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Electrochem, Volume 2, Issue 3 (September 2021) – 8 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Sulfide solid-state electrolytes are important components for the development of high-performance all-solid-state batteries, because of their high ionic conductivity and deformability. However, significant challenges still remain. They form unstable interfaces and interphases in contact with electrodes, leading to battery performance degradation. In this review article, we provide an overview of the key issues and recent progress on interfacial instabilities in sulfide solid-state electrolyte systems, from the three points of view as follows: (i) Interfaces/interphases with Li metal anode, (ii) Li-dendrite penetration, and (iii) Interfaces/interphases in cathode composite. Furthermore, we provide insights into the potential directions of future research in this field. View this paper.
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15 pages, 8710 KiB  
Article
Electrodeposition of Cu-Mn Films as Precursor Alloys for the Synthesis of Nanoporous Cu
by Ezer Castillo and Nikolay Dimitrov
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 520-533; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030033 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3400
Abstract
Cu-Mn alloy films are electrodeposited on Au substrates as precursor alloys for the synthesis of fine-structured nanoporous Cu structures. The alloys are deposited galvanostatically in a solution containing ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, which serves as a source of [...] Read more.
Cu-Mn alloy films are electrodeposited on Au substrates as precursor alloys for the synthesis of fine-structured nanoporous Cu structures. The alloys are deposited galvanostatically in a solution containing ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, which serves as a source of the ammine ligand that complexes with Cu, thereby decreasing the inherent standard reduction potential difference between Cu and Mn. The formation of the [Cu(NH3)n]2+ complex was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopic and voltammetric studies. Galvanostatic deposition at current densities ranging from 100 to 200 mA⋅cm−2 generally resulted in the formation of type I, crystalline coatings as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Although the deposition current efficiency is (<30%) generally low, the atomic composition (determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) of the deposited alloys range from 70–85 at% Mn, which is controlled by simply adjusting the ratio of the metal ion concentrations in the deposition bath. Anodic stripping characterization revealed a three-stage dissolution of the deposited alloys, which suggests control over the selective removal of Mn. The composition of the alloys obtained in the studies are ideal for electrochemical dealloying to form nanoporous Cu. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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31 pages, 8393 KiB  
Review
Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Nanocomposites Applied in Electrochemical Sensors: A Recent Survey
by Murilo H. M. Facure, Rodrigo Schneider, Jessica B. S. Lima, Luiza A. Mercante and Daniel S. Correa
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 490-519; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030032 - 6 Sep 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7113
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been widely investigated in recent years due to their outstanding physicochemical properties. Their remarkable characteristics allied to their capability of being easily synthesized and combined with other materials have allowed their use as electrochemical sensing platforms. In this [...] Read more.
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been widely investigated in recent years due to their outstanding physicochemical properties. Their remarkable characteristics allied to their capability of being easily synthesized and combined with other materials have allowed their use as electrochemical sensing platforms. In this work, we survey recent applications of GQDs-based nanocomposites in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Firstly, the main characteristics and synthesis methods of GQDs are addressed. Next, the strategies generally used to obtain the GQDs nanocomposites are discussed. Emphasis is given on the applications of GQDs combined with distinct 0D, 1D, 2D nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), ionic liquids, as well as other types of materials, in varied electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detecting analytes of environmental, medical, and agricultural interest. We also discuss the current trends and challenges towards real applications of GQDs in electrochemical sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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18 pages, 6596 KiB  
Article
Light in Electrochemistry
by Hiroya Abe, Tomoki Iwama and Yuanyuan Guo
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 472-489; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030031 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4020
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents an important analytical technique used to acquire and assess chemical information in detail, which can aid fundamental investigations in various fields, such as biological studies. For example, electrochemistry can be used as simple and cost-effective means for bio-marker tracing in applications, [...] Read more.
