Particles

This study presents the design and development of electromagnetic dipole magnets for use as beam dumps and spectrometers in the MIR and THz free-electron laser (FEL) beamlines at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory (PCELL). The magnets were optimized to achieve a 60-degree bending angle for electron beams with energies up to 30 MeV, without requiring water cooling. Using CST EM Studio for 3D magnetic field simulations and ASTRA for particle tracking, the THz dipole (with 414 turns) and MIR dipole (with 600 turns) generated magnetic fields of 0.1739 T and 0.2588 T, respectively, while both operating at currents below 10 A. Performance analysis confirmed effective beam deflection, with the THz dipole showing that it was capable of handling beam energies up to 20 MeV and the MIR dipole could handle up to 30 MeV. The energy measurement at the spectrometer screen position was simulated, taking into account transverse beam size, fringe fields, and space charge effects, using ASTRA. The energy resolution, defined as the ratio of energy uncertainty to the mean energy, was evaluated for selected cases. For beam energies of 16 MeV and 25 MeV, resolutions of 0.2% and 0.5% were achieved with transverse beam sizes of 1 mm and 4 mm, respectively. All evaluated cases maintained energy resolutions below 1%, confirming the spectrometer’s suitability for high-precision beam diagnostics. Furthermore, the relationship between the initial and measured energy spread errors, taking into account a camera resolution of 0.1 mm/pixel, was evaluated. Simulations across various beam energies (10–16 MeV for the THz dipole and 20–25 MeV for the MIR dipole) confirmed that the measurement error in energy spread decreases with smaller RMS transverse beam sizes. This trend was consistent across all tested energies and magnet configurations. To ensure accurate energy spread measurements, a small initial beam size is recommended. Specifically, for beams with a narrow initial energy spread, a transverse beam size below 1 mm is essential. Full article

We examine the claimed observations of a gravitational external field effect (EFE) reported by Chae et al. We show that observations suggestive of the EFE can be interpreted without violating Einstein’s equivalence principle, namely from known correlations between the morphology, the environment, and dynamics of galaxies. While Chae et al.’s analysis provides a valuable attempt at a clear test of modified Newtonian dynamics, an evidently important topic, a re-analysis of the observational data does not permit us to confidently assess the presence of an EFE or to distinguish this interpretation from that proposed in this article. Full article

The generation of high-quality mid-infrared free-electron laser (MIR-FEL) radiation depends critically on precise control of electron beam parameters, including energy, energy spread, transverse emittance, bunch charge, and bunch length. At the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory (PCELL), effective beam diagnostics are essential for optimizing FEL performance. However, dedicated systems for direct measurement of transverse emittance and bunch length at the undulator entrance have been lacking. This paper addresses this gap by presenting the design, simulation, and analysis of diagnostic stations for accurate characterization of these parameters. A two-quadrupole emittance measurement system was developed, enabling independent control of beam-focusing in both transverse planes. An analytical model was formulated specifically for this configuration to enhance emittance reconstruction accuracy. Systematic error analysis was conducted using ASTRA beam dynamics simulations, incorporating 3D field maps from CST Studio Suite and fully including space-charge effects. Results show that transverse emittance values as low as 0.15 mm·mrad can be measured with less than 20% error when the initial RMS beam size is under 2 mm. Additionally, quadrupole misalignment effects were quantified, showing that alignment within ±0.95 mm limits systematic errors to below 33.3%. For bunch length measurements, a transition radiation (TR) station coupled with a Michelson interferometer was designed. Spectral and interferometric simulations reveal that transverse beam size and beam splitter properties significantly affect measurement accuracy. A 6% error due to transverse size was identified, while Kapton beam splitters introduced additional systematic distortions. In contrast, a 6 mm-thick silicon beam splitter enabled accurate, correction-free measurements. The finite size of the radiator was also found to suppress low-frequency components, resulting in up to 10.6% underestimation of bunch length. This work provides a practical and comprehensive diagnostic framework that accounts for multiple error sources in both transverse emittance and bunch length measurements. These findings contribute valuable insight for the beam diagnostics community and support improved control of beam quality in MIR FEL systems. Full article

