International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power

11 pages, 2532 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Scaling Effects on the Performance Characteristics of Large-Scale Axial-Flow Fans

by Tristan Oliver Le Roux, Chris Meyer and Sybrand Johannes van der Spuy

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010015 - 3 Mar 2026

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Large-diameter axial-flow fans are predominantly used for cooling purposes, such as in air-cooled heat exchangers. Since it is difficult to experimentally test large-scale fans in the controlled environments provided by fan test facilities, smaller scaled-down versions of the fans are tested instead. Scaling [...] Read more.

Large-diameter axial-flow fans are predominantly used for cooling purposes, such as in air-cooled heat exchangers. Since it is difficult to experimentally test large-scale fans in the controlled environments provided by fan test facilities, smaller scaled-down versions of the fans are tested instead. Scaling laws, also called affinity laws, are then used to determine the performance characteristics of the large-scale fan. The size difference between the two scaled fans means that it is not possible to match their Reynolds numbers when testing with the same test fluid. A comparison is conducted using experimental results and four numerical models for two different fans, which are scaled to different fan sizes: 0.63 m, 1.542 m, 3.658 m and 7.315 m, to determine the effect of Reynolds number on the performance characteristics of an axial-flow fan. The numerical geometries are based on the M- and B2a-fans, and are tested in the A-type experimental setup fan test facility at Stellenbosch University, which is used to obtain the experimental results. It was found that the numerical approach discussed within this paper, namely a Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach, can predict the performance of multiple fan sizes without relying on turbomachinery or blade-specific empirical correlations. This approach accelerates the evaluation of fan performance while enabling the parameterization of fan configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fan Technologies)

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35 pages, 7822 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Off-Design Aerodynamics of the SPLEEN C1 Cascade

by Gustavo Lopes, Loris Simonassi, Antonino Federico Maria Torre, Marios Patinios and Sergio Lavagnoli

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010014 - 2 Mar 2026

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Abstract

High-speed, low-pressure turbines in geared turbofans operate at transonic exit Mach numbers and low Reynolds numbers. Engine-relevant data remain scarce. The SPLEEN C1 linear cascade was investigated at

M_{out} = 0.70 - 0.95

and

R e_{out} = 65,000 - 120,000

under [...] Read more.

High-speed, low-pressure turbines in geared turbofans operate at transonic exit Mach numbers and low Reynolds numbers. Engine-relevant data remain scarce. The SPLEEN C1 linear cascade was investigated at

M_{out} = 0.70 - 0.95

and

R e_{out} = 65,000 - 120,000

under steady inlet flow. Experiments were combined with 2D RANS and MISES, including transition modeling and inlet-turbulence decay calibrated to measurements. Results are consistent with conventional LPT behavior: loss decreased with increasing Mach and Reynolds numbers, except when shocks interacted with the blade boundary layer (

M \approx 0.95

). Profile loss dropped by

23 %

from

M = 0.70

to

0.95

at

R e = 70,000

, as well as by

19 %

at

M = 0.80

when open separation is suppressed. Secondary loss decreased by up to

25 %

at

R e = 70,000

and showed weak sensitivity to the Reynolds number. A coupled loss model predicted profile loss with a root-mean square error of 4.7%. Secondary-loss modeling reproduced global trends: separating endwall dissipation from mixing kept errors within

\pm 10 %

for most cases, but accuracy degraded near the shock–boundary layer interaction case and at the highest Reynolds number. Mixing dominated endwall loss (∼75%), with the passage vortex contributing ∼50% (±10%) of the mixing component. Full article

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20 pages, 8888 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Two-Dimensional Flow in a Linear Cascade of Throttling Nozzles for an Adaptive Turbine Stage

by Reinhard Willinger, Khoiri Rozi and Mohammad Reza Kariman

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010013 - 2 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Steam turbines with controlled extraction require a flow control device to keep extraction pressure constant when the extraction mass flow rate is changed. An attractive option is an adaptive turbine stage with throttling nozzles. Flow measurements with a throttling nozzle are performed in [...] Read more.

