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AgriEngineering
Volume 8
Issue 9
10.3390/agriengineering8090399
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Article

Hybrid Passive–Active Cooling Using a Single Closed Two-Phase Cooling System Integrated with Forced Aeration for Thermal Stabilization and Humidity Control in Paddy Storage

by
Wirote Ritthong
1,2,3,
P. V. Elumalai
4,
Sookjai Promprasansuk
2,
Khongdet Phasinam
1,2,
Naphat Albutt
3 and
Pongthep Poungthong
5,*
1
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Pathumthani University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
2
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shinawatra University, Pathum Thani 12160, Thailand
3
Faculty of Engineering, Bangkok Thonburi University, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aditya University, Surampalem 533437, India
5
Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
AgriEngineering 2026, 8(9), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8090399 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 19 August 2026 / Revised: 5 September 2026 / Accepted: 14 September 2026 / Published: 20 September 2026
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Abstract

A major problem in tropical regions is maintaining stable thermal and moisture conditions during paddy storage. High ambient temperatures can accelerate grain deterioration and compromise storage quality. This study proposes a hybrid passive–active cooling strategy that integrates a single closed two-phase cooling (SCTPC) system with controlled forced aeration to improve the thermal stability of stored paddy. Unlike conventional storage systems, the proposed configuration combines passive two-phase heat transfer with forced convection to enhance heat removal and reduce moisture stratification. The effect of the load-matched SCTPC configurations on cooling performance and intergranular air humidity distribution was studied experimentally under four storage conditions and three grain loads. The integrated configuration consistently provided lower temperatures and reduced relative humidity stratification than the individual cooling methods, with a maximum 24 h mean intergranular air temperature (MIAT) reduction of approximately 4.4 °C relative to the corresponding ambient condition. A comparison with the representative literature showed that the proposed system performed within established engineering performance ranges. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the combined configuration for short-term laboratory-scale thermal and relative humidity control; however, the airflow field showed measurable spatial variability, and energy efficiency, long-term storage performance, and commercial-scale applicability were not directly evaluated.
Keywords: hybrid passive–active cooling; single closed two-phase cooling; two-phase closed thermosyphon; forced aeration; paddy storage hybrid passive–active cooling; single closed two-phase cooling; two-phase closed thermosyphon; forced aeration; paddy storage

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ritthong, W.; Elumalai, P.V.; Promprasansuk, S.; Phasinam, K.; Albutt, N.; Poungthong, P. Hybrid Passive–Active Cooling Using a Single Closed Two-Phase Cooling System Integrated with Forced Aeration for Thermal Stabilization and Humidity Control in Paddy Storage. AgriEngineering 2026, 8, 399. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8090399

AMA Style

Ritthong W, Elumalai PV, Promprasansuk S, Phasinam K, Albutt N, Poungthong P. Hybrid Passive–Active Cooling Using a Single Closed Two-Phase Cooling System Integrated with Forced Aeration for Thermal Stabilization and Humidity Control in Paddy Storage. AgriEngineering. 2026; 8(9):399. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8090399

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ritthong, Wirote, P. V. Elumalai, Sookjai Promprasansuk, Khongdet Phasinam, Naphat Albutt, and Pongthep Poungthong. 2026. "Hybrid Passive–Active Cooling Using a Single Closed Two-Phase Cooling System Integrated with Forced Aeration for Thermal Stabilization and Humidity Control in Paddy Storage" AgriEngineering 8, no. 9: 399. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8090399

APA Style

Ritthong, W., Elumalai, P. V., Promprasansuk, S., Phasinam, K., Albutt, N., & Poungthong, P. (2026). Hybrid Passive–Active Cooling Using a Single Closed Two-Phase Cooling System Integrated with Forced Aeration for Thermal Stabilization and Humidity Control in Paddy Storage. AgriEngineering, 8(9), 399. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8090399

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