Colloids and Interfaces

27 pages, 11388 KB

Open AccessReview

Does the State of the Art Knowledge on Water Structure Require Thinking About a New Thermodynamic Framework for Aqueous Solutions?

by Johannes Lützenkirchen

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040060 - 20 Aug 2026

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Abstract

In recent decades, old ideas of liquid water as a mixture of two distinct states, even at room temperature, resurged fueled by x-ray results that can be interpreted as fluctuating patches of high-density and low-density liquids. Isosbestic points in vibrational spectra indicate more [...] Read more.

In recent decades, old ideas of liquid water as a mixture of two distinct states, even at room temperature, resurged fueled by x-ray results that can be interpreted as fluctuating patches of high-density and low-density liquids. Isosbestic points in vibrational spectra indicate more strongly and more weakly hydrogen-bonded molecules, not necessarily patches. Despite mutual agreement among the fractions of the two states obtained from these experiments and with thermodynamic (two-state) and molecular models, chemical (example: water auto-dissociation) and interfacial (example: water surface tension) properties varying with temperature and salt content currently show opposite trends with the postulated fractions, which can therefore not be reconciled with a simple mixing model of the two states, whereas some physical properties (example: water static dielectric constant) can. Consequently, if the tale of two liquids were to be ultimately accepted and thermodynamic models for aqueous electrolyte solutions would need to be revised, then a simple mixing model would be insufficient with high probability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ten Years Without Nikola Kallay: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 5631 KB

Open AccessArticle

pH-Dependent Diffusion-Dissolution Transition in Vancomycin-Loaded Calcium Phosphate-Liposome Nanoparticles

by Arphaphon Sichamnan, Tanatsaparn Tithito and Weeraphat Pon-On

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040059 - 20 Aug 2026

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Abstract

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) have attracted significant attention due to their ability to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. In this study, vancomycin (VCM)-loaded calcium phosphate-liposome (CaPLip) composite nanoparticles were developed as a pH-responsive drug delivery system. The CaPLip nanoparticles were fabricated [...] Read more.

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) have attracted significant attention due to their ability to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. In this study, vancomycin (VCM)-loaded calcium phosphate-liposome (CaPLip) composite nanoparticles were developed as a pH-responsive drug delivery system. The CaPLip nanoparticles were fabricated by in situ calcium phosphate precipitation on preformed liposomal templates in the presence of VCM, allowing the drug to be incorporated within the calcium phosphate matrix and adsorbed onto the CaP-coated surface (VCM-CaPLip). Structural and morphological characterization using FT-IR, XRD, and TEM confirmed the successful formation of calcium phosphate-coated liposomal nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 300 to 700 nm and a negative surface charge. The developed system exhibited an overall drug-loading efficiency of 47.28% and effectively reduced the initial burst release under physiological conditions. Equilibrium adsorption studies performed using preformed CaPLip nanoparticles demonstrated that VCM adsorption was well described by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a high affinity of VCM for the CaP-coated surface under equilibrium conditions. Drug release studies at pH 4.0, 6.5, and 7.4 revealed pronounced pH-dependent behavior, with sustained release at pH 7.4 and accelerated release under acidic conditions. Changes in electrical conductivity provided supporting evidence for calcium phosphate dissolution accompanying drug release under acidic conditions. Kinetic analysis indicated a transition from predominantly diffusion-controlled release at physiological pH to diffusion-dissolution coupled release under acidic conditions. These findings demonstrate that CaPLip nanoparticles provide an effective pH-responsive antibiotic delivery platform and show potential for controlled drug release in infection-associated mildly acidic microenvironments. Full article

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28 pages, 31131 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Benzohydroxamic Acid as a Collector for Flotation of Chrysocolla: Mechanistic Insights and Bench-Scale Performance

by Shiva Mohammadi-Jam, Sofi Buzukashvili, Ronghao Li, Connor Michaud, Justin Paris, Ozan Kökkılıç and Kristian E. Waters

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040058 - 5 Aug 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 639

Abstract

Chrysocolla, a hydrated copper silicate mineral, is notoriously difficult to recover by conventional froth flotation due to its microporous structure, low hydrophobicity, impurity substitutions, and poor response to traditional collectors. This study evaluates the performance and adsorption mechanism of benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) as [...] Read more.

