Smart Cities

30 pages, 4151 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Literature Review on Flow Data-Based Techniques for Automated Leak Management in Water Distribution Systems

by Gopika Rajan and Songnian Li

Smart Cities 2025, 8(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030078 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Smart cities integrate advanced technologies, data-driven decision-making, and interconnected infrastructure to enhance urban living and resource efficiency. Among these, Smart Water Management (SWM) is crucial for optimizing water distribution and reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW) losses, a persistent challenge for utilities worldwide. Water leaks [...] Read more.

Smart cities integrate advanced technologies, data-driven decision-making, and interconnected infrastructure to enhance urban living and resource efficiency. Among these, Smart Water Management (SWM) is crucial for optimizing water distribution and reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW) losses, a persistent challenge for utilities worldwide. Water leaks contribute significantly to NRW, necessitating real-time leak detection and management systems to minimize detection time and human effort. Achieving this requires seamless integration of SWM technologies, including advanced metering infrastructure, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). While previous studies have explored various leak detection techniques, many lack a focused analysis of real-time data integration and automated alerts in SWM systems. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) addresses this gap by examining advancements in automatic data collection, leak detection models, and real-time alert mechanisms. The findings highlight the growing potential of data-driven approaches to enhance leak detection accuracy and efficiency, particularly those leveraging flow and pressure data. Despite advancements, model accuracy, scalability, and real-world applicability remain. This review provides critical insights for future research, guiding the development of automated, AI-driven leak management systems to improve water distribution, minimize losses, and enhance sustainability in smart cities. Full article

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36 pages, 22748 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Road to Intelligent Cities

by João Carlos N. Bittencourt, Thiago C. Jesus, João Paulo Just Peixoto and Daniel G. Costa

Smart Cities 2025, 8(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030077 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The smart-city revolution has been promoted as the next step in urban development, leveraging technology to achieve enhanced development standards amid the increasingly complex challenges of urbanization. However, despite the implementation of more efficient urban services, issues regarding their tangible effects and impact [...] Read more.

The smart-city revolution has been promoted as the next step in urban development, leveraging technology to achieve enhanced development standards amid the increasingly complex challenges of urbanization. However, despite the implementation of more efficient urban services, issues regarding their tangible effects and impact on people’s lives remain unresolved. In this context, the concept of intelligent cities is seen as a necessary evolution of the smart-city paradigm, positioning human factors as the driving forces behind urban technological evolution. This integrative concept embodies advanced technology to enhance essential urban functions, with sustainability, equity, and resilience as macro-development goals. This study reviews the multifaceted dimensions of intelligent cities, from designing and deploying smart infrastructure to implementing citizen-centric decision-making processes. Additionally, it critically examines the digital divide and highlights the importance of equitable development policies as essential for enabling transformative urban change. By linking technological advancement to social issues, this article provides practical insights and case studies from the cities of Helsinki, Barcelona, and Buenos Aires, demonstrating that smart-city initiatives are still failing to bridge the equity service distribution gap. This comprehensive assessment approach ultimately serves as a reference for future evaluations of intelligent urban transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Science and Humanities for Smart Cities)

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23 pages, 75202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Modern Distribution System Resilience: A Comprehensive Two-Stage Approach for Mitigating Climate Change Impact

by Kasra Mehrabanifar, Hossein Shayeghi, Abdollah Younesi and Pierluigi Siano

Smart Cities 2025, 8(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030076 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Climate change has emerged as a significant driver of the increasing frequency and severity of power outages. Rising global temperatures place additional stress on electrical grids that must meet substantial electricity demands, while extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, and wildfires [...] Read more.

Climate change has emerged as a significant driver of the increasing frequency and severity of power outages. Rising global temperatures place additional stress on electrical grids that must meet substantial electricity demands, while extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, and wildfires frequently damage vulnerable electrical infrastructure. Ensuring the resilient operation of distribution systems under these conditions poses a major challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive two-stage techno-economic strategy to enhance the resilience of modern distribution systems. The approach optimizes the scheduling of distributed energy resources—including distributed generation (DG), wind turbines (WTs), battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations—along with the strategic placement of remotely controlled switches. Key objectives include preventing damage propagation through the isolation of affected areas, maintaining power supply via islanding, and implementing prioritized load shedding during emergencies. Since improving resilience incurs additional costs, it is essential to strike a balance between resilience and economic factors. The performance of our two-stage multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming approach, which accounts for uncertainties in vulnerability modeling based on thresholds for line damage, market prices, and renewable energy sources, was evaluated using the IEEE 33-bus test system. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, highlighting its ability to improve resilience by enhancing system robustness, enabling faster recovery, and optimizing operational costs in response to high-impact low-probability (HILP) natural events. Full article

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24 pages, 3578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Knowledge Graph-Enhanced Hidden Markov Model for Personalized Travel Routing: Integrating Spatial and Semantic Data in Urban Environments

by Zhixuan Zeng, Jianxin Qin and Tao Wu

Smart Cities 2025, 8(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030075 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 143

Abstract

Personalized urban services are becoming increasingly significant in smart city systems. This shift from intelligent transportation to smart cities broadens the scope of personalized services, encompassing not just travel but a wide range of urban activities and needs. This study proposes a knowledge [...] Read more.