Electrochemistry represents an important analytical technique used to acquire and assess chemical information in detail, which can aid fundamental investigations in various fields, such as biological studies. For example, electrochemistry can be used as simple and cost-effective means for bio-marker tracing in applications, such as health monitoring and food security screening. In combination with light, powerful spatially-resolved applications in both the investigation and manipulation of biochemical reactions begin to unfold. In this article, we focus primarily on light-addressable electrochemistry based on semiconductor materials and light-readable electrochemistry enabled by electrochemiluminescence (ECL). In addition, the emergence of multiplexed and imaging applications will also be introduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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20 pages, 6968 KiB  
Review
Review on Interface and Interphase Issues in Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries
by Young-Woon Byeon and Haegyeom Kim
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 452-471; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030030 - 2 Aug 2021
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 10070
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional Li-ion batteries owing to their higher energy density and safety, which stem from their use of inorganic solid-state electrolytes instead of flammable organic liquid electrolytes. Among various candidates, sulfide solid-state electrolytes are particularly promising [...] Read more.
All-solid-state batteries have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional Li-ion batteries owing to their higher energy density and safety, which stem from their use of inorganic solid-state electrolytes instead of flammable organic liquid electrolytes. Among various candidates, sulfide solid-state electrolytes are particularly promising for the development of high-energy all-solid-state Li metal batteries because of their high ionic conductivity and deformability. However, a significant challenge remains as their inherent instability in contact with electrodes forms unstable interfaces and interphases, leading to degradation of the battery performance. In this review article, we provide an overview of the key issues for the interfaces and interphases of sulfide solid-state electrolyte systems as well as recent progress in understanding such interface and interphase formation and potential solutions to stabilize them. In addition, we provide perspectives on future research directions in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 19717 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Nickel Fumarate and Its Electrochemical Properties for Li-Ion Batteries
by Shahul A. Hameed, Shaikshavali Petnikota, Nusyba S. Hassan, Siham Y. Al-Qaradawi, Zaghib Karim and M. V. Reddy
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 439-451; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030029 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3567
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have found a potential application in various domains such as gas storage/separation, drug delivery, catalysis, etc. Recently, they have found considerable attention for energy storage applications such as Li- and Na-ion batteries. However, the development of MOFs is plagued by [...] Read more.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have found a potential application in various domains such as gas storage/separation, drug delivery, catalysis, etc. Recently, they have found considerable attention for energy storage applications such as Li- and Na-ion batteries. However, the development of MOFs is plagued by their limited energy density that arises from high molecular weight and low volumetric density. The choice of ligand plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the MOFs. Here, we report a nickel-based one-dimensional metal-organic framework, NiC4H2O4, built from bidentate fumarate ligands for anode application in Li-ion batteries. The material was obtained by a simple chimie douce precipitation method using nickel acetate and fumaric acid. Moreover, a composite material of the MOF with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared to enhance the lithium storage performance as the rGO can enhance the electronic conductivity. Electrochemical lithium storage in the framework and the effect of rGO on the performance have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements, and EIS studies. The pristine nickel formate encounters serious capacity fading while the rGO composite offers good cycling stability with high reversible capacities of over 800 mAh g1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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12 pages, 2479 KiB  
Article
A Disposable Saliva Electrochemical MIP-Based Biosensor for Detection of the Stress Biomarker α-Amylase in Point-of-Care Applications
by Tânia S. C. R. Rebelo, Inês M. Miranda, Ana T. S. C. Brandão, Laura I. G. Sousa, José A. Ribeiro, António F. Silva and Carlos M. Pereira
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 427-438; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030028 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5676
Abstract
The design and synthesis of artificial receptors based on molecular imprinting (MI) technology for the development of a new MIP-based biosensor for detection of the stress biomarker α-amylase in human saliva in point-of-care (PoC) applications is described in this work. The portable electrochemical [...] Read more.
