Abstract
Bush encroachment is an increasing challenge in African savanna protected areas, negatively affecting wildlife visibility, tourism experiences, habitat quality, and conservation costs. Vachellia zanzibarica woody plant is among of the bush encroachers, that alter open savanna structure by forming dense thickets. This study evaluated stakeholders’ perceptions of the effects of V. zanzibarica encroachment on wildlife tourism, conservation and management responses. Also estimated the cost of mechanical clearing in Nyerere National Park, Tanzania. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to tourists and interviews with key informants. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, structural equation modelling, and thematic analysis, while clearing costs were estimated from labour cost, fuel, equipment maintenance, and chainsaw acquisition for the years 2023/2024 and 2025/2026. More than 95% of respondents agreed that V. zanzibarica encroachment reduces wildlife visibility, accessibility, scenic viewing opportunities, tourism attractiveness, and habitat quality. The structural equation model showed acceptable fit, but relationships among perceived consequences, tourism experience, and management perceptions were weak, indicating distinct perception dimensions. Mechanical clearing expanded substantially between the two financial years, with increased operational costs per hectare. The study highlights the need to address V. zanzibarica encroachment through targeted clearing, ecological monitoring, and cost-effective management strategies.