Steam turbines with controlled extraction require a flow control device to keep extraction pressure constant when the extraction mass flow rate is changed. An attractive option is an adaptive turbine stage with throttling nozzles. Flow measurements with a throttling nozzle are performed in a cascade wind tunnel. A linear cascade with seven blades is operated at an inlet flow angle of 90° and an exit Reynolds number of about 4 × 10⁵. Since the maximum exit Mach number is about 0.2, flow is essentially incompressible. A three-hole pressure probe is traversed at half span over one blade pitch 0.33 axial chord lengths downstream of the cascade. Degree of closing is gradually changed from zero (fully open) to 0.3 (partially closed). Two principal options, closing to the suction side as well as closing to the pressure side, are investigated. Local flow quantities as well as pitchwise mass averaged quantities are extracted from the measurement data. The major outcomes are as follows: If the throttling nozzle is closed, depth and width of the blade wake increase. With increasing degree of closing, pitchwise mass averaged flow angle decreases and total pressure losses increase. Concerning total pressure losses, closing to the pressure side is the preferred option. A semi-empirical flow model is presented to explain the influence of degree of closing on exit flow angle and total pressure loss. Full article

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17 pages, 15745 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Hub Purge Flow Rate on Forced Response in a Low-Pressure Turbine

by Alexander Trafford, Sina Stapelfeldt, Gustavo Lopes and Sergio Lavagnoli

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010012 - 2 Mar 2026

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Abstract

We present the results of a computational investigation into the influence of hub purge flow mass flow rate on the forcing amplitudes generated on a low-pressure turbine (LPT) rotor cascade by the upstream stator vane passing (SVP). Forcing of this kind is a [...] Read more.

We present the results of a computational investigation into the influence of hub purge flow mass flow rate on the forcing amplitudes generated on a low-pressure turbine (LPT) rotor cascade by the upstream stator vane passing (SVP). Forcing of this kind is a major driver of high cycle fatigue (HCF) in turbines; however, the influence of hub purge flow, which is mandatory to seal cavities between stationary and rotating rows in turbines and to protect working components from excessively high temperatures, is minimally understood. This study was carried out via time-accurate unsteady aeroelastic simulations of the SPLEEN turbine cascade and is validated against the extensive database of test results obtained for this geometry at the Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics. The effect of purge mass flow rates of

0.5 %

and

0.9 %

of the main passage flow are evaluated through measurement of the blade’s unsteady pressure and modal force at the SVP and compared to the nominal ‘no purge’ case. The introduction of purge flow was shown to reduce the amplitude of the unsteady pressure signal on the blade surface at the hub. However, a change in the phase of the unsteady pressure on certain portions of the blade could still bring about an increase in modal force for certain modes. Full article

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15 pages, 6104 KB

Open AccessArticle

Topology Optimization for Internal Cooling of Gas Turbine Guide Vanes—A Conjugate Heat Transfer Study

by Hossein Nadali Najafabadi, Sadegh Fattahi, Jonas Lundgren and Carl-Johan Thore

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010011 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 760

Abstract

This study explores the feasibility and validity of using topology optimization (TO) to design the internal cooling of an airfoil-like geometry approximating a turbine guide vane. A conjugate heat transfer approach where the fluid flow physics are coupled with a convection–diffusion model for [...] Read more.

This study explores the feasibility and validity of using topology optimization (TO) to design the internal cooling of an airfoil-like geometry approximating a turbine guide vane. A conjugate heat transfer approach where the fluid flow physics are coupled with a convection–diffusion model for heat transfer is used in the TO. The objective is to minimize the maximum temperature on the outer surface of the vane with a constraint on the mass flow of the internal coolant. Two different flow models are investigated for the TO process: the Stokes model and the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with a simple zero-equation turbulence model. Velocity and temperature fields in topology-optimized designs are then compared to conventional conjugate heat transfer analyses performed on post-processed designs with body-fitted meshes and those using the shear stress transport (SST) RANS turbulence model. Designs obtained with the Stokes model exhibit different flow trajectories and mixing, while the use of RANS equations improves predictions but introduces uncertainties due to turbulence modeling limitations, particularly in the presence of flow separation. Thus, considering these limitations, the findings suggest that a simple flow model, such as Stokes in TO, with a comparatively low computational cost, can yield useful design concepts. However, the simplifications in the governing equations and their impact on physics should be considered carefully, and further aerothermal validation is required. Thus, the study findings, along with advances in robust meshing, enhance the practicality of topology optimization for industrial applications. Full article

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26 pages, 10140 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Characterization of the Stable Operating Range of a Highly Loaded Axial Compressor Stage

by Riccardo Toracchio, Koen Hillewaert and Fabrizio Fontaneto

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010008 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 746

Abstract

High-bypass ratio engines are currently among the most investigated solutions to achieve efficiency benefits and noise reduction in gas turbine engines. When equipped with a gearbox, these engines enable an optimized operation of the fan and of the low-pressure core, resulting in reduced [...] Read more.

