of prospect theory, specifically bounded rationality, loss aversion, and diminishing sensitivity, to reflect the real-world decision-making behavior of the involved actors. The findings reveal three evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) within the system. First, a higher initial willingness by both enterprises and certifiers to engage in ethical practices increases the likelihood of convergence to an optimal and stable outcome. Second, a greater degree of diminishing sensitivity in the value function promotes the adoption of authentic green behavior by enterprises. In contrast, a lower degree of diminishing sensitivity encourages certification institutions to refrain from collusion. Third, although the loss aversion coefficient does not directly affect strategy selection, higher levels of loss aversion lead to stronger preferences for green behavior among enterprises and noncollusive behavior among certifiers. This research makes a novel theoretical contribution by introducing prospect theory into the analysis of greenwashing behavior in the building materials sector. It also provides actionable insights for improving regulatory frameworks and certification standards to mitigate greenwashing and enhance institutional accountability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

33 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Executives’ Overseas Experiences Reshape Corporate Climate Risk Disclosure in Emerging Countries? Evidence from China’s Listed Firms

by Xiaolei Zou, Wangtong Li, Wenzhe Wu, Alistair Hunt and Haoyang Lu

Systems 2025, 13(6), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060494 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

Urgency and severity of climate change impacts have become increasingly prominent, making the enhancement of corporate climate risk disclosure (CCRD) a shared demand among regulators, investors, and the general public. From the perspective of irrational behavioral traits, this paper utilizes a sample of [...] Read more.

Urgency and severity of climate change impacts have become increasingly prominent, making the enhancement of corporate climate risk disclosure (CCRD) a shared demand among regulators, investors, and the general public. From the perspective of irrational behavioral traits, this paper utilizes a sample of A-share-listed companies in China from 2008 to 2022 to empirically examine the impact of executives’ overseas experiences on CCRD and its underlying mechanisms. To measure firm-level climate risk disclosure, we employ machine learning-based textual analysis techniques and match the constructed disclosure indicators with firms’ financial data. The results demonstrate that executives with overseas experience significantly enhance the level of CCRD, and this effect remains consistent after a series of robustness tests. This effect operates through the dual paths of “climate attention allocation enhancement” and “management myopia mitigation”. Moreover, the positive impact of overseas experience is more pronounced among firms in climate-sensitive industries and regions with lower climate awareness. A further analysis of executive overseas experience characteristics shows that executives with experience in developed economies and those with international educational backgrounds exhibit a stronger influence in promoting CCRD. Additionally, an investigation into the economic consequences demonstrates that executives with overseas experiences not only improve firms’ ESG performances but also help reduce ESG rating discrepancies, reinforcing the beneficial role of overseas exposure in corporate governance. The findings not only provided micro-level empirical evidence for the effectiveness of talent recruitment policies in emerging economies but also yielded critical policy implications for regulatory bodies to refine climate disclosure frameworks and enable enterprises to leverage opportunities in low-carbon transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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15 pages, 912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation Model for Emergency Material Suppliers in Emergency Logistics Systems Based on Game Theory–TOPSIS Method

by Lihao Lei, Songtao Yu, Yuxian Ke, Linhong Deng and Qian Kang

Systems 2025, 13(6), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060493 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

Emergency material suppliers serve as a critical component within emergency logistics systems, with their capabilities directly influencing operational efficiency. To identify suppliers with comprehensive capabilities, this study establishes an evaluation index system encompassing four key dimensions: emergency resilience, logistics costs, material quality, and [...] Read more.