The escalating demand for data processing in particle physics research has spurred the exploration of novel technologies to enhance the efficiency and speed of calculations. This study presents the development of an implementation of MADGRAPH, a widely used tool in particle collision simulations, to Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using High-Level Synthesis (HLS). This research presents a proof of concept limited to a single, relatively simple process $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$. The experimental evaluation methodology is described, focusing on performance comparison between traditional CPU implementations, GPU acceleration, and the new FPGA approach. This study describes the complex process of adapting MADGRAPH to FPGA using HLS, focusing on optimizing algorithms for parallel processing. These advancements could enable faster execution of complex simulations, highlighting FPGA’s crucial role in advancing particle physics research. The encouraging results obtained in this proof of concept prove potential interest in testing the performance of the FPGA implementation of more complex processes. Full article

Hollow electron beams are a promising tool for generating coherent radiation in various frequency ranges. Hollow beams have unique properties, including increased stability and the ability to achieve high current densities without significant deterioration of beam quality. This paper presents the results of a theoretical study on coherent grating transition radiation arising during the interaction between a relativistic hollow electron beam and a flat two-dimensional photonic crystal. The radiation field is calculated using the dipole approximation. Theoretical analysis has shown that, under certain conditions, a high degree of radiation coherence can be achieved. The results open up new possibilities for the creation of new sources of coherent terahertz radiation. Full article

Nuclear density functional theory (DFT) is able to reproduce the saturation properties of nuclear matter, as well as properties of finite nuclei. Consequently, the DFT calculations are applicable to nuclei across a wide range of masses on the nuclear chart. The Gogny-type density functional, which is equivalent to the mean-field calculations with finite-range density-dependent effective interactions, is a successful example. In contrast, the shell model (configuration interaction) calculation is a powerful tool to describe nuclear structure, especially spectroscopic properties. The shell model is able to take into account correlations beyond mean-field in a truncated model space. In this work, we report an investigation on $sd$-shell nuclei and Ca isotopes using a hybrid approach of the shell model and Gogny-type DFT. Full article

The Belle II experiment has collected a 364 fb⁻¹ sample of collisions at the ${\rm Y}\left(4S\right)$ resonance. This dataset, with its low particle multiplicity and well-constrained initial state, provides an ideal environment for studying semileptonic and missing energy B decays. In this paper, I will present recent results on these decays, emphasizing their impact on the determination of CKM matrix elements and potential new physics. I will also discuss the techniques used for missing energy reconstruction and the challenges of signal-background discrimination. Future analysis prospects with larger datasets will also be highlighted. Full article

In ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, the study of muons from kaon (K) and pion ($\pi$) decays provides insights into hadron production and propagation in the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP). This paper investigates muon yields from K and $\pi$ decays in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV using a fast simulation method. We employ a fast Monte Carlo procedure to estimate muon yields from charged kaons and pions. The simulation involves generating pions and kaons with uniform $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and y distributions, simulating their decay kinematics via PYTHIA, and reweighting to match the physical spectra. Our results show the transverse momentum distributions of muons from K and $\pi$ decays at forward rapidity ($2.5<y<4.0$) for different centrality classes. The systematic uncertainties are primarily from the mid-rapidity charged K/$\pi$ spectra and rapidity-dependent $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ uncertainties. The muon yields from pion and kaon decays exhibit consistency across centrality classes in the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range of 3–10 GeV/c. This study contributes to understanding hadronic interactions and decay kinematics in heavy-ion collisions, offering references for investigating pion and kaon decay channels and hot medium effects. Full article

In this work we consider the problem of determining the identity of hadrons at high energies based on the topology of their energy depositions in dense matter, along with the time of the interactions. Using GEANT4 simulations of a homogeneous lead tungstate calorimeter with high transverse and longitudinal segmentation, we investigated the discrimination of protons, positive pions, and positive kaons at 100 GeV. The analysis focuses on the impact of calorimeter granularity by progressively merging detector cells and extracting features like energy deposition patterns and timing information. Two machine learning approaches, XGBoost and fully connected deep neural networks, were employed to assess the classification performance across particle pairs. The results indicate that fine segmentation improves particle discrimination, with higher granularity yielding more detailed characterization of energy showers. Additionally, the results highlight the importance of shower radius, energy fractions, and timing variables in distinguishing particle types. The XGBoost model demonstrated computational efficiency and interpretability advantages over deep learning for tabular data structures, while achieving similar classification performance. This motivates further work required to combine high- and low-level feature analysis, e.g., using convolutional and graph-based neural networks, and extending the study to a broader range of particle energies and types. Full article