High-bypass ratio engines are currently among the most investigated solutions to achieve efficiency benefits and noise reduction in gas turbine engines. When equipped with a gearbox, these engines enable an optimized operation of the fan and of the low-pressure core, resulting in reduced weight and fuel consumption. The higher spool speed allows higher pressure ratios per stage, and consequently a reduced stage count. However, all this contributes to an enhanced sensitivity of the engine components to the development of secondary flow structures and separations, with a consequent impact on the aerodynamic performance and stability. In this context, an experimental campaign was conducted at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics on a highly loaded axial compressor representative of the first stage of a modern booster. The aim was to identify the flow features responsible of the performance loss at the operating points and speeds considered more critical in terms of rotor inlet incidence. To this end, time-averaged instrumentation was employed to characterize the performance and to retrieve the distribution of flow quantities at different axial positions within the stage, while fast-response probes allowed for the detailed characterization of the rotor outlet flow field. Unsteady 3D simulations complemented the experimental results and supported this interpretation, especially in regions with limited instrumentation access. The experimental and numerical results emphasized the role of the secondary flow structures developing near the hub wall as the main drivers for aerodynamic stall, due to the enhanced loading in this blade region. Full article

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 85864 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Overview of the Benchmark Case for the Aeroacoustics and Structural Acoustics of an Enclosed Centrifugal Fan

by Felix Czwielong, Patrick Heidegger, Manuel Lauber, Christoph Heigl, Andreas Wurzinger, Marco Fritzsche, Stefan Schoder, Manfred Kaltenbacher and Stefan Becker

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010010 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 827

Abstract

As part of a joint research project between the Institute of Fluid Mechanics (LSTM) and the Institute of Fundamentals and Theory of Electrical Engineering (IGTE), an international benchmark case for fluid–structure–acoustic interaction was developed. The research focused on an enclosed centrifugal fan, and [...] Read more.

As part of a joint research project between the Institute of Fluid Mechanics (LSTM) and the Institute of Fundamentals and Theory of Electrical Engineering (IGTE), an international benchmark case for fluid–structure–acoustic interaction was developed. The research focused on an enclosed centrifugal fan, and its aerodynamic, aeroacoustic and structure–acoustic properties were characterised through experimental measurements. This paper provides an overview of the centrifugal fan, its enclosure and the test rig used for the experimental investigations. Rather than interpreting the results, the focus is on presenting the benchmark case and providing an overview of the available data. The entire benchmark dataset is listed and freely accessible via the Zenodo European platform in the EAA benchmark data collection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fan Technologies)

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18 pages, 8380 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Experimental and Numerical Investigation into Compressor Casing Heat Shield Effectiveness

by Andrew Pilkington, Vinod Gopalkrishna, Christopher Barnes, Leo Lewis and Marko Bacic

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010009 - 2 Feb 2026

Viewed by 675

Abstract

An investigation was conducted into the effectiveness of heat shields in an aero-engine compressor casing to slow down thermal time constants. The investigation used a combination of experimental measurements from a full-size compressor casing rig, combined with numerical analysis using CFD and thermal [...] Read more.

