Journal Description
Obesities
Obesities
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all aspects of obesity published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
A 10-Year Summary of Health Fair Data from Lakota, Powwows, and Red Shawl Events in the Rural Midwest
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020047 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
Objectives—Health screening data were collected from participants at Native American community and celebratory events to evaluate their health status and identify common health concerns. These results will form the basis for developing community-based health care interventions to address health inequalities. Design—A
[...] Read more.
Objectives—Health screening data were collected from participants at Native American community and celebratory events to evaluate their health status and identify common health concerns. These results will form the basis for developing community-based health care interventions to address health inequalities. Design—A descriptive, observational design was used to gather data in line with STROBE guidelines. Results—The screening data revealed that this population was largely obese, had low bone mass, and were in various states of dehydration. These characteristics can lead to major health risks and morbidities including diabetes, hypertension, cancer, hormone and neurotransmitter imbalances, bone fractures, and psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Conclusions—Professional and community efforts are essential to meet the health care needs of this population and avoid the repercussions of obesity, low bone mass, and dehydration. By incorporating collaborative input from the Native American community, we intend to develop partnerships for goals of promoting effective, culturally appropriate interventions to meet these health inequalities and promote good health and well-being.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Weight Stigma in Physical and Occupational Therapy: A Scoping Review
by
Jason Brumitt and Katherine Turner
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020046 - 12 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Background: Weight stigma describes the negative attitudes held toward people with obesity. Weight bias stereotypes have been previously reported in physicians, physician assistants, nurses, registered dieticians, psychologists, and students enrolled in healthcare professional education programs. Physical and occupational therapists (PTs and OTs) are
[...] Read more.
Background: Weight stigma describes the negative attitudes held toward people with obesity. Weight bias stereotypes have been previously reported in physicians, physician assistants, nurses, registered dieticians, psychologists, and students enrolled in healthcare professional education programs. Physical and occupational therapists (PTs and OTs) are healthcare providers who evaluate and treat individuals across their lifespan. A PT or an OT who harbors weight bias may create an environment where the patient may fail to optimize their rehabilitation recovery. The first purpose of this scoping review was to identify the prevalence of weight bias in PT and OT clinicians and students. The second purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions at reducing weight bias in these populations. Methods: The CINAHL, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched, and 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: In each study, PT and/or OT clinicians and/or students demonstrated weight bias. A minimum of approximately twenty percent of surveyed participants had weight bias, with one study reporting over eighty percent of subjects expressing negative attitudes. Three of the studies reported mixed results (i.e., improvement or worsening) regarding weight bias scores after intervention. Conclusions: PT and OT clinicians and students demonstrate weight bias similar to other healthcare professionals. Future research is warranted to identify educational interventions that reduce bias within these populations.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Investigating Associations Between the Diagnostic Specifiers for Binge-Eating Disorder, Other Clinical Features, and the Presence of a High Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Study
by
Mohammed Mohsin, Malakeh Hamoui, Stella Kozmér, Stephen Touyz, David Currow and Phillipa Hay
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020045 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
Binge eating is the cardinal feature of Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) and is known to be associated with obesity with bidirectional causality. This study aimed to investigate the association of diagnostic specifiers of binge eating, as mandated in the DSM-5 definition of BED, i.e.,
[...] Read more.
Binge eating is the cardinal feature of Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) and is known to be associated with obesity with bidirectional causality. This study aimed to investigate the association of diagnostic specifiers of binge eating, as mandated in the DSM-5 definition of BED, i.e., Criteria B and C (presence of marked distress) and weight/shape overvaluation with body mass index (BMI); and to examine the associations of high BMI with distress, pain, anxiety, and physical and mental health-related quality of life (PHRQoL and MHRQoL). Data for a sub-sample of 255 adults with recurrent binge eating (Criterion A) and without anorexia or bulimia nervosa diagnoses were extracted from the 2017 South Australian Health Omnibus Survey. Bivariate analyses were used to explore the association of DSM-5 BED specifiers with BMI and other measures. This study found that specific BED diagnostic specifiers related to binge eating were associated with higher BMI and distress levels. Additionally, individuals with BED who experience weight/shape overvaluation and higher BMI levels were associated with heigh levels of pain and anxiety, and had poorer PHRQoL and MHRQoL. These findings in relation to the association of higher BMI with different BED specifiers support the clinical significance of the DSM-5 Criterion B and C for BED.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Hyper-Visible Yet Invisible: Exploring the Body Image Experiences of Overweight Women in Everyday Life
by
Panagiota Tragantzopoulou
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020044 - 6 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Weight stigma remains a pervasive issue in contemporary society, impacting individuals’ psychological well-being, social inclusion, and access to opportunities. This study explored the lived experiences of overweight women, focusing on body image, stigma, and engagement with dominant health and beauty norms. Using a
[...] Read more.