Emergency material suppliers serve as a critical component within emergency logistics systems, with their capabilities directly influencing operational efficiency. To identify suppliers with comprehensive capabilities, this study establishes an evaluation index system encompassing four key dimensions: emergency resilience, logistics costs, material quality, and supplier internal conditions. The methodology integrates subjective weights derived from the G1 method and objective weights calculated by entropy weighting, subsequently employing game theory to reconcile conflicts between weighting methods and determine comprehensive weights. The TOPSIS method is applied to identify optimal suppliers through relative approximation comparisons. A case study demonstrates the model’s effectiveness, with comparative analysis against AHP and traditional combination weighting methods revealing distinct advantages: under information distortion conditions, the game theory combination weighting exhibits significantly lower weight fluctuations (0.00018) compared to the additive synthesis (0.00044) and multiplicative synthesis methods (0.000503). This evidence confirms that game theory not only demonstrates superior stability and adaptability for emergency evaluations but also effectively balances weight conflicts, yielding more rational assessment outcomes. The research findings validate the practical utility of this game theory–TOPSIS integrated evaluation model, providing valuable decision support for emergency management professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sustainable Operations and Supply Chain Management)

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20 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanism of Fun Activities Weakening the Impact of Workplace Ostracism: A Mediated Moderation Model

by Hongqing Wang and Chuanhao Fan

Systems 2025, 13(6), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060492 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

In the era of shifting global economic dynamics and rapid digital transformation, the demand for enhanced corporate innovation capabilities has significantly increased. However, workplace ostracism, which often arises in complex organizational contexts, may trigger employees’ creative territory behavior, thereby undermining the organization’s innovation [...] Read more.

In the era of shifting global economic dynamics and rapid digital transformation, the demand for enhanced corporate innovation capabilities has significantly increased. However, workplace ostracism, which often arises in complex organizational contexts, may trigger employees’ creative territory behavior, thereby undermining the organization’s innovation ecosystem. There is a need for further research on mitigating the negative impacts of workplace ostracism. Drawing on Affective Events Theory, this study adopts the perspective of enhancing individuals’ perceived coping resources and conceptualizes fun activities as a form of indirect support created by the organization. It further develops a mediated moderation model to examine how fun activities buffer the impact of workplace ostracism on employees’ creative territory behavior by mitigating their fear of missing out. Using a two-wave questionnaire survey, this study collected 337 valid responses from Chinese employees and conducted a hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS. The results reveal that fun activities perform a dual role: directly, they can mitigate employees’ fear of missing out triggered by workplace ostracism; indirectly, they can weaken the impact of workplace ostracism on employees’ creative territory behavior by alleviating such apprehension. This study offers theoretical insights for organizations on integrating ostracism governance into their organizational management systems and on alleviating the adverse outcomes of workplace ostracism by fostering an environment of indirect support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches in Knowledge Management and Organizational Innovation)

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17 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro-Driving Behavior Analysis of Drivers in Congested and Conflict Environments Using Graph Theory

by Rongjun Cheng, Xudong An, Weiqi Fan and Dan Zhao

Systems 2025, 13(6), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060491 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

Many traffic conflicts on the roads are caused by a small proportion of drivers. Currently, there are few studies exploring the time-varying patterns of driving behavior among these drivers. This paper proposes a generic time-series analytical framework and uses it to analyze the [...] Read more.

Many traffic conflicts on the roads are caused by a small proportion of drivers. Currently, there are few studies exploring the time-varying patterns of driving behavior among these drivers. This paper proposes a generic time-series analytical framework and uses it to analyze the driving behavior patterns of many high-risk drivers, which provides a theoretical and targeted basis for vehicle warning systems. Specifically, the natural trajectory time-series data in the rear-end conflict process from congested highway sections were first obtained. Secondly, K-medoid clustering was utilized to obtain the quantitative driving behavior sequence from the trajectory. Thirdly, the driving behavior sequence was transformed into a graph structure by the co-occurrence matrix. Graph theory and Markov theory were used to analyze the obtained graph to achieve the goal of analyzing the time-varying patterns of driving behavior. The analysis found that the driving behavior transition graph network of high-risk drivers on congested highway sections does not exhibit the small-world property and this suggests that during the conflict process, the driver is unable to quickly transition between states. Additionally, vehicles consistently evolve into a rear-end conflict state along a fixed driving behavior transition route, which indicates that the causes of conflicts in congested road sections are similar. Finally, the state change of the conflict process follows the Markov property, proving that the state during the conflict process can be predicted and controlled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Simulation of Transportation Systems)

