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Article

Sulforaphane Prevents Cadmium Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans

by
Estefani Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz
1,*,
Elí Juárez-Peredo
1,
Karla Alejandra Avendaño-Briseño
1,2,
Jorge Escutia-Martínez
1,2,
Karla Jaqueline Ramírez-Magaña
1,3,
Tania Gómez-Sierra
1 and
José Pedraza-Chaverri
1,*
1
Laboratory F-315, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
2
Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
3
Graduate Program in Biochemical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Oxygen 2025, 5(3), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5030015
Submission received: 10 June 2025 / Revised: 26 July 2025 / Accepted: 29 July 2025 / Published: 31 July 2025
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Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that disrupts development and reproduction, primarily through oxidative stress. In this context, sulforaphane (SFN), an antioxidant compound, may serve as a promising agent to counteract Cd-induced oxidative damage and prevent developmental and reproductive abnormalities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SFN on reproductive toxicity induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Five experimental groups were established: (I) Control: no treatment, (II) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): 48 h with 0.01% DMSO, (III) CdCl2: 24 h with 4600 µM CdCl2, (IV) SFN + CdCl2: 24 h with 100 µM SFN followed by 24 h with both SFN and CdCl2, and (V) SFN: 48 h with 100 µM SFN. Co-exposure to SFN and CdCl2 prevented the reduction in the percentage of adult nematodes and increased egg-laying. It also significantly improved hatching rates, allowing more embryos to reach the larval stage, and prevented reductions in body size. However, no effects were observed on glutathione S-transferase-4 (GST-4) levels in the transgenic CL2166 strain. In conclusion, SFN substantially prevents Cd-induced reproductive toxicity in C. elegans. Future studies should investigate the molecular mechanisms by which SFN enhances egg-laying and offspring viability in this model.
Keywords: reproductive toxicity; cadmium; sulforaphane; Caenorhabditis elegans; heavy metals reproductive toxicity; cadmium; sulforaphane; Caenorhabditis elegans; heavy metals

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hernández-Cruz, E.Y.; Juárez-Peredo, E.; Avendaño-Briseño, K.A.; Escutia-Martínez, J.; Ramírez-Magaña, K.J.; Gómez-Sierra, T.; Pedraza-Chaverri, J. Sulforaphane Prevents Cadmium Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Oxygen 2025, 5, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5030015

AMA Style

Hernández-Cruz EY, Juárez-Peredo E, Avendaño-Briseño KA, Escutia-Martínez J, Ramírez-Magaña KJ, Gómez-Sierra T, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Sulforaphane Prevents Cadmium Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Oxygen. 2025; 5(3):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5030015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hernández-Cruz, Estefani Yaquelin, Elí Juárez-Peredo, Karla Alejandra Avendaño-Briseño, Jorge Escutia-Martínez, Karla Jaqueline Ramírez-Magaña, Tania Gómez-Sierra, and José Pedraza-Chaverri. 2025. "Sulforaphane Prevents Cadmium Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans" Oxygen 5, no. 3: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5030015

APA Style

Hernández-Cruz, E. Y., Juárez-Peredo, E., Avendaño-Briseño, K. A., Escutia-Martínez, J., Ramírez-Magaña, K. J., Gómez-Sierra, T., & Pedraza-Chaverri, J. (2025). Sulforaphane Prevents Cadmium Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Oxygen, 5(3), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5030015

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