Weight stigma remains a pervasive issue in contemporary society, impacting individuals’ psychological well-being, social inclusion, and access to opportunities. This study explored the lived experiences of overweight women, focusing on body image, stigma, and engagement with dominant health and beauty norms. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, online in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 women aged 25 to 51, primarily residing in southern and eastern Europe (Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria), with three participants from the United Kingdom. Thematic analysis revealed four key themes: workplace discrimination, pressures during pregnancy and the postpartum period, ambivalence toward body positivity movements, and the emotional toll of stigma, including extreme coping strategies. Participants described being marginalized professionally, scrutinized publicly and within families, and caught between ideals of inclusivity and persistent societal rejection. The findings emphasize the psychological burden of weight-based discrimination and the superficial nature of many body acceptance campaigns. This study calls for structural changes in healthcare, media, and employment practices to support body diversity and dismantle entrenched biases. By centering the voices of overweight women, the research contributes to broader discussions on embodiment, social justice, and intersectionality within the field of body image scholarship.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
A Narrative Review of the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Its Role in Obesity Prevention and Management
by
Sotiria Laoutari, Efstratios Christodoulou and Antonios E. Koutelidakis
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020043 - 5 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The Mediterranean lifestyle (ML), encompassing key elements such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), regular physical activity, social engagement, sleep-enhancing habits, sustainable food practices, including reducing food waste and opting for seasonal and local products, proximity to nature, and a focus on slow living,
[...] Read more.
The Mediterranean lifestyle (ML), encompassing key elements such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), regular physical activity, social engagement, sleep-enhancing habits, sustainable food practices, including reducing food waste and opting for seasonal and local products, proximity to nature, and a focus on slow living, has garnered increasing interest for its potential in obesity prevention and management. This narrative review examines how these lifestyle characteristics may influence body weight regulation, metabolic health, and obesity-related outcomes. A thorough literature search was conducted to synthesize findings from epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and mechanistic research. Evidence suggests that adherence to the MD is linked to lower obesity rates, improved metabolic markers, and reduced risk of weight gain. Key components contributing to these effects include high fiber intake, healthy fatty acids from olive oil and nuts, and a balanced macronutrient profile that promotes satiety and reduces inflammation. Furthermore, lifestyle practices such as regular physical activity, strong social connections, and sleep-enhancing habits may further support weight management. Despite consistently favorable findings in observational studies, intervention trials reveal variability in individual responses, highlighting the need for personalized approaches. Future research should explore strategies to enhance adherence to the MD and investigate the interactions between diet, physical activity, and psychosocial factors in obesity prevention.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Role of Whey Protein in Maintaining Fat-Free Mass and Promoting Fat Loss After 18 Months of Bariatric Surgery
by
Hirla Karen Fialho Henriques, Fabiana Martins Kattah, Matheus Soares Piccolo, Elandia Aparecida dos Santos, Lucas Haniel de Araújo Ventura, Flávia Rodrigues Cerqueira, Claudia Maria Andrade Fernandes Vieira and Jacqueline Isaura Alvarez Leite
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020042 - 5 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Introduction: Adequate protein intake is essential for maintaining lean body mass during weight loss, particularly for patients undergoing bariatric surgery (BS). Whey protein supplementation may help meet daily protein requirements. This study aimed to assess the effects of whey protein supplementation on weight
[...] Read more.