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19 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Auditing AI Literacy Competency in K–12 Education: The Role of Awareness, Ethics, Evaluation, and Use in Human–Machine Cooperation

by Ahlam Mohammed Al-Abdullatif

Systems 2025, 13(6), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060490 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education highlights the growing need for AI literacy among K–12 teachers, particularly to enable effective human–machine cooperation. This study investigates Saudi K–12 educators’ AI literacy competencies across four key dimensions: awareness, ethics, evaluation, and use. Using [...] Read more.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education highlights the growing need for AI literacy among K–12 teachers, particularly to enable effective human–machine cooperation. This study investigates Saudi K–12 educators’ AI literacy competencies across four key dimensions: awareness, ethics, evaluation, and use. Using a survey of 426 teachers and analyzing the data through descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM), this study found high overall literacy levels, with ethics scoring the highest and use slightly lower, indicating a modest gap between knowledge and application. The SEM results indicated that awareness significantly influenced ethics, evaluation, and use, positioning it as a foundational competency. Ethics also strongly predicted both evaluation and use, while evaluation contributed positively to use. These findings underscore AI literacy skills’ interconnected nature and point to the importance of integrating ethical reasoning and critical evaluation into teacher training. This study provides evidence-based guidance for educational policymakers and leaders in designing professional development programs that prepare teachers for effective and responsible AI integration in K–12 education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education Systems as Learning Organizations: Challenges and Opportunities of Evolving Human–Machine Cooperation)

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24 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Critical Success Factors for Supply Chain 4.0 Implementation Using a Hybrid MCDM Framework

by Ibrahim Mutambik

Systems 2025, 13(6), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060489 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

Heightened environmental policies along with the necessity for a resilient supply chain (SC) network have driven companies to adopt circular economy (CE) strategies. Although CE initiatives have shown significant effects on SC operations, the advent of digital technologies is encouraging businesses to digitize [...] Read more.

Heightened environmental policies along with the necessity for a resilient supply chain (SC) network have driven companies to adopt circular economy (CE) strategies. Although CE initiatives have shown significant effects on SC operations, the advent of digital technologies is encouraging businesses to digitize their SCs. However, the relationship connecting SC digitalization with CE practices remains underexplored. This study presents a novel framework that bridges the gap between CE principles and SC digitalization by identifying and prioritizing critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing SC4.0 in a circular economy context. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to determine CSFs and approaches relevant to Supply Chain 4.0 (SC4.0), and expert insights were gathered using the Delphi method for final validation. To capture the complex interrelationships among these factors, the study employed a combined approach using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (IFS), Analytic Network Process (ANP), decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory, and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) techniques to assess the CSFs and strategies. The findings highlight that an intelligent work environment, performance tracking, and data accuracy and pertinence are the top three critical CSFs for SC digitalization. Furthermore, enhancing analytical capabilities, optimizing processes through data-driven methods, and developing a unified digital platform were identified as key strategies for transitioning to SC4.0. By embedding CE principles into the evaluation of digital SC transformation, this research contributes a novel interdisciplinary perspective and offers practical guidance for industries aiming to achieve both digital resilience and environmental sustainability. The study delivers a comprehensive evaluation of CSFs for SC4.0, applicable to a variety of sectors aiming for digital and sustainable transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)

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30 pages, 3754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Kind of Rural Digital Configurations Contribute to High County-Level Economic Growth? A Study Conducted in China’s Digital Village Pilot Counties

by Guojie Xie, Yu Tian, Lijuan Huang, Muyun Li and John Blenkinsopp

Systems 2025, 13(6), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060488 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

The digitalization of rural areas has emerged as a crucial strategy for promoting economic development, yet the phenomenon of “digital suspension” poses a challenge, where the lack of digital integration in certain sectors may hinder economic progress. This study delves into this issue [...] Read more.