Chrysocolla, a hydrated copper silicate mineral, is notoriously difficult to recover by conventional froth flotation due to its microporous structure, low hydrophobicity, impurity substitutions, and poor response to traditional collectors. This study evaluates the performance and adsorption mechanism of benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) as a collector for chrysocolla flotation under varying pH conditions and collector dosages. Microflotation results showed that chrysocolla recovery increased with BHA concentration, with enhanced flotation occurring at alkaline pH (8–10), consistent with BHA dissociation behavior. Zeta potential measurements indicated selective adsorption of BHA on the chrysocolla surface, while quartz showed minimal interaction, confirming collector selectivity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that BHA was chemisorbed through Cu–hydroxamate complex formation. Bench-scale flotation tests on a chrysocolla ore containing 3.7% Cu produced a concentrate grading 26.7% Cu with 35.3% recovery after initial sulfide flotation. Kinetic tests indicated rapid recovery of more floatable copper phases, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed preferential flotation of finer particles. Overall, the results demonstrate that BHA can effectively promote chrysocolla flotation through selective chemisorption, although high collector dosages are required due to the mineral’s high specific surface area and structural complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloids and Interfaces in Mineral Processing and Resource Recovery)

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14 pages, 12696 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

One-Pot Reprotonation–Compounding Strategy Toward High-Performance Aramid Nanofiber-Reinforced Poly(vinyl alcohol) Films

by Yeling Xie, Changhua Yang and Min Nie

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040057 - 29 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) inherit the exceptional properties of the bulk counterparts, while introducing a large specific surface area and excellent processability. However, the strong inter-fibrillar interactions and tendency to agglomerate hinder their high-content incorporation into polymer matrices. Here, we report a one-pot reprotonation–compounding [...] Read more.

Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) inherit the exceptional properties of the bulk counterparts, while introducing a large specific surface area and excellent processability. However, the strong inter-fibrillar interactions and tendency to agglomerate hinder their high-content incorporation into polymer matrices. Here, we report a one-pot reprotonation–compounding strategy for fabricating aramid nanofiber-reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (ANF–PVA) composite films, where the ANF dispersion was mixed with polymers during the protonation process to form a continuous 3D network in the ANF-PVA film. The optimized film with a loading of 20 wt% ANFs exhibited a tensile strength of 122.2 MPa and a toughness of 28.36 J m⁻³. Furthermore, the high ANF loading enabled versatile applications. A robust ANF-PVA hydrogel, prepared via salt-induced gelation, delivered 132% enhancement in tear strength and 38.2% increase in cyclic compressive strength compared with the PVA hydrogel. Moreover, inspired by the “brick-and-mortar” architecture of natural nacre, the fully organic ANF-PVA film was incorporated into carbon fiber/epoxy laminates, with a configuration of one nacre-inspired film per five prepreg plies, achieving a 36.5% improvement in impact toughness and minimal loss in flexural strength. This scalable reprotonation–compounding approach provides a general route for producing high-loading ANF-based composites, paving the way for the broader utilization in advanced materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Research on Thin Films and Nanostructures)

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17 pages, 4682 KB

Open AccessArticle

Formulations of Beta-Glucan and Arabinogalactan Edible Gels for Elderly

by Miroslav Veverka, Melina Korčok, Peter Zajác, Peter Hlaváč, Tibor Dubaj and Vladimir Vietoris

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040056 - 28 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Seniors represent a vulnerable demographic group at risk of inadequate nutrient and fiber intake due to various age-related changes. It is essential to address the issue of nutritional security for this growing population category. The objective of this work was to formulate polysaccharide [...] Read more.

Seniors represent a vulnerable demographic group at risk of inadequate nutrient and fiber intake due to various age-related changes. It is essential to address the issue of nutritional security for this growing population category. The objective of this work was to formulate polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG) and beta-glucan (BG)-based edible gels in combination with MT (Methyl cellulose) and study the effect of the addition of different amounts of sweetener to obtain the desired sensorial characteristics for elderly subjects. The addition of sucrose (SU) and palatinose (PT) at different concentrations was investigated to develop stable, spoonable gel formulations with appropriate rheological, textural, sensory, and water-holding properties. The optimal formulations obtained by viscosity measurement were AG:MT 2:2 (w/w) and BG:MT 3:1.6 (w/w) respectively, retaining up to 10% (w/w) SU and 30% (w/w) PT respectively. From these matrices, prototypes of edible gels for the elderly were designed, representing a source of dietary fiber and a potentially easy-to-swallow food form for the elderly. Their organoleptic properties were characterized by sensory evaluation (N = 65 panelists). The addition of MT to maintain the viscosity in BG hydrogels was more pronounced than in AG hydrogels. Full article

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35 pages, 22958 KB

Open AccessReview

Thermoresponsive Interfaces for Selective U(VI) Capture and Release from High-Salinity Waters

by Junhang Huang, Miao Lei, Fang Shen, Panting Wang, Jie Cao, Ye Li, Xingtao Xu and Junpeng Guo

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040055 - 23 Jul 2026

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Abstract

High-salinity waters, including seawater, brines, and saline radioactive effluents, contain recoverable uranium or require uranium removal, but their complex chemistry complicates both capture and regeneration. Under seawater-relevant conditions, U(VI) occurs mainly as uranyl carbonate complexes and ternary uranyl carbonate complexes containing Ca²⁺ [...] Read more.