Introduction: Adequate protein intake is essential for maintaining lean body mass during weight loss, particularly for patients undergoing bariatric surgery (BS). Whey protein supplementation may help meet daily protein requirements. This study aimed to assess the effects of whey protein supplementation on weight loss and body composition in women during the medium-term postoperative phase following BS. Methods: In a double-blind, controlled study over four weeks, 24 women received 30 g of whey protein (Whey group), while 19 received 30 g of maltodextrin (Malto group). Body composition, energy expenditure, muscle thickness, muscle strength, walking performance, and dietary intake were evaluated. Results: Compared to the Malto group, the Whey group showed greater reductions in body weight (median: −0.6 kg vs. −0.2 kg, respectively) and fat mass (median: −1.1 kg vs. −0.25 kg, respectively), along with an increase in fat-free mass (−0.7 kg vs. 0.6 kg, respectively). Muscle thickness improved in the Whey compared to the Malto group in the abdominal (0.07 mm vs. −0.04 mm, respectively) and thigh (0.4 mm vs. −0.15 mm, respectively) regions. Additionally, muscle mass reduction was less pronounced in the Whey group (−3 kg vs. −0.13 kg). No significant differences were observed in handgrip strength, gait speed, or nutrient intake. Conclusions: Whey protein supplementation may be beneficial, as it enhances weight loss and preserves fat-free and muscle mass more effectively than a diet without this supplementation in women during the stabilization phase or late postoperative period of BS.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Anti-Fat Attitudes Towards Weight Gain Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic or by “Unhealthy” Lifestyle Choices
by
Daniel Regan, Mackenzie Bjornerud, Mark J. Kiss, Melanie A. Morrison and Todd G. Morrison
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020041 - 3 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Given the ubiquity of anti-fat prejudice, in this experimental study, we tested whether weight gain attributed to COVID-19 would influence evaluations of overweight male and female targets. Female participants (N = 160) were randomly assigned to read one of four mock medical
[...] Read more.
Given the ubiquity of anti-fat prejudice, in this experimental study, we tested whether weight gain attributed to COVID-19 would influence evaluations of overweight male and female targets. Female participants (N = 160) were randomly assigned to read one of four mock medical forms that outlined distractor medical information (e.g., blood requisition results), the sex of the target (male vs. female) and stated reason for weight gain (unhealthy lifestyle choices vs. inactivity due to the COVID-19 lockdown). Participants evaluated the patient on a series of binary adjectives (e.g., lazy/industrious), and completed measures assessing anti-fat attitudes (i.e., fear of becoming fat and belief in the controllability of weight), internalization of ideal standards of appearance, and BMI (i.e., self-reported weight and height). Contrary to our predictions, we found that overweight male and female patients were evaluated similarly regardless of whether their weight gain was attributable to unhealthy lifestyle choices or inactivity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, believing that one’s weight is controllable and internalizing general standards of attractiveness correlated positively with fat disparagement of the medical patients. Participants’ BMI and fear of fat, however, were negligibly related to fat disparagement. Possible explanations for our findings, implications for healthcare settings, and directions for future research are explored.
Full article

Figure A1
Open AccessArticle
Feminism and Its Associations with Weight Stigma, Body Image, and Disordered Eating: A Risk or Protective Factor?
by
Brooke L. Bennett, Allison F. Wagner, Rebecca M. Puhl, Alexis Lamere and Janet D. Latner
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020040 - 1 Jun 2025
Abstract
The feminist perspective is relevant to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disturbances in eating and body image. However, limited empirical research has explored the relationship between feminist identity and weight stigma. The present study examined the associations between feminist beliefs, externalized weight
[...] Read more.
The feminist perspective is relevant to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disturbances in eating and body image. However, limited empirical research has explored the relationship between feminist identity and weight stigma. The present study examined the associations between feminist beliefs, externalized weight bias, internalized weight bias, body image, and eating disturbances. Two hundred sixty-five racially and ethnically diverse young women were recruited from a university in the Pacific Rim. Participants completed questionnaires online and interrelationships were examined using a series of regressions. Externalized weight bias was significantly negatively associated with both feminist beliefs and identification as a feminist. However, stronger feminist beliefs and identity were significantly associated with higher internalized weight bias, worse body dissatisfaction, and greater incidence of eating disturbances. The results of the present study suggest that structural change driven by feminist values and principles may be effective for reducing weight bias and possibly other risk factors present in broader society but potentially less effective on an individual level. Longitudinal research is needed to confirm the direction of these relationships and to understand which components of feminist theory and feminist values can be most helpful in reducing weight bias on an individual level, while still addressing structural change.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Nutritional Care Process in Hospitalized Patients with Obesity-Related Multimorbidity
by
Tania Rivera-Carranza, Angélica León-Téllez Girón, Claudia Mimiaga-Hernádez and Adriana Aguilar-Vargas
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020039 - 23 May 2025
Abstract
Obesity-Related Multimorbidity (ORM) is understood as the group of secondary diseases caused by metabolic alterations that arise from obesity. Nowadays there is a growing incidence of people with ORM who seek health services. Since this condition substantially impacts nutritional status and therefore in
[...] Read more.