The digitalization of rural areas has emerged as a crucial strategy for promoting economic development, yet the phenomenon of “digital suspension” poses a challenge, where the lack of digital integration in certain sectors may hinder economic progress. This study delves into this issue by identifying multiple configurations that drive county-level economic growth. More specifically, this study aims to explore how rural digitalization contributes to county-level economic growth through different combinations of environmental and subject-level factors. To address this issue, this study applies the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method, guided by systems thinking and ecological systems theory. The analysis is based on 89 case samples selected from China’s digital village pilot counties, using data from the China County-level Digital Rural Index Research Report jointly released by Peking University and Ali Research Institute, published in 2022, and other county-level statistical data. The study explores the complex causal mechanisms and configuration paths through which rural digitalization empowers county-level economic growth. This study found that (1) the conditions necessary to generate high county-level economic growth do not exist in the process of rural digitalization (at least not within the digital village pilot); (2) four configurations facilitate high county-level economic growth: digital governance-led configuration, dual promotion of digital governance and digital infrastructure, dual promotion of digital life and digital infrastructure, and dual promotion of digital life and digital economy; and (3) two configurations yield non-high county-level economic growth and exhibit asymmetrical relationships with those configurations conducive to high growth. These research findings not only broaden the application of systems thinking and ecological systems theory in the realm of rural digitalization but also offer practical insights into strategies for enhancing county-level economic growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Systems Theory in Regional and Urban Marketing: Strategies for Resilient, Sustainable, and Smart Cities)

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12 pages, 705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Systems Between the Environment, Human Health and Society: An Overview

by Carlo Modonesi, Stefano Serafini and Alessandro Giuliani

Systems 2025, 13(6), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060487 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

This work underlines an analogy between urban and biological systems. The dialogic approach of systems biology showed us that parts constitute a whole and, in turn, the whole constitutes the parts. The development of a biological system such as an animal or a [...] Read more.

This work underlines an analogy between urban and biological systems. The dialogic approach of systems biology showed us that parts constitute a whole and, in turn, the whole constitutes the parts. The development of a biological system such as an animal or a plant does not unfold by means of an autonomous internal program. Rather, it stems from the interaction of the organism’s internal response pattern and its external environment. The wide scientific literature on the genome–environment interaction confirms this. Nevertheless, the scientific community still tends to consider the environment as a mere external factor which simply modulates the organism’s program. On the contrary, the environment has a key role in development. For example, when a seed germinates after heavy rain, it does not simply react to an external signal indicating favorable conditions for germination. Rather, it interacts directly with rainwater, which becomes a developmental factor no less important than the seed coat proteins. Similar to what happens during the development of an organism, the interface between any complex system and its environment determines its structural and functional fate. We argue that large cities have blurred the interface with their natural environment and depend on delocalized global sources. They are like organisms kept alive by external devices. Hence, we propose to regenerate a vital interface between cities and their rural and natural environment as the main and promising path towards future urban civilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Theory and Methodology)

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29 pages, 1593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Port Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Referral Intention: Focusing on Korean Container Terminals Amid Smart Port Development

by Lele Zhou and Woojong Suh

Systems 2025, 13(6), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060486 - 18 Jun 2025

Abstract

The evaluation of port service quality (PSQ) is critical for enhancing the competitiveness of container terminals. As technological innovation continues to reshape port operations, PSQ has shifted beyond operational efficiency to deliver smart, reliable, and sustainable services. However, few studies have addressed PSQ [...] Read more.

The evaluation of port service quality (PSQ) is critical for enhancing the competitiveness of container terminals. As technological innovation continues to reshape port operations, PSQ has shifted beyond operational efficiency to deliver smart, reliable, and sustainable services. However, few studies have addressed PSQ in the context of smart port evolution, especially with a focus on container terminals. This study employs a five-dimensional framework, comprising resources, outcomes, process, management, image, and social responsibility, to analyze how PSQ influences customer satisfaction and how customer satisfaction, in turn, affects customer loyalty and referral intention. The data was collected through a survey targeting users of container terminals in five major ports in Korea that undergoing smart port transformation, resulting in a final sample of 324 respondents. The findings reveal that resource-related, process-related, and image- & social responsibility-related PSQ dimensions significantly enhance customer satisfaction, which in turn has a positive effect on customer loyalty and referral intention. In contrast, the outcome-related and management-related dimensions did not have a significant impact on customer satisfaction. The analysis results and various implications discussed in this study are expected to provide helpful information and insights for establishing strategies to enhance the competitiveness of smart ports in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)