An investigation was conducted into the effectiveness of heat shields in an aero-engine compressor casing to slow down thermal time constants. The investigation used a combination of experimental measurements from a full-size compressor casing rig, combined with numerical analysis using CFD and thermal modelling. Experiments were performed on a compressor casing both with and without heat shielding in order to determine the heat shield effectiveness. Temperature measurements were taken throughout the casing in order to determine the thermal time constants. The experimental data was then used to validate a thermal model and CFD simulations of the compressor casing. The modelling allowed the heat transfer coefficients in the compressor casing to be determined from the experimentally measured time constants. It was found that the heat shields gave an increase in thermal time constant at each measured location. With a doubling in the time constant at some locations compared to the unshielded case. It was also found that the heat shields need to be fully sealed, as leakage flows significantly reduce their effectiveness. Full article

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16 pages, 4019 KB

Open AccessArticle

On the Impact of the Off-Design Operating Condition on the Thermal Performance of Rotor Platform Cooling

by Giovanna Barigozzi, Giovanni Brumana, Nicoletta Franchina and Elisa Ghirardi

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010007 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 724

Abstract

In the present work, off-design operating condition is considered to be the ability of the turbine to operate down to 50% to 20% of its nominal intake air flow rate. An important consequence of these off-design points is the change in the inlet [...] Read more.

In the present work, off-design operating condition is considered to be the ability of the turbine to operate down to 50% to 20% of its nominal intake air flow rate. An important consequence of these off-design points is the change in the inlet incidence angle, which varied from nominal to −20°. Tests were performed on a seven-blade rotor cascade with platform cooling through an upstream slot simulating the stator-to-rotor interface gap. To model the impact of rotation on purge flow injection, a set of fins were installed inside the slot to give the coolant flow a tangential direction. Different cascades’ off-design operating conditions were tested, covering downstream velocity values up to Ma_2is = 0.55, with two inlet turbulence intensity levels of 0.6% a and 7%. A thermal measurement campaign was conducted with the Thermochromic Liquid Crystal technique to measure the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness at various coolant-to-main-flow mass flow ratios, different incidence angles, mainstream Mach numbers, and turbulence levels. The results describe the complexity of the turbine operating under off-design operating conditions, relating the improvement in the platform thermal protection to the reduced secondary-flows activity induced by negative incidence. Full article

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19 pages, 2053 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aerodynamics of Short Intake at High Incidence

by Fernando Tejero, David MacManus, Josep Hueso-Rebassa, Yuri Frey Marioni and Ian Bousfield

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010006 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1040

Abstract

This work assesses the aerodynamics of a short aero-engine intake for a new rig that is planned to be tested at the Large Low-Speed Facility of the German Dutch Wind Tunnels (LLF-DNW) in 2025. A range of computations were performed to assess whether [...] Read more.

This work assesses the aerodynamics of a short aero-engine intake for a new rig that is planned to be tested at the Large Low-Speed Facility of the German Dutch Wind Tunnels (LLF-DNW) in 2025. A range of computations were performed to assess whether the expected aerodynamics in this arrangement encompass the envisaged range of flow field characteristics of the equivalent isolated configuration. The effect of massflow capture ratio and angle of attack are investigated. In addition, an intake flow separation taxonomy is proposed to characterise the associated flows. The wind tunnel analysis is based on two different modelling approaches: an aspirated isolated intake and a coupled fan–intake configuration. The coupled configuration uses a full-annulus model with a harmonic mixing plane method. Across the range of operating conditions with changes in the massflow capture ratio and angle of attack, there are attached and separated flows. The main separation mechanisms are diffusion-driven and shock-induced, which shows the different aerodynamics that may be encountered in a short intake. Overall, this work provides an initial evaluation of the aerodynamics of the new fan/intake test rig configuration, provides guidance for wind tunnel testing, and lays a foundation for subsequent unsteady coupled fan–intake studies. Full article

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12 pages, 7536 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

On the Effect of Tip Flow on the Noise of a Ducted Rotor

by Jose Rendón-Arredondo and Stéphane Moreau

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010005 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1030

Abstract

This study focuses on the aeroacoustic aspects of ducted rotors that could possibly be used in future electrically driven helicopter tail rotor systems. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the tip flow evolution, and of the interaction with the stator stage. High-fidelity compressible [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the aeroacoustic aspects of ducted rotors that could possibly be used in future electrically driven helicopter tail rotor systems. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the tip flow evolution, and of the interaction with the stator stage. High-fidelity compressible numerical simulations are performed and compared with experimental results. A periodic variation is seen in the aerodynamic performance of the rotor blades, which is associated to a potential-interaction phenomenon. Additionally, the convection of the tip vortices and further impingement in the stator vanes generate torque fluctuations on these elements. Dilatation fields and

