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Open AccessArticle
Weinberg Angle, Neutron Abundance in BBN, and Lifetime
by
Cheng Tao Yang
Cheng Tao Yang
and
Johann Rafelski
Johann Rafelski
Department of Physics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Particles 2026, 9(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030068 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 March 2026
/
Revised: 11 May 2026
/
Accepted: 21 May 2026
/
Published: 26 June 2026
Abstract
We present state-of-the-art kinetic theory determination of the neutron abundance available for the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). This paper is motivated by the study of the neutron lifespan measured in the laboratory and the unknown strength of weak interactions coupling constant at finite temperature in the primordial Universe. We draw attention to the relevant dependence of on the symmetry breaking Weinberg angle , which is a free parameter in the standard model of particle physics. We establish how the value of by way of modification influences the neutron abundance available for BBN and neutron lifetime.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Yang, C.T.; Rafelski, J.
Weinberg Angle, Neutron Abundance in BBN, and Lifetime. Particles 2026, 9, 68.
https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030068
AMA Style
Yang CT, Rafelski J.
Weinberg Angle, Neutron Abundance in BBN, and Lifetime. Particles. 2026; 9(3):68.
https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030068
Chicago/Turabian Style
Yang, Cheng Tao, and Johann Rafelski.
2026. "Weinberg Angle, Neutron Abundance in BBN, and Lifetime" Particles 9, no. 3: 68.
https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030068
APA Style
Yang, C. T., & Rafelski, J.
(2026). Weinberg Angle, Neutron Abundance in BBN, and Lifetime. Particles, 9(3), 68.
https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030068
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