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30 pages, 2031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Group Stable Matching Problem in Freight Pooling Service of Vehicle–Cargo Matching Platform

by Linlin Kong and Min Huang

Systems 2025, 13(6), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060485 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

With the continuous advancement of the Internet and information technologies, the capacity for development and integration of vehicle and cargo resources has been significantly enhanced, driving the rapid emergence of vehicle–cargo matching platforms. Serving as critical intermediaries between vehicle owners and cargo owners, [...] Read more.

With the continuous advancement of the Internet and information technologies, the capacity for development and integration of vehicle and cargo resources has been significantly enhanced, driving the rapid emergence of vehicle–cargo matching platforms. Serving as critical intermediaries between vehicle owners and cargo owners, vehicle–cargo matching platforms effectively address key challenges in traditional logistics, such as low matching efficiency and information asymmetry. As a result, they significantly improve the intelligence and precision of logistics resource allocation. However, at the current stage, vehicle–cargo matching platforms rarely promote freight pooling services, leading to resource underutilization. Due to the freight pooling matching problem involving the combination and allocation of multiple vehicle owners and cargo owners, which is highly complex, few scholars have conducted research on such issues. The lack of coordinated optimization in matching models may result in inefficiencies, and the limited consideration of individual user preferences can lead to low user satisfaction. Therefore, this paper focuses on the freight pooling matching problem in vehicle–cargo matching platforms. To improve matching efficiency and fully consider user preferences, the theory of stable matching is introduced into the freight pooling matching problem. It defines the concepts of combination preferences and group stability based on combination preferences, establishes a group stable matching model for the freight pooling business of vehicle–cargo matching platforms, and verifies the stability of the model through theoretical proof. Since this model is a mixed-integer linear programming model with relatively few decision variables but a large number of constraints, this paper introduces the cutting-plane algorithm. Based on the characteristics of the problem, the algorithm is improved by removing ineffective constraints and only using key constraints, significantly reducing computational complexity, optimizing the solving process, and greatly improving the model’s solution efficiency. This approach aligns well with the characteristics of the vehicle–cargo freight-pooling matching model. The research results indicate that the group stable matching model significantly improves platform revenue, vehicle owners’ profits, and cargo owners’ satisfaction across various supply and demand scenarios. Additionally, the cutting-plane algorithm reduces computation time by 97% and decreases the number of constraints during the solving process by 99%. The stable matching theory and solution algorithm proposed in this paper can provide users with precise matching schemes, significantly improving matching efficiency, user satisfaction, platform revenue and platform competitiveness. It demonstrates high innovation and practical application value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sustainable Operations and Supply Chain Management)

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29 pages, 5769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Sustainable Earned Value Management (EVM) Under Grey Uncertain Conditions

by Lei Fan, Shima Mohseni Nejad, Morteza Bagherpour, Mohammad Reza Feylizadeh and Negar Karimi

Systems 2025, 13(6), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060484 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

The EVM method is an essential project management technique that compares the work done to the planned values (PVs) to identify project variances. However, the inherent uncertainties and possibilities in the project introduce uncertainty in the input data. Despite this importance, the input [...] Read more.

The EVM method is an essential project management technique that compares the work done to the planned values (PVs) to identify project variances. However, the inherent uncertainties and possibilities in the project introduce uncertainty in the input data. Despite this importance, the input data for this method is often considered deterministic in most research, and several researchers have modeled it under fuzzy information. In this research, we developed a novel approach using a combined model of fuzzy numbers and grey numbers called interval grey triangular fuzzy (IGTF) numbers. This model is designed to manage the project’s fuzzy grey value, addressing the two pillars of fuzzy and grey uncertainty. The findings of the study indicate that by combining the grey degree of confidence with the triangular fuzzy number (TFN), the results are closer to the real world and more lenient. Finally, based on the estimation of the actual final cost of the project, managers are encouraged to use certainty in lowering costs concerning the value obtained by using the Z-number for the phases of the project. This research provides practical insights and a new model for managing sustainable project uncertainties using fuzzy and grey theories, offering a potential solution to this challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Making in Uncertain Environments via Advanced Analytical Methods)