The design and synthesis of artificial receptors based on molecular imprinting (MI) technology for the development of a new MIP-based biosensor for detection of the stress biomarker α-amylase in human saliva in point-of-care (PoC) applications is described in this work. The portable electrochemical devices for monitoring α-amylase consists of cost-effective and disposable gold screen-printed electrodes (AuSPEs). To build the electrochemical device, the template biomolecule was firstly immobilized directly over the working area of the gold chip previously activated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of cysteamine (CA). Then, pyrrole (Py) monomer was selected as building block of a polymeric network prepared by CV electropolymerization. After the electropolymerization process, the enzyme was removed from the polymer film in order to build the specific recognition sites for the target enzyme. The MIP biosensor showed a very wide linear concentration range (between 3.0 × 10−4 to 0.60 mg mL−1 in buffer solution and between 3.0 × 10−4 to 3.0 × 10−2 mg mL−1 in human saliva) and low detection levels were achieved (LOD < 3.0 × 10−4 mg mL−1) using square wave voltammetry (SWV) as the electroanalytical technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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12 pages, 17466 KiB  
Article
Reduction of Cd(II) Ions in the Presence of Tetraethylammonium Cations. Adsorption Effect on the Electrode Process
by Juan Torrent-Burgués
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 415-426; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030027 - 23 Jul 2021
Viewed by 2754
Abstract
The effect of the adsorption of tetraethylammonium (TEA) cations, which present both ionic and organic characteristics, on the reduction of Cd(II) ions have been studied from dc and ac measurements at the dropping mercury electrode. The resistance to the charge transfer (Rct) and [...] Read more.
The effect of the adsorption of tetraethylammonium (TEA) cations, which present both ionic and organic characteristics, on the reduction of Cd(II) ions have been studied from dc and ac measurements at the dropping mercury electrode. The resistance to the charge transfer (Rct) and Warburg coefficient (σ) parameters have been determined through impedance measurements. Thus, the global velocity constant has been obtained. The reduction process of Cd(II) in perchloric media is reversible and is affected by the adsorption of TEA cations, especially at high TEA concentrations. Values of E1/2, half wave potential, and DO, diffusion coefficient, obtained from both dc and ac measurements agree. The velocity constants show a decrease as TEA concentration increases, with values ranging from 0.6 to 0.01 cm·s−1. The inhibitory effect of TEA adsorption on the electrode process and the relationship between electrode coverage, θ, and velocity constants, K, using several isotherm equations, have been discussed. The best fit was obtained with the equation K = 0K(1 − θ)a with an a value close to three, indicating a blocking effect and electrostatic repulsion due to TEA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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25 pages, 4655 KiB  
Review
Crystal Structure and Preparation of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Solid-State Electrolyte and Doping Impacts on the Conductivity: An Overview
by Md Mozammal Raju, Fadhilah Altayran, Michael Johnson, Danling Wang and Qifeng Zhang
Electrochem 2021, 2(3), 390-414; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2030026 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 21685
Abstract
As an essential part of solid-state lithium-ion batteries, solid electrolytes are receiving increasing interest. Among all solid electrolytes, garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has proven to be one of the most promising electrolytes because of its high ionic [...] Read more.
As an essential part of solid-state lithium-ion batteries, solid electrolytes are receiving increasing interest. Among all solid electrolytes, garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has proven to be one of the most promising electrolytes because of its high ionic conductivity at room temperature, low activation energy, good chemical and electrochemical stability, and wide potential window. Since the first report of LLZO, extensive research has been done in both experimental investigations and theoretical simulations aiming to improve its performance and make LLZO a feasible solid electrolyte. These include developing different methods for the synthesis of LLZO, using different crucibles and different sintering temperatures to stabilize the crystal structure, and adopting different methods of cation doping to achieve more stable LLZO with a higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy. It also includes intensive efforts made to reveal the mechanism of Li ion movement and understand its determination of the ionic conductivity of the material through molecular dynamic simulations. Nonetheless, more insightful study is expected in order to obtain LLZO with a higher ionic conductivity at room temperature and further improve chemical and electrochemical stability, while optimal multiple doping is thought to be a feasible and promising route. This review summarizes recent progress in the investigations of crystal structure and preparation of LLZO, and the impacts of doping on the lithium ionic conductivity of LLZO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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