Obesity-Related Multimorbidity (ORM) is understood as the group of secondary diseases caused by metabolic alterations that arise from obesity. Nowadays there is a growing incidence of people with ORM who seek health services. Since this condition substantially impacts nutritional status and therefore in the survival prognosis during the hospital stay, ORM represents a challenge for health professionals. This forces doctors to specify nutritional recommendations according to clinical characteristics in individuals with obesity and types of comorbidities. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to present the current evidence-based recommendations that support the hospital nutritional care process for individuals with ORM. It concludes that nutritional treatment is complex and gaps in the research regarding this population group still exist. Because there are no specific guidelines for nutritional screening tools, calculating total energy requirements (alternatives to indirect calorimetry), determining fluid, protein, and immunonutrient requirements, the use of parenteral nutrition in ORM with kidney, liver, and heart failure and sarcopenic obesity that should be addressed in the new literature. For now, the standard practice in these cases is to prioritize the problem to be treated according to the maximum clinical benefit. Despite this, it is established that the nutritional care process must be systematic to be clear and objective. This document is addressed to all healthcare professionals who make up the multidisciplinary nutritional support team.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Prevention and Therapy)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Postpartum Depression: The Role of Gestational Weight and Adiposity, Prenatal Cortisol, Socioeconomic Resources, and Breastfeeding
by
Jasmin Kurien and Nicki L. Aubuchon-Endsley
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020038 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study examined the mediating role of prenatal cortisol on the relationship between gestational weight or adiposity and postpartum depression (PPD), while considering the moderating roles of breastfeeding (BF) or socioeconomic resources. We hypothesized that women with a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index
[...] Read more.
This study examined the mediating role of prenatal cortisol on the relationship between gestational weight or adiposity and postpartum depression (PPD), while considering the moderating roles of breastfeeding (BF) or socioeconomic resources. We hypothesized that women with a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (PPBMI) or a larger abdominal circumference would have elevated diurnal cortisol levels in late pregnancy, which would predict more PPD symptoms. Additionally, we hypothesized that BF and access to more socioeconomic resources would buffer the positive relationship between prenatal diurnal cortisol and PPD symptoms. We used longitudinal data from the Infant Development and Health Outcomes in Mothers Study, in which women self-reported PPBMI, BF frequency at 6 months, familial education, occupation, and income and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The abdominal circumference, cortisol area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG), and cortisol awakening response (CAR) were measured. Higher breastfeeding frequency and greater socioeconomic resources were associated with fewer PPD symptoms. There were main and interactive associations of AUCG with BF frequency with PPD. Notably, higher cortisol levels were linked to more PPD symptoms among women with less frequent BF. Thus, BF may mitigate the relationship between prenatal stress and PPD, highlighting the importance of BF support in PPD prevention.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Obesity: The Case of Italian Regions
by
Elena Grimaccia and Luciano Rota
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020037 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study examines the spatial and temporal evolution of obesity among adults in Italian regions. In Italy, regional administrative areas are responsible for providing health services. Moreover, Italian regions present different socioeconomic conditions and health and nutritional habits. As a result, a regional
[...] Read more.
This study examines the spatial and temporal evolution of obesity among adults in Italian regions. In Italy, regional administrative areas are responsible for providing health services. Moreover, Italian regions present different socioeconomic conditions and health and nutritional habits. As a result, a regional analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of obesity allows the identification of key areas for prevention and control, enabling the design of more targeted and effective interventions. In this study, the geographic clustering of obesity in Italy was explored by analyzing the local spatial autocorrelation of regional-level prevalence rates of adulthood obesity between 2010 and 2022, updating and expanding the existing literature. Data from the Health For All repository are analyzed to determine distribution patterns and trends, employing choropleth maps, Moran’s Index and Welch’s t-test. Gender inequalities have been underlined both in the spatial and temporal distribution. Results show that obesity exhibits spatial clustering, with greater severity in the south. During the period under analysis, obesity prevalence rates in Italy show a tendency to grow, with a sharp increase during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Strategies to Reduce the Consumption of Foods and Drinks with High Sugar Content in the UK: A Rapid Review Approach
by
Daniel Agboola Ogundijo and Ayten Aylin Tas
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020036 - 17 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Excessive sugar consumption has been reported to be associated with various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dental problems. In the UK, effective strategies have been implemented to reduce sugar intake, including the Change4Life Sugar Smart campaign, product reformulation, traffic
[...] Read more.