P_{r m s}

contours confirm a noise source generated by the tip-vortex–stator interaction. Finally, excellent far-field noise comparisons between the numerical and experimental results are obtained for both tonal and broadband noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fan Technologies)

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19 pages, 17228 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Leading Edge Tubercle on the Transient Pressure Fluctuations of a Hubless Propeller

by Max Hieke, Matthias Witte and Frank-Hendrik Wurm

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010004 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1099

Abstract

In recent years, the design priorities of modern marine propellers have shifted from maximizing efficiency to minimizing vibration-induced noise emissions and improving structural durability. However, an optimized design does not necessarily ensure optimal performance across the full operational range of a vessel. Due [...] Read more.

In recent years, the design priorities of modern marine propellers have shifted from maximizing efficiency to minimizing vibration-induced noise emissions and improving structural durability. However, an optimized design does not necessarily ensure optimal performance across the full operational range of a vessel. Due to operational constraints such as reduced docking times and regional speed regulations, propellers frequently operate off-design. This deviation from the design point leads to periodic turbulent boundary layer separation on the propeller blades, resulting in increased unsteady pressure fluctuations and, consequently, elevated hydroacoustic noise emissions. To mitigate these effects, bio-inspired modifications have been investigated as a means of improving flow characteristics and reducing pressure fluctuations. Tubercles, characteristic protrusions along the leading edge of humpback whale fins, have been shown to enhance lift characteristics beyond the stall angle by modifying the flow separation pattern. However, their influence on transient pressure fluctuations and the associated hydroacoustic behavior of marine propellers remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we apply the concept of tubercles to the blades of a hubless propeller, also referred to as a rim-drive propeller. We analyze the pressure fluctuations on the blades and in the wake by comparing conventional propeller blades with those featuring tubercles. The flow fields of both reference and tubercle-modified blades were simulated using the Stress Blended Eddy Simulation (SBES) turbulence model to highlight differences in the flow field. In both configurations, multiple helix-shaped vortex systems form in the propeller wake, but their decay characteristics vary, with the vortex structures collapsing at different distances from the propeller center. Additionally, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis was employed to isolate and analyze the periodic, coherent flow structures in each case. Previous studies on the flow field of hubless propellers have demonstrated a direct correlation between transient pressure fluctuations in the flow field and the resulting noise emissions. It was demonstrated that the tubercle modification significantly reduces pressure fluctuations both on the propeller blades and in the wake flow. In the analyzed case, a reduction in pressure fluctuations by a factor of three to ten for the different BPF orders was observed within the wake flow. Full article

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18 pages, 3038 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer of a Side Space of a Steam Turbine Casing at Full and Partial Load

by Bernhard V. Weigel, Oliver Brunn, Thomas Polklas, Stefan Odenbach and Wieland Uffrecht

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010003 - 29 Dec 2025

Viewed by 865

Abstract

There is a significant demand for flexibility in steam turbines, including rapid cold starts and load changes, as well as operation at low partial loads. Both industrial plants and systems for electricity and heat generation are impacted. These new operating modes result in [...] Read more.

There is a significant demand for flexibility in steam turbines, including rapid cold starts and load changes, as well as operation at low partial loads. Both industrial plants and systems for electricity and heat generation are impacted. These new operating modes result in complex, asymmetric temperature fields and additional thermally induced stresses. These lead to casing deformations, which affect blade tip gap and casing flange sealing integrity. The exact progression of heat flux and heat transfer coefficients within the cavities of steam turbines remains unclear. The current methods used in the calculation departments rely on simplified, averaged estimates, despite the presence of complex flow phenomena. These include swirling inflows, temperature gradients, impinging jets, unsteady turbulence, and vortex formation. This paper presents a novel sensor and its thermal measurements taken on a full-scale steam turbine test rig. Numerical calculations were performed concurrently. The results were validated by measurements. Additionally, the distribution of the heat transfer coefficient along the cavity was analysed. The rule of L’Hôpital was applied at specific locations. A method for handling axial variation in the heat transfer coefficient is also proposed. Measurements were taken under real-life conditions with a full-scale test rig at MAN Energy Solutions SE, Oberhausen, with steam parameters of 400 °C and 30 bar. The results at various operating points are presented. Full article

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21 pages, 5453 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Performance and Emission Analysis of Aircraft Engines Under Realistic Conditions

by Daniel Lieder, Maximilian Bień, Erik Seume, Sebastian Lück, Federica Ferraro, Jens Friedrichs and Jan Goeing

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010002 - 26 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1451

Abstract

The impact of the aviation sector on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate is not limited to the effects of CO₂ emissions generated by the combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuel in an aircraft engine. It is complemented by other combustion products and non-CO₂ [...] Read more.