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20 pages, 11802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Trajectory Optimization for Connected and Automated Vehicle Platoons Considering Safe Inter-Vehicle Following Gaps

by Meiqi Liu, Ying Gao, Yikai Zeng and Ruochen Hao

Systems 2025, 13(6), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060483 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Existing studies on platoon trajectory optimization of connected and automated vehicles face challenges in balancing computational efficiency, privacy, and safety. This study proposes a distributed optimization method that decomposes the platoon trajectory planning problem into independent individual vehicle tasks while ensuring safe inter-vehicle [...] Read more.

Existing studies on platoon trajectory optimization of connected and automated vehicles face challenges in balancing computational efficiency, privacy, and safety. This study proposes a distributed optimization method that decomposes the platoon trajectory planning problem into independent individual vehicle tasks while ensuring safe inter-vehicle following gaps and maximizing travel efficiencyand ride comfort. The individual vehicle problems independently optimize their trajectory to improve computational efficiency, and only exchange dual variables related to safe following gaps to preserve privacy. Simulation experiments were conducted under single-platoon scenarios with different simulation horizons, as well as multi-platoon and platoon-merging scenarios, to analyze the control performance of the distributed method in contrast to the centralized method. Simulation results demonstrate that the mean computation time is reduced by 50% and the fuel consumption is decreased by 4% compared to the centralized method while effectively maintaining the safe inter-vehicle following gaps. The distributed method shows its scalability and adaptability for large-scale problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Optimization of Transportation and Logistics System)

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19 pages, 2821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hub Location and Flow Assignment Problem in the Intermodal Express Network of High-Speed Railways and Highways

by Xiaoting Shang, Zhenghang Wang, Xin Cheng and Xiaoyun Tian

Systems 2025, 13(6), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060482 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

The intermodal express network of high-speed railways and highways can fully utilize the flexibility of highways and the advantages of high-speed railways, such as low cost, high efficiency, and low carbon emission. This paper studies the hub location and flow assignment problem in [...] Read more.

The intermodal express network of high-speed railways and highways can fully utilize the flexibility of highways and the advantages of high-speed railways, such as low cost, high efficiency, and low carbon emission. This paper studies the hub location and flow assignment problem in the intermodal express network of high-speed railways and highways, which can not only increase the transportation efficiency but also provide door-to-door service. Considering the characteristics of multiple modes, flow balance, carbon emission, capacity constraints, and time constraints in the intermodal express network, a mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed with the objective of minimizing the total cost by determining the hub locations, allocations, mode selections, and flow assignments. Owing to the NP-hard computational complexity, an improved genetic algorithm with local search is designed by combining the genetic operators and two optimization strategies to solve the problem effectively. Lastly, numerical experiments are conducted to validate the feasibility of the model and the effectiveness of the algorithm. Full article

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20 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Impact for Mixed Traffic Flow Based on the Time-Varying Model Predictive Control

by Rongjun Cheng, Haoli Lou and Qi Wei

Systems 2025, 13(6), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060481 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

The connected and automated vehicles (CAV) smoothing mixed traffic flow has gained attention, and a thorough assessment of these control algorithms is necessary. Our previous research proposed the time-varying model predictive control (TV-MPC) strategy, which considers the time-varying driving style of human driven [...] Read more.