Excessive sugar consumption has been reported to be associated with various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dental problems. In the UK, effective strategies have been implemented to reduce sugar intake, including the Change4Life Sugar Smart campaign, product reformulation, traffic light labelling, portion control, and the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL). This review of empirical studies (n = 11) shows that product reformulation, especially in beverages and packaged foods, is effective, as consumers can prefer reduced-sugar alternatives when clearly labelled. The UK traffic light labelling scheme and portion control were also reported to help consumers make informed, healthier food choices. The SDIL, introduced in 2018, was also found to significantly lower sugary beverage consumption. While progress is evident, further nutrition education, public awareness, particularly for people with low socioeconomic status, and more comprehensive policies for long-term positive dietary behavioural shift are essential to limit diseases and conditions associated with high sugar consumption. Future research must evaluate the combined effects of these interventions and examine their long-term effectiveness across diverse population groups.
Full article

Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Lycium barbarum for Health and Longevity: A Review of Its Biological Significance
by
Tao Zhang, Elena-Alexandra Alexa, Gavin Liu, Alois Berisha, Rhys Walsh and Robbie Kelleher
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020035 - 16 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum), commonly known as goji berry, is a functional food recognised for its diverse phytochemical composition and health benefits, particularly in metabolic health and disease prevention. This review explores its phytochemistry, focusing on polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids,
[...] Read more.
Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum), commonly known as goji berry, is a functional food recognised for its diverse phytochemical composition and health benefits, particularly in metabolic health and disease prevention. This review explores its phytochemistry, focusing on polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, which contribute to its extensive biological activities. L. barbarum polysaccharides, the primary bioactive components, exhibit antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and glycaemic-regulating properties, making them promising candidates for managing obesity-related metabolic disorders. Carotenoids, particularly zeaxanthin, play a key role in ocular health, while polyphenols and alkaloids enhance antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects. The biological properties of L. barbarum span metabolic health, cardiovascular function, and glycaemic control, alongside neuroprotection and cancer prevention. Its prebiotic effects on gut microbiota modulation offer additional benefits in managing obesity and associated complications. Furthermore, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities support its role in alleviating oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, common in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Despite robust preclinical evidence, further studies are needed to validate its safety, efficacy, and long-term potential in human populations. This review highlights L. barbarum’s promising applications as a nutraceutical and therapeutic agent, particularly for metabolic and obesity-related health challenges.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Assessment of Body Mass Index for Obesity Diagnosis in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
by
Jorge Alejandro Ayala San Pedro, Dylani Rosa Avila Salcedo, Livia Magdalena Martínez Borja and Elizabeth Castillo Montufar
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020034 - 13 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The diagnosis of obesity is conventionally determined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), with a threshold of 30 being extensively accepted. However, the validity of this cutoff point is subject to variation due to ethnic differences, and its accuracy in the Mexican population
[...] Read more.
The diagnosis of obesity is conventionally determined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), with a threshold of 30 being extensively accepted. However, the validity of this cutoff point is subject to variation due to ethnic differences, and its accuracy in the Mexican population remains unvalidated. This cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study endeavored to assess the diagnostic performance of BMIs ≥ 30 in comparison to body fat determination using bioimpedance. A total of 715 Mexican adults, aged over 18 years were analyzed. Anthropometric measurements, including weight, height, and BMI, were recorded, and body fat percentage was assessed. The results showed that BMIs ≥ 30 had a sensitivity of 62.4%, a specificity of 93.9%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 95.5%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 54%. In contrast, a BMI cut-off of ≥27 demonstrated superior diagnostic performance, with a sensitivity of 81.3%, specificity of 82.5%, PPV of 90.8%, and NPV of 67.3%. The chi-square test revealed a significant difference in obesity diagnosis between bioimpedance and BMIs ≥ 30 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the current BMI cutoff of ≥30 underestimates obesity diagnosis, while a cutoff of ≥27 may provide a more accurate diagnostic threshold, emphasizing the necessity for population-specific adjustments.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Spatial Analysis of Metabolic Equivalents of Task Among Females in Urban and Rural Ghana
by
Sally Sonia Simmons
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020033 - 3 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
(1) Background: Spatial energy expenditure patterns, driven by physical activity, particularly among females, remain underexplored in Ghana. This study, therefore, investigates spatial energy expenditure clustering or dispersion patterns using metabolic equivalents of task (METs) values among Ghanaian females across rural and urban areas.