High-salinity waters, including seawater, brines, and saline radioactive effluents, contain recoverable uranium or require uranium removal, but their complex chemistry complicates both capture and regeneration. Under seawater-relevant conditions, U(VI) occurs mainly as uranyl carbonate complexes and ternary uranyl carbonate complexes containing Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ rather than as free UO₂²⁺. Selective separation therefore depends on coupled transport, hydration-shell reorganization, carbonate displacement, and interfacial coordination. Conventional sorbents largely optimize binding strength and adsorption capacity, often at the expense of harsh stripping and secondary waste. This review frames thermoresponsive uranium separation as a coupled aqueous-speciation, interfacial-state, and process-design problem. It examines how LCST and UCST transitions, polymer-brush reorganization, hydration-layer reconstruction, pore gating, and localized photothermal heating regulate access to binding sites and release pathways. Polymer brushes, hydrogels and microgels, membranes and nanochannels, ion-imprinted magnetic composites, and MXene-based hybrids are critically compared using cycle-level criteria, including U/V selectivity, switching time, regeneration demand, energy input, fouling resistance, material loss, synthesis reproducibility, and environmental performance. Particular emphasis is placed on distinguishing genuine structural gating from the generic effects of temperature on diffusion, ligand exchange, and adsorption equilibria. Current evidence supports the feasibility of programmable capture–release interfaces but remains limited by matrix-dependent transition windows, incomplete mechanistic attribution, scarce quantitative energy and temperature-gradient data, short cycling tests, and limited device-scale validation. Progress will require standardized testing in realistic saline matrices and complete capture–release mass and energy balances rather than evaluation by maximum adsorption capacity alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Interfacial Properties)

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16 pages, 12546 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synergistic Integration of Spherical Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles and Wood-Sourced Carbon Surface for Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption via Interfacial Optimization

by Xinxiu Cao, Jiateng Chen, Xiaowei Kang, Yanjun Li, Minzhen Bao and Yu Wang

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040054 - 16 Jul 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 610

Abstract

With the pervasive deployment of 5G communication systems and electronic devices, electromagnetic (EM) pollution has emerged as a critical environmental concern. Due to their wide availability, low cost, and ease of acquisition, biomass materials have been widely used in the preparation of electromagnetic [...] Read more.

With the pervasive deployment of 5G communication systems and electronic devices, electromagnetic (EM) pollution has emerged as a critical environmental concern. Due to their wide availability, low cost, and ease of acquisition, biomass materials have been widely used in the preparation of electromagnetic wave absorption materials. Compared with traditional in situ impregnation methods, this study first employs chemical reagents to reduce the lignin content within balsa wood, thereby opening more pores and enhancing the loading capacity of iron salts. Subsequently, magnetic Fe₃O₄ particles are synthesized in situ, enabling the fabrication of magnetic wood-based composites. Compared with the non-impregnated pure carbonized samples, the reflection loss value of the samples with magnetic particles increased to −42.37 dB, corresponding to a matching thickness of 1.5 mm. This is much better than the −8.79 dB of the pure carbonized samples, and is attributed to multiple loss mechanisms. In addition, modern physical and chemical analysis instruments such as SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and Raman were used to characterize the physical and chemical changes of the materials. Finally, its applications in aerospace and thermal response were identified. Full article

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25 pages, 1671 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bitumen Extraction from Oil Sands via Targeted Emulsified Solvent Injection (TESI)

by Aurelio Stammitti-Scarpone and Edgar Acosta

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040053 - 13 Jul 2026

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Abstract

This work introduces a Targeted Emulsified-Solvent Injection (TESI) process for extracting bitumen from oil sands. In TESI, a solvent is emulsified near the emulsion phase inversion point (PIP), where the interfacial tension and the emulsion stability are very low. This allows the solvent [...] Read more.