The connected and automated vehicles (CAV) smoothing mixed traffic flow has gained attention, and a thorough assessment of these control algorithms is necessary. Our previous research proposed the time-varying model predictive control (TV-MPC) strategy, which considers the time-varying driving style of human driven vehicles (HDV), performing better than current baseline models. Due TV-MPC can be applied to any traffic congestion scenario and the dynamic modeling that considers driving style, can be easily transferred to other control algorithms. Thus, TV-MPC enable to represent typical control algorithms in mixed traffic flow. This study investigates the performance of TV-MPC under diverse disturbance characteristics and mixed platoons. Firstly, quantifying mixed traffic flow with different CAV penetration rates and platooning intensities by a Markov chain model. Secondly, by constructing evaluation indicators for micro-level operation of mixed traffic flow, this paper analyzed the impact of TV-MPC on the operation of mixed traffic flow through simulation. The results demonstrate that (1) CAV achieve optimal control at specific positions within mixed traffic flow; (2) higher CAV penetration enhances TV-MPC performance; (3) dispersed CAV distributions improve control effectiveness; and (4) TV-MPC excels in scenarios with significant disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Transportation Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Mobility)

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25 pages, 1617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Artificial Intelligence Capability Affect Product Innovation in Manufacturing Enterprises? Evidence from China

by Yang Gao, Yexin Liu and Weiwei Wu

Systems 2025, 13(6), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060480 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

In today’s fast-changing business environment, artificial intelligence (AI) capability plays a critical role in fostering product innovation (PI). Resource-based theory (RBT) posits that resources and capabilities characterized as valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable can generate a sustained competitive advantage, providing an appropriate theoretical [...] Read more.

In today’s fast-changing business environment, artificial intelligence (AI) capability plays a critical role in fostering product innovation (PI). Resource-based theory (RBT) posits that resources and capabilities characterized as valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable can generate a sustained competitive advantage, providing an appropriate theoretical framework for this study. Using RBT this study examines how business intelligence transforming capability (BITC) mediates the relationship between AI capability and PI and how formal and informal knowledge governance mechanisms (FKGMs and IKGMs, respectively) moderate the effect of AI capability on BITC. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling on 516 Chinese manufacturing enterprises, we empirically test a mediated moderation model. The findings reveal that BITC significantly mediates the relationship between AI capability and PI. Both FKGMs and IKGMs strengthen the effect of AI capability on BITC (with IKGMs showing a stronger influence). This study theoretically contributes by identifying BITC’s mediating role, defining AI capability and BITC boundary conditions, revealing FKGMs’ and IKGMs’ asymmetries, and extending RBT. In terms of practical contributions, the findings emphasize the necessity of developing BITC and strategically applying both FKGMs and IKGMs to maximize AI capability-driven PI benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Model Innovation in the Context of Digital Transformation)

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15 pages, 663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Employability Thinking Scale for Use with Young People in Training: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

by Ramón Chacón-Cuberos, Clemente Rodríguez-Sabiote, Jorge Expósito-López, Eva Olmedo-Moreno, Jennifer Serrano-García and Olga Hortas-Aliaga

Systems 2025, 13(6), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060479 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

The present study addresses the need for valid and reliable tools to assess employability thinking among young people in training. In a labor market increasingly shaped by transversal skill demands, the objective was to construct and validate a scale adapted for secondary and [...] Read more.

The present study addresses the need for valid and reliable tools to assess employability thinking among young people in training. In a labor market increasingly shaped by transversal skill demands, the objective was to construct and validate a scale adapted for secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary students. Grounded in strategic frameworks such as the Europe 2020 Strategy, the European Skills Agenda, and relevant Spanish legislation, an abbreviated version of the Graduate Skills and Attributes Scale (GSAS) was administered to a representative sample of 949 Andalusian students enrolled in compulsory secondary education, baccalaureate, or vocational training. A cross-sectional and exploratory research design was adopted, with all procedures conducted in accordance with ethical and legal standards and approved by the University of Granada’s ethics committee. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, leading to a refined 28-item version of the instrument. Items were grouped into four well-defined factors: ethical self-regulation and achievement orientation, effective communication and collaborative working, proactivity and commitment to learning, and analytical thinking and information handling. The factors demonstrated high internal consistency and structural validity. These findings indicate that the scale is a clear and effective tool for assessing employability-related competencies and may assist in the design of educational interventions aimed at improving students’ professional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Digital Transformation: Leadership and Decision Making in Today’s Systems)

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