[...] Read more.
(1) Background: Spatial energy expenditure patterns, driven by physical activity, particularly among females, remain underexplored in Ghana. This study, therefore, investigates spatial energy expenditure clustering or dispersion patterns using metabolic equivalents of task (METs) values among Ghanaian females across rural and urban areas. (2) Methods: Using 13,799 data from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, METs values were assigned to self-reported occupation categories as proxies for physical activity. Global and local spatial autocorrelation metrics (Queen contiguity and Moran’s I) were employed to assess spatial clustering or dispersion of METs values across the 16 administrative regions. (3) Results: Rural females reported higher METs (mean = 3.35 ± 1.627) and lower BMI (23.476 ± 3.888) than urban females (METs: mean = 2.42 ± 1.208, BMI: 25.313 ± 4.854). There was a significant but weak global spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I = 0.003, p-value = 0.001), with stronger clustering observed in rural (Moran’s I = 0.004, p-value = 0.001) than in urban areas (Moran’s I = 0.002, p-value = 0.002). Also, High–High clusters were prevalent in the Northern, Savannah and Northeast regions particularly due to the lingering labour-intensive occupations as compared to Low–Low clusters in the Eastern and Greater Accra regions where jobs are often desk-based and sedentary. (4) Conclusions: Given the revealed geographic heterogeneity (High–High and Low–Low clustering) of female energy expenditure in Ghana, there is a need for regionally tailored health policies targeting physical inactivity and its associated risks.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Sleep Quality in Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
by
Kittibhum Kawinchotpaisan, Charnsiri Segsarnviriya and Phawit Norchai
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020032 - 1 May 2025
Abstract
Background: Obesity adversely affects sleep quality through mechanisms such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hormonal imbalances that disrupt the circadian rhythm. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) helps reduce fat, inflammation, and stress, which in turn leads to improvements in deep and restful sleep.
[...] Read more.
Background: Obesity adversely affects sleep quality through mechanisms such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hormonal imbalances that disrupt the circadian rhythm. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) helps reduce fat, inflammation, and stress, which in turn leads to improvements in deep and restful sleep. Method: This study aimed to examine the effects of HIIT on sleep quality in obese patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing obese patients undergoing HIIT with control groups and assessing sleep quality via subjective measures such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and objective assessments were included. Result: Eight eligible studies were identified, with six included in the meta-analysis, comprising a total of 191 participants. The analysis revealed that HIIT significantly improved overall sleep quality, as evidenced by a reduction in PSQI scores (mean difference, −3.51; 95% CI (−4.78, −2.25); p < 0.001). Significant improvements were also observed in PSQI subscales, including sleep duration (mean difference, −0.42; 95% CI (−0.58, −0.26); p < 0.001), habitual sleep efficiency (mean difference, −0.32; 95% CI (−0.59, −0.05); p = 0.02), and daytime dysfunction (mean difference, −0.66; 95% CI (−1.27, −0.05); p = 0.03). Moreover, HIIT led to a notable reduction in OSA severity, as reflected by lower Apnea–Hypopnea Index (AHI) scores (mean difference, −28.31, 95% CI (−34.39, −22.22); p < 0.001). Conclusion: HIIT significantly improves sleep quality in obese patients and reduces the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Further long-term studies with improved control of confounding factors are recommended to validate and strengthen these findings.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Prevention and Therapy)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Combining Shockwaves or Radiofrequency with Aerobic Exercise on Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Lipid Mobilization: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by
Leila Marques, Joana Neves, Ana Pereira, Ana Santiago, Sara Troia, Rui Vilarinho, Maria Manuela Amorim and Andreia Noites
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020031 - 1 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Reducing abdominal subcutaneous fat is a common concern among women, with evidence suggesting that combining aerobic exercise with external shock waves or radiofrequency may enhance fat reduction. This study aimed to assess the effects of six sessions of external shock wave therapy or
[...] Read more.