The impact of the aviation sector on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate is not limited to the effects of CO₂ emissions generated by the combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuel in an aircraft engine. It is complemented by other combustion products and non-CO₂ emissions, such as CO, NO_x, unburnt hydrocarbons (UHCs), and soot, as well as the formation of condensation trails (contrails) as a result of emitted H₂O and condensation nuclei. To evaluate the overall atmospheric impact of an aircraft mission, it is necessary to model the aero engine and the combustion chamber in context with the atmospheric conditions over the course of the flight trajectory. Following that rationale, this paper presents the novel multidisciplinary ‘Modeling and System analysis of Aero Engines’ (MSAE) platform, aiming to evaluate the emission products over the flight trajectory with realistic atmospheric and operative boundary conditions. MSAE comprises an ambient condition model, an aircraft operating model, an aero engine performance model, and a combustion chamber model. The functionality of the individual models as well as their interconnections are demonstrated using the example of an Airbus A320 powered by an International Aero Engines V2500-A1 turbofan engine. Non-CO₂ emissions, including CO, NO_x, UHC, and soot emission indices, can be predicted at a selected operating point. Furthermore, an evaluation of contrail formation for both annually averaged and intraday ambient conditions is conducted, showing the benefit of considering ambient conditions in a finer temporal resolution. The results show the functionality of the presented MSAE platform and the necessity of performance and emission analysis under realistic conditions. Full article

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21 pages, 12257 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Characterization of the Installation Effects on the Flow and Sound Field of Automotive Cooling Modules

by Tayyab Akhtar, Safouane Tebib, Stéphane Moreau and Manuel Henner

Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2026, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp11010001 - 19 Dec 2025

Viewed by 675

Abstract

This study investigates the aerodynamic and aeroacoustics behavior of automotive cooling modules in both conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs), with a particular focus on installation effects. Numerical simulations based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) are conducted to [...] Read more.

This study investigates the aerodynamic and aeroacoustics behavior of automotive cooling modules in both conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs), with a particular focus on installation effects. Numerical simulations based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) are conducted to analyze noise generation mechanisms and flow characteristics across four configurations. The study highlights the challenges of adapting classical cooling module components to EV setups, emphasizing the influence of heat exchanger (HE) placement and duct geometry on noise levels and flow dynamics. The results show that the presence of the HE smooths the upstream flow, improves rotor loading distribution and disrupts long, coherent vortical structures, thereby reducing tonal noise. However, the additional resistance introduced by the HE leads to increased rotor loading and enhanced leakage flow through the shroud-rotor gap. Despite these effects, the overall sound pressure level (OASPL) remains largely unchanged, maintaining a similar magnitude and dipolar directivity pattern as the configuration without the HE. In EV modules, the inclusion of ducts introduces significant flow disturbances and localized pressure fluctuations, leading to regions of high flow rate and rotor loading. These non-uniform flow conditions excite duct modes, resulting in troughs and humps in the acoustic spectrum and potentially causing resonance at the blade-passing frequency, which increases the amplitude in the lower frequency range. Analysis of the loading force components reveals that rotor loading is primarily driven by thrust forces, while duct loading is dominated by lateral forces. Across all configurations, fluctuations at the leading and trailing edges of the rotor are observed, originating from the blade tip and extending to approximately mid-span. These fluctuations are more pronounced in the EV module, identifying it as the dominant source of pressure disturbances. The numerical results are validated against experimental data obtained in the anechoic chamber at the University of Sherbrooke and show good agreement. The relative trends are accurately predicted at lower frequencies, with slight over-prediction, and closely match the experimental data at mid-frequencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fan Technologies)

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