This work introduces a Targeted Emulsified-Solvent Injection (TESI) process for extracting bitumen from oil sands. In TESI, a solvent is emulsified near the emulsion phase inversion point (PIP), where the interfacial tension and the emulsion stability are very low. This allows the solvent to be easily emulsified and then deposited onto the bitumen-coated porous media (under lower shear conditions, where the emulsion breaks), mixing with bitumen, decreasing bitumen viscosity, and enabling mobilization and diluted bitumen recovery. The design of the surfactant-solvent formulation was guided by the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Difference and Net-Average-Curvature (HLD-NAC) frameworks. The HLD-NAC was used to identify a formulation with less than 1% surfactant exhibiting ultralow interfacial tension (~10⁻³ mJ/m²), at the PIP, where HLD = 0. This formulation was injected into columns packed with bitumen-coated sands at varying salinities and water-to-solvent ratios. Using optimal conditions, bitumen recoveries of up to 83% can be obtained at room temperature, without the need for steam or high-pressure injection, a condition suitable for intermediate-depth reservoirs. The effluent emulsion of diluted bitumen can be gravity-separated, allowing for the recycling of the aqueous solution containing the surfactant. The recovery curves were modeled using a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model coupled with a Capillary number model for thin viscous films that allowed the prediction of effluent diluted bitumen viscosities and an estimation of the pressure drops in the column that were consistent with experimental observations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloids and Interfaces in Crude Oil Recovery)

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15 pages, 1873 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Features of Nanofluid/Surfactant Interfacial Layers and Foam Stabilization

by Miras Issakhov, Maratbek Gabdullin, Fariza Amankeldi, Altynay Sharipova, Saule Aidarova and Reinhard Miller

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040052 - 13 Jul 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 590

Abstract

Controlling the interfacial behavior is essential for understanding the efficiency of surfactant–nanoparticle systems in practice. In this study, we investigate how silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles alter the surface and interfacial properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions at water–air and water–hexane interfaces, [...] Read more.

Controlling the interfacial behavior is essential for understanding the efficiency of surfactant–nanoparticle systems in practice. In this study, we investigate how silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles alter the surface and interfacial properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions at water–air and water–hexane interfaces, as well as their impact on the formation and stabilization of foams. While the negatively charged SiO₂ nanoparticles alone exhibit negligible surface activity, their combination with SDS leads to the formation of composite interfacial layers with enhanced surface pressure and dilational viscoelasticity. The increase in interfacial pressure reflects a high surface concentration and denser packing of SDS–SiO₂ associates. Interfacial rheology measurements show that SDS–SiO₂ nanofluids form more elastic interfacial films compared to pure SDS, with a maximum dilational elasticity at intermediate surfactant concentrations. This indicates the formation of mechanically stronger interfacial layers capable of resisting deformation. Foam experiments demonstrate that silica nanoparticles significantly improve foam formation and foam stability. These improvements correlate with increased surface pressure and interfacial elasticity, demonstrating that foam stability is primarily determined by the formation of robust interfacial layers and not solely by a reduction in surface tension. Overall, this study demonstrates how the presence of silica nanoparticles can affect the adsorption of SDS via hydrophobic interaction, leading to the formation of stronger interfacial films, improved foam stability, and expanded potential for applications in industrial processes, such as foam flooding based on nanoparticle/surfactant solutions to enhance oil–gas recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bubble and Drop 2025 (B&D 2025))

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16 pages, 11770 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Coating Based on Facile Mineralization of Calcium Carbonate: Enhanced Corrosion Protection for Brass Metal

by Songqiang Huang, Shicai Lu, Yuanyuan Chen, Rongchao Wang, Wancai Zhong, Peng Qi and Peng Wang

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040051 - 7 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) have been proven to afford high corrosion inhibition to the underlying metal. Targeting brass metal, this paper presents a biomimetic mineralization route for obtaining SHS. Calcium carbonate is first synthesized in an ethanol solution containing an organic curing agent [...] Read more.

Bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) have been proven to afford high corrosion inhibition to the underlying metal. Targeting brass metal, this paper presents a biomimetic mineralization route for obtaining SHS. Calcium carbonate is first synthesized in an ethanol solution containing an organic curing agent through CO₂ gas introduction, resulting in colloidal material. Subsequent modification with stearic acid yields the SHS. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments reveal that the biomimetic calcium carbonate cluster coating significantly improves the corrosion inhibition performance. After the coverage of the CaCO₃ SHS, the low-frequency impedance modulus value increases to 4.6 × 10⁵ Ω cm², which is enhanced compared with the bare brass with 3.2 × 10³ Ω cm². Meanwhile, the corrosion current density value decreases substantially from 2.31 × 10⁻⁶ mA/cm² for bare metal to 1.30 × 10⁻⁸ mA/cm² for the SHS surface. This demonstrates its high anti-corrosion properties. Acid-base corrosion tests further confirm the good resistance of the coating to an alkaline environment. Moreover, the coating exhibits anti-freezing adhesion and self-cleaning properties, surpassing the bare brass. The combined characteristics of the biomimetic calcium carbonate SHS coating highlight the promising potential in corrosion protection applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Materials and Interfaces for Sustainable Technology Development)