Reducing abdominal subcutaneous fat is a common concern among women, with evidence suggesting that combining aerobic exercise with external shock waves or radiofrequency may enhance fat reduction. This study aimed to assess the effects of six sessions of external shock wave therapy or radiofrequency combined with an aerobic exercise program on abdominal subcutaneous fat and lipid mobilization, compared to the effects of an aerobic exercise program alone. Thirty-one women (aged 18–60) were randomly assigned to three groups: EG1 (shockwave therapy + aerobic exercise), EG2 (radiofrequency + aerobic exercise), and CG (aerobic exercise only). Body composition measures, mean temperature, adipose tissue thickness, lipid profile, and glycerol and interleukin-6 levels were assessed before and after intervention. A significant decrease in the EG groups compared to the CG was observed in the subcutaneous abdominal thickness (p < 0.001, effect size of η2p = 0.446) and waist–hip ratio (p ≤ 0.001, effect size of η2p = 0.408). No significant changes were verified in the levels of lipolytic activity, lipid profile, and interleukine-6. Six sessions of shockwave or radiofrequency therapy combined with aerobic exercise reduced subcutaneous fat thickness and improved hip–waist ratio more effectively than aerobic exercise alone, without affecting lipid mobilization by changes in lipid profile, lipolytic activity, or interleukin-6 levels.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Alternative Dietary Strategies to Modulate Obesity and Improve Metabolic Health in Aging: A Comparative Narrative Review
by
Antonio Fernando Murillo-Cancho, David Lozano-Paniagua and Bruno José Nievas-Soriano
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020030 - 1 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In aging, chronic diseases such as obesity accelerate metabolic dysfunction through chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. This review compared three different dietary strategies to evaluate their mechanisms and benefits for metabolic health and longevity. A comprehensive database search was conducted, selecting studies in
[...] Read more.
In aging, chronic diseases such as obesity accelerate metabolic dysfunction through chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. This review compared three different dietary strategies to evaluate their mechanisms and benefits for metabolic health and longevity. A comprehensive database search was conducted, selecting studies in animal models and in humans with or without obesity which have been published since 2004. Fasting-mimicking diets reduce IGF-1, promote autophagy, and improve insulin sensitivity, although long-term adherence remains a challenge. Time-restricted feeding synchronizes food intake with circadian rhythms, benefiting inflammation, glycemic control, and body composition. Protein and amino acid restriction, particularly methionine and branched-chain amino acids, modulates mTOR and reduces oxidative stress but requires adjustments in older adults. According to the available evidence, each intervention offers a non-invasive and adaptive approach to mitigating the effects of aging, provided it is applied in a personalized manner with appropriate follow-up.
Full article

Graphical abstract
Open AccessSystematic Review
Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects
by
Robert F. Kushner, Odd Erik Johansen, Krysmaru Araujo Torres, Trà-Mi Phan and Agnieszka Marczewska
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020029 - 24 Apr 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Background/Objectives: Obesity is a chronic, progressive, recurrent disease associated with impaired health, affecting an increasing proportion of the population worldwide. Newer-generation incretin-based therapies (IBTs) (liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide) have shown greater efficacy than older anti-obesity medications. This systematic literature review provides an overview
[...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Obesity is a chronic, progressive, recurrent disease associated with impaired health, affecting an increasing proportion of the population worldwide. Newer-generation incretin-based therapies (IBTs) (liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide) have shown greater efficacy than older anti-obesity medications. This systematic literature review provides an overview of the evidence on the symptomatic adverse events (AEs) and patient-reported outcomes of IBTs to facilitate clinical decision-making. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using a predefined search strategy to identify controlled trials and real-world evidence (RWE) studies assessing IBTs. Results: Among 4414 publications identified, 81 (>400,000 participants) were included. Liraglutide (n = 49), semaglutide (n = 34), and tirzepatide (n = 7) were used in 48 clinical and 33 RWE studies. Gastrointestinal (GI) AEs were most common: placebo-subtracted incidences were 5–39% for nausea, −7–39% for diarrhea, 2–31% for constipation, 0–26% for vomiting, and 2–20% for abdominal pain, with no clear difference across IBTs. Most AEs were mild or moderate and mainly occurred during dose escalation. Quality of life outcomes were reported in 27 publications and generally showed improvements with IBTs. Conclusions: This study confirms that GI AEs are common with IBTs. Clinicians should keep the AE profile of IBTs in mind and consider where additional preventative measures may be required.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Anthropometric and Body Composition Changes After Bariatric Surgery—The Effect of Sex, Age, and Type of Surgery
by
Rita Soares Guerra, Cíntia Pinho-Reis, Ana Sofia Sousa, Joana Mendes and Cláudia Silva
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020028 - 22 Apr 2025
Abstract
The rise in obesity and its associated health problems increases the need for therapeutic approaches such as bariatric surgery. Therefore, this study aims to explore the changes in the anthropometric and body composition characteristics of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A retrospective longitudinal study
[...] Read more.