Personalized urban services are becoming increasingly significant in smart city systems. This shift from intelligent transportation to smart cities broadens the scope of personalized services, encompassing not just travel but a wide range of urban activities and needs. This study proposes a knowledge graph-based Hidden Markov Model (KHMM) to improve personalized route recommendations by incorporating both spatial and semantic relationships between Points of Interest (POIs) in a unified decision-making framework. The KHMM expands the state space of the traditional Hidden Markov Model using a knowledge graph, enabling the integration of multi-dimensional POI information and higher-order relationships. This approach reflects the spatial complexity of urban environments while addressing user-specific preferences. The model’s empirical evaluation, focused on Changsha, China, examined how temporal variations in public attention to POIs influence route selection. The results show that incorporating dynamic temporal and spatial data significantly enhances the model’s adaptability to changing user behaviors, supporting real-time, personalized route recommendations. By bridging individual preferences and road network structures, this research provides key insights into the factors shaping travel behavior and contributes to the development of adaptive and responsive urban transportation systems. These findings highlight the potential of the KHMM to advance intelligent travel services, offering improved spatial accuracy and personalized route planning. Full article

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20 pages, 863 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

On Smart Cities and Triple-Helix Intermediaries: A Critical-Realist Perspective

by Dimos Chatzinikolaou

Smart Cities 2025, 8(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030074 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 133

Abstract

I conducted an integrative literature review by utilizing theoretical and methodological elements of critical realism (i.e., the distinction between ontology and epistemology) to evaluate the significance of triple-helix intermediaries. This review involved examining all published research on smart cities in “elite” ABS (Chartered [...] Read more.

I conducted an integrative literature review by utilizing theoretical and methodological elements of critical realism (i.e., the distinction between ontology and epistemology) to evaluate the significance of triple-helix intermediaries. This review involved examining all published research on smart cities in “elite” ABS (Chartered Association of Business Schools) journals (4, 4*). My findings indicate that the philosophical foundations of the examined literature are predominantly grounded on “positivism”, “postmodernism”, “interpretivism”, and “pragmatism”, without delving into the ontological reinforcement of capitalist institutions through innovation creation and diffusion—a central concern of critical realism. I argue that this oversight stems from the prevailing “paradigm” within these “elite” journals, which often excludes historical and critical perspectives. In response, I propose a reoriented intermediary, the Triple-Helix Business Clinic, grounded in critical-realist assumptions. This new theoretical framework can guide practical policy development aimed at reinforcing business innovation and driving broader socioeconomic progress. Full article

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29 pages, 6913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intersection Sight Distance in Mixed Automated and Conventional Vehicle Environments with Yield Control on Minor Roads

by Sean Sarran and Yasser Hassan

Smart Cities 2025, 8(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030073 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 113

Abstract

Intersection sight distance (ISD) requirements, currently designed for driver-operated vehicles (DVs), will be affected once automated vehicles (AVs) enter the driving environment. This paper examines the ISD for intersections with a yield control on a minor road in a mixed DV-AV environment. Five [...] Read more.

Intersection sight distance (ISD) requirements, currently designed for driver-operated vehicles (DVs), will be affected once automated vehicles (AVs) enter the driving environment. This paper examines the ISD for intersections with a yield control on a minor road in a mixed DV-AV environment. Five potential conflict types with different ISD requirements are modeled as a minor-road vehicle proceeds to cross the intersection, turns right, or turns left. Furthermore, different models are developed for each conflict type depending on the vehicle types on the minor and major roads. These models, along with the intersection geometry, establish the system demand and supply models for ISD reliability analysis. A surrogate safety measure is developed and used to measure ISD non-compliance and is denoted by the probability of unresolved conflicts (PUC). The models are applied to a case study intersection, where PUC values are estimated using Monte Carlo Simulation and compared to an established target value relating to the DV-only traffic of 0.00674. The results show that AV-related traffic has higher overall PUC values than those of DV-only traffic. A corrective measure, reducing the AV speed limit on the minor-road approaches by 3 to 4 km/h, decreases the overall PUC to values below those of the target PUC. Full article

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35 pages, 3860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Public Perception of Autonomous Demand-Responsive Transits (ADRTs) in Rural Towns: Insights from South-East Queensland

by Shenura Jayatilleke, Ashish Bhaskar and Jonathan M. Bunker

Smart Cities 2025, 8(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030072 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 253

Abstract

Rural public transport networks face significant challenges, often characterised by suboptimal service quality. With advancements in technology, various applications have been explored to address these issues. Autonomous Demand-Responsive Transits (ADRTs) represent a promising solution that has been investigated over recent years. Their potential [...] Read more.

Rural public transport networks face significant challenges, often characterised by suboptimal service quality. With advancements in technology, various applications have been explored to address these issues. Autonomous Demand-Responsive Transits (ADRTs) represent a promising solution that has been investigated over recent years. Their potential to enhance the overall quality of transport systems and promote sustainable transportation is well-recognised. In our research study, we evaluated the viability of ADRTs for rural networks. Our methodology focused on two primary areas: the suitability of ADRTs (considering vehicle type, service offerings, trip purposes, demographic groups, and land use) and the broader impacts of ADRTs (including passenger performance, social impacts, and environmental impacts). Perceptions of ADRT suitability peaked for university precincts and 24/7 operations. However, they were less favoured by mobility-disadvantaged groups (disabled, seniors, and school children). We also examined demographic heterogeneity and assessed the influence of demographic factors (age, gender, education, occupation, household income level, and disability status) on the implementation of ADRTs in rural settings. The findings delineate the varied perceptions across these socio-demographic strata, underscoring the necessity for demographic-specific trials. Consequently, we advocate for the implementation of ADRT services tailored to accommodate the diverse needs of these demographic cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective Transportation Planning for Smart Cities)

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Smart Cities, Volume 8, Issue 3 (June 2025) – 7 articles

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