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28 pages, 2269 KB

Open AccessReview

Coated and Hybrid Silicon Carbide Nanowires: Advanced Surface Engineering, Interface Control and Functional Applications

by Minahil Ishtiaq, Bin Li, Xiaoyu Shen, Yuanhui Liu, Huan Lin, Bo Zhang and Junhong Chen

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040050 - 30 Jun 2026

Viewed by 890

Abstract

Silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires possess unique one-dimensional structural features, excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability and wide bandgap properties, showing great potential in high-temperature electronics, catalysis, sensing and composite reinforcement. Nevertheless, pristine SiC nanowires suffer from inert surface activity, weak interfacial compatibility and limited [...] Read more.

Silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires possess unique one-dimensional structural features, excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability and wide bandgap properties, showing great potential in high-temperature electronics, catalysis, sensing and composite reinforcement. Nevertheless, pristine SiC nanowires suffer from inert surface activity, weak interfacial compatibility and limited optoelectronic and catalytic performance. Surface coating and heterojunction engineering are effective strategies to address these deficiencies. This review systematically summarizes the synthesis routes of pristine SiC nanowires, including carbothermal reduction, chemical vapor deposition, template-assisted growth and molten salt synthesis, as well as their morphological regulation, physicochemical properties and inherent limitations. Meanwhile, typical coating methods such as wet chemical, hydrothermal, CVD and PIP are elaborated, and the influences of coating thickness, uniformity, adhesion and lattice/thermal compatibility on performance are summarized. The classification and interfacial charge mechanism of Type II, Z-scheme and Schottky heterojunctions are discussed, and the advances of coated SiC nanowires in photodetection, photocatalysis, gas sensing, electromagnetic shielding and energy storage are reviewed. Current challenges including coating stability, scalable preparation and integration bottlenecks are pointed out, and future research directions focusing on interface control, multifunctional integration and AI-assisted material design are prospected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Colloids and Interfaces)

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15 pages, 1903 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laminarin-Loaded Solid-in-Oil Nanodispersion for Enhanced Non-Invasive Transdermal Immunization

by Md. Shahin Sarker, Yoshirou Kawaguchi, Rie Wakabayashi, Noriho Kamiya, Muhammad Moniruzzaman and Masahiro Goto

Colloids Interfaces 2026, 10(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/colloids10040049 - 25 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Simple and non-invasive transdermal vaccination is an attractive alternative to conventional injection-based immunization. However, the effectiveness of transdermal vaccines is often constrained by the stratum corneum barrier. Although the use of solid-in-oil (S/O) nanodispersion technology has successfully facilitated skin permeation to induce an [...] Read more.

Simple and non-invasive transdermal vaccination is an attractive alternative to conventional injection-based immunization. However, the effectiveness of transdermal vaccines is often constrained by the stratum corneum barrier. Although the use of solid-in-oil (S/O) nanodispersion technology has successfully facilitated skin permeation to induce an immunological response, the antibody titers remain suboptimal. Herein, a dectin-1 selective ligand, laminarin, was used as an immunostimulatory adjuvant to enhance the immune response. S/O nanodispersions loaded with laminarin and ovalbumin (OVA) were systematically developed and characterized in terms of particle size, in vitro OVA release behavior, and skin permeation performance using excised mouse skin. In vivo immunization via transcutaneous administration was performed to evaluate biocompatibility and antigen-specific immunoglobulin-G (IgG) responses. Laminarin-loaded S/O nanodispersions demonstrated long-term stability and efficient ex vivo skin permeability. All the prepared laminarin-loaded S/O nanodispersions showed increased OVA-specific IgG responses compared with the laminarin-free S/O formulation. Among the formulations, the S/O nanodispersion containing OVA and laminarin at a 1:4 weight ratio induced 20-fold higher OVA-specific IgG responses than PBS and 7-fold higher responses than laminarin-free S/O formulations. This study clearly demonstrates the potential of laminarin-loaded S/O nanodispersions as a non-invasive vaccine delivery platform for enhancing antigen-specific antibody responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Application of Colloids and Interfacial Aspects)

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Colloids Interfaces, Volume 10, Issue 4 (August 2026) – 12 articles

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