The rise in obesity and its associated health problems increases the need for therapeutic approaches such as bariatric surgery. Therefore, this study aims to explore the changes in the anthropometric and body composition characteristics of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted in subjects ≥ 18 y who underwent bariatric surgery and attended one nutrition appointment before and after surgery. Information on their sex, age, weight, fat mass (kg and %), fat-free mass (kg and %), and skeletal muscle mass, obtained using bioelectrical impedance, and on their waist circumferences was collected. Their BMIs and skeletal muscle mass indexes were calculated. The differences in the anthropometric and body composition parameters between pre- and post-surgery were also calculated. The participants were grouped by sex, age groups (18–44 y and 45–69), and type of surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and gastric sleeve). The variables are presented as n (%) and as means (SDs) or medians (interquartile ranges). Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney test were employed (p < 0.05). The sample consisted of 57 subjects (aged 18–69 years; 75% women). Between the pre- and post-surgical periods (63 (42) days), their weight (mean: 103.0 (SD: 16.3) kg vs. 91.2 (14.2) kg, p < 0.001); BMIs (37.9 (4.2) kg/m2 vs. 33.6 (4.1) kg/m2, p < 0.001); waist circumferences (116.2 (12.4) cm vs. 105.7 (12.3) cm, p < 0.001); % fat mass (45.5 (6.0) vs. 41.0 (8.0), p < 0.001); skeletal muscle mass (32.8 (7.4) kg vs. 30.3 (6.5) kg, p < 0.001); and skeletal muscle mass indexes (12.0 (1.8) kg/m2 vs. 11.1 (1.7) kg/m2, p < 0.001) decreased; meanwhile, their % fat-free mass increased (54.7 (6.0) vs. 59.0 (8.0), p < 0.001). Most of these changes occurred regardless of sex, age, or type of surgery. Shortly after bariatric surgery, patients show a better nutritional status and body composition.
Full article
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Behavioral Sciences, Children, Healthcare, IJERPH, JFMK, Obesities
The Effect of Physical Activity on the Population's Health
Topic Editors: Stefania Paduano, Federica ValerianiDeadline: 31 July 2025
Topic in
Geriatrics, IJMS, Life, Sports, Neurology International, Obesities
Exercise and Human Aging: Physiological and Psychological Functions
Topic Editors: Samuel Da Silva Aguiar, Ismael Perez-SuarezDeadline: 20 September 2026
Topic in
Dietetics, Nutrients, Obesities, Diseases, IJMS, Metabolites
Dietary Habits in Liver Health and Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Topic Editors: Evelyn Nunes Goulart Da Silva Pereira, Rosane Harter Griep, Anissa DaliryDeadline: 31 December 2026

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Obesities
Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Prevention and Therapy
Guest Editor: Carmine FinelliDeadline: 30 June 2025
Special Issue in
Obesities
The Impact of Food Compounds on Obesity Mechanisms
Guest Editor: Nobuyuki TakahashiDeadline: 30 November 2025
Special Issue in
Obesities
How to Prevent Obesity and Inflammatory Disease 2025
Guest Editor: Sara BaldassanoDeadline: 31 December 2025
Special Issue in
Obesities
Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Prevention and Therapy 2026
Guest Editor: Carmine FinelliDeadline: 30 June 2026