This study investigates the masses and quadrupole deformations of even-Z nuclei within the range $8⩽Z⩽104$ using the triaxial relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov model (TRHB) with the PC-PK1 density functional. For odd-mass nuclei, the global minima were determined using the automatic blocking method and their dynamical correlation energies (DCEs) were approximated using the average values of neighboring even–even nuclei calculated from a microscopic, five-dimensional, collective Hamiltonian (5DCH). The mean-field results underestimate the binding energies of most open-shell nuclei, with an initial root–mean–square (rms) deviation of 2.56 MeV for 1223 even-Z nuclei. Incorporating DCEs significantly reduces this deviation to 1.36 MeV. Additionally, the descriptions of two-neutron and one-neutron separation energies are improved, with rms deviations decreasing to 0.75 MeV and 0.65 MeV, respectively. Further refinement through accounting for odd–even differences in DCEs reduces the rms deviations for binding energies and one-neutron separation energies to 1.30 MeV and 0.63 MeV, respectively. Regarding the quadrupole deformations, TRHB calculations reveal spherical shapes near shell and subshell closures, well-deformed shapes at the mid-shell, and rapid shape transitions in medium- and heavy-mass regions. Oblate shapes dominate in regions $(Z,N)\sim (14,14),(34,36)$, and $(40,60)$, and the neutron-deficient Pb region, with notable odd–even shape staggering attributed to the blocking effect of the odd nucleon. Triaxial shapes are favored in the mass regions $(Z,N)\sim (60,76)$ and $(76,116)$. Full article

We performed the microscopic calculation of $\beta$-decay properties for waiting-point nuclei with neutron-closed magic shells. Allowed Gamow–Teller (GT) and first-forbidden (FF) transitions were simulated using a schematic model (SM) for waiting-point N = $50,82$ isotopes in the framework of a proton–neutron quasiparticle random phase approximation ($pn$-QRPA). The Woods–Saxon (WS) potential basis was used in our calculations. The $pn$-QRPA equations of allowed (GT) and (FF) transitions were utilized in both the particle–hole ($ph$) and particle–particle ($pp$) channels in the SM. We solved the secular equations of the GT and FF transitions for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the corresponding Hamiltonians. A spherical shape was assigned to each waiting-point nucleus in all simulations. Significantly, this study marks the first time that $\beta$-decay analysis has been applied to certain nuclei, including ⁸²Ge₅₀, ⁸³As₅₀, ⁸⁴Se₅₀, ⁸⁵Br₅₀ and ⁸⁷Rb₅₀ with $N=50$ isotones, and ¹³²Sn₈₂, ¹³³Sb₈₂, ¹³⁴Te₈₂, ¹³⁵I₈₂ and ¹³⁷Cs₈₂ with $N=82$ isotones. Since there is no prior theoretical research on these nuclei, this work is a unique addition to the field. We compared our results with the previous calculations and measured data, and our calculations agree with the experimental data and the other theoretical results. Full article

By chiral effects, one understands the manifestations of chiral gauge anomaly and of gravitational chiral anomaly in hydrodynamics. In the last two to three years, our understanding of chiral effects has considerably changed. Here, we present a mini-review of two topics: first, a shift in understanding symmetry, which underlies the chiral magnetic effect and second, the interpretation of the chiral kinematical effect uncovered recently. Full article

Building on the successful demonstration of hypernuclear spectroscopy using heavy-ion beams, the HypHI Collaboration is shifting its focus to investigating proton- and neutron-rich hypernuclei. A crucial component of this research is the implementation of a fragment separator, which facilitates the production and separation of rare isotope beams and is vital for accessing hypernuclei far from the stability line. High-precision spectroscopy of these exotic hypernuclei is planned to be conducted at GSI first, which will be followed by experiments at the FAIR facility utilizing the FRS and Super-FRS fragment separators. A thorough systematic investigation paired with an optimization analysis was employed to establish the most favorable experimental setup for producing high-isospin hypernuclei. Theoretical models describing heavy-ion-induced reactions and hypernuclear synthesis guided this process, which was complemented by Monte Carlo simulations to obtain experimental efficiencies for the production and transmission of the exotic secondary beams. The outlined methodology offers insights into the anticipated yields of ${}_{\Lambda }{}^6\mathrm{He}$, ${}_{\Lambda }{}^9\mathrm{C}$, and a range of both proton- and neutron-rich hypernuclei. Full article

The TomOpt software package is designed to optimise the geometric configuration and the specifications of detectors intended for muon scattering tomography, an imaging technique exploiting cosmic-ray muons. The software employs an end-to-end differentiable pipeline that models the interactions of muons with detectors and scanned volumes, infers properties of the scanned materials, and performs an optimisation cycle minimising a user-defined loss function. This article presents the implementation of a case study related to cargo scanning applications in the context of homeland security. Full article

We simulate hadrons impinging on a homogeneous lead tungstate (${\mathrm{PbWO}}_4$) calorimeter using GEANT4 software to investigate how the resulting light yield and its temporal structure, as detected by an array of light-sensitive sensors, can be processed by a neuromorphic computing system. Our model encodes temporal photon distributions as spike trains and employs a fully connected spiking neural network to estimate the total deposited energy, as well as the position and spatial distribution of the light emissions within the sensitive material. The extracted primitives offer valuable topological information about the shower development in the material, achieved without requiring a segmentation of the active medium. A potential nanophotonic implementation using III-V semiconductor nanowires is discussed. It can be both fast and energy efficient. Full article

FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) is a cancer treatment delivering high-dose radiation within microseconds, reducing side-effects on healthy tissues. Implementing this technology at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory poses challenges in ensuring radiation safety within a partially underground hall with thin walls and ceiling structures. This study develops a localized shielding design for electron beams (6–25 MeV) using the GEANT4 release 11.2.2 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. A multilayer system of lead, iron, polyethylene, and concrete effectively attenuates X-rays, gamma-rays, and neutrons, achieving dose levels below 1 mSv/year for public areas and within 20 mSv/year for controlled areas, meeting international standards. The B-factor analysis highlights efficient low-energy gamma attenuation and thicker shielding requirements for high-energy rays. The design minimizes radiation leakage, ensuring safe operation for FLASH-RT while safeguarding personnel and the environment. Future work includes constructing and validating the system, with methodologies applicable to other electron beam facilities. Full article

Timing measurements are critical for the detectors at the future HL-LHC, to resolve reconstruction ambiguity when the number of simultaneous interactions reaches up to 200 per bunch crossing. The ATLAS collaboration therefore builds a new High-Granularity Timing detector for the forward region. A customized ASIC, called ALTIROC, has been developed, to read out fast signals from low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs), which has 50 ps time-resolution for signals from minimum-ionizing particles. To meet these requirements, a custom-designed pre-amplifier, a discriminator, and TDC circuits with minimal jitter have been implemented in a series of prototype ASICs. The latest version, ALTIROC3, is designed to contain full functionality. Hybrid assemblies with ALTIROC3 ASICs and LGAD sensors have been characterized with charged-particle beams at CERN-SPS and with laser-light injection. The time-jitter contributions of the sensor, pre-amplifier, discriminator, TDC, and digital readout are evaluated. Full article

Particle detectors at accelerators generate large amounts of data, requiring analysis to derive insights. Collisions lead to signal pile-up, where multiple particles produce signals in the same detector sensors, complicating individual signal identification. This contribution describes the implementation of a deep-learning algorithm on a Versal Adaptive Compute Acceleration Platform (ACAP) device for improved processing via parallelization and concurrency. Connected to a host computer via Peripheral Component Interconnect express (PCIe), this system aims for enhanced speed and energy efficiency over Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). In the contribution, we will describe in detail the data processing and the hardware, firmware and software components of the system. The contribution presents the implementation of the deep-learning algorithm on a Versal ACAP device, as well as the system for transferring data in an efficient way. Full article

Machine learning methods are being introduced at all stages of data reconstruction and analysis in various high-energy physics experiments. We present the development and application of convolutional neural networks with modified autoencoder architecture for the reconstruction of the pulse arrival time and amplitude in individual scintillating crystals in electromagnetic calorimeters and other detectors. The network performance is discussed as well as the application of xAI methods for further investigation of the algorithm and improvement of the output accuracy. Full article