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Infrastructures
Volume 10
Issue 4
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Infrastructures, Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2025) – 32 articles

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32 pages, 878 KiB  
Review
Repair and Treatment of Alkali–Silica Reaction (ASR)-Affected Transportation Infrastructures: Review and Interview
by Amir Behravan, Gabriel Arce, H. Celik Ozyildirim, Emily Spradley and Cooper Davenport
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040101 (registering DOI) - 21 Apr 2025
Abstract
Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) can create significant cracking, compromising the durability and structural integrity of concrete elements. Currently, there is no known way to halt or reverse ASR damage, and the expansion will continue until it impairs ride quality or structural capacity, requiring the [...] Read more.
Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) can create significant cracking, compromising the durability and structural integrity of concrete elements. Currently, there is no known way to halt or reverse ASR damage, and the expansion will continue until it impairs ride quality or structural capacity, requiring the replacement of the affected elements. For certain existing structures or structural elements, the progression of an alkali–silica reaction may slow down depending on the type, dimensions of the affected element, service conditions, and environmental factors. Early intervention with repairs, however, may delay the need for replacement and extend the service life of the structure. Repair methods, such as crack filling, sealing, and breathable coatings, help reduce moisture intake and slow expansion. These repairs can also be combined with strengthening techniques to counteract the expansive forces caused by ASRs. The primary goal of these repairs is to extend the life of the structure until replacement or abandonment is necessary. There is a lack of information regarding the long-term performance of repairs and the most widely accepted repair methods. However, the literature and knowledge from the field shows that the time gained through these repairs varies significantly depending on location and exposure conditions, indicating that replacement remains the only reliable solution. Still, given that repairs can cost only 10–20% of full replacement, they remain a viable option for agencies managing limited budgets for immediate replacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridge Modeling, Monitoring, Management and Beyond)
35 pages, 15246 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Objective Approach for Optimizing Aisle Widths in Underground Parking
by Igor Kabashkin, Alua Kulmurzina, Assel Zhandarbekova, Zura Sansyzbayeva and Timur Sultanov
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040100 - 21 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for determining optimal aisle widths in underground parking facilities, balancing vehicle maneuverability against parking capacity. The research methodology integrates geometric modeling, computational simulations, and empirical validation to establish evidence-based recommendations for aisle width design. Through systematic [...] Read more.
This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for determining optimal aisle widths in underground parking facilities, balancing vehicle maneuverability against parking capacity. The research methodology integrates geometric modeling, computational simulations, and empirical validation to establish evidence-based recommendations for aisle width design. Through systematic testing of aisle widths ranging from 4.5 to 6.0 m across various vehicle types, the study identifies 5.0–5.5 m as the optimal range that maximizes both objectives for modern vehicle fleets. Geometric modeling establishes theoretical minimum widths based on vehicle turning radii, while software simulations quantify maneuverability metrics including parking success rates, time requirements, and collision probabilities. Physical testing in operational underground parking facilities validates these findings through controlled experiments with drivers of varying experience levels. The research demonstrates that aisle widths below 5.0 m significantly compromise maneuverability, particularly for larger vehicles, while widths exceeding 5.5 m provide negligible additional benefits while reducing capacity. A case study application in Kazakhstan, examining regional vehicle distributions and regulatory frameworks, confirms the model’s practical utility. The findings suggest that current parking standards in some regions may require revision to accommodate changing vehicle dimensions. This optimization framework provides urban planners, architects and engineers with a data-driven methodology for designing underground parking facilities that enhance both user experience and space utilization efficiency. Full article
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22 pages, 1296 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Strategies for Concrete Infrastructure Preservation: A Comprehensive Review and Perspective
by Cameron R. Rusnak
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040099 - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
The growing number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures nearing the end of their service life demands innovative strategies for preservation and retrofitting. Environmental degradation, aging infrastructure, and increased loading demands highlight the need for sustainable, durable, and cost-effective solutions. This paper reviews advancements [...] Read more.
The growing number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures nearing the end of their service life demands innovative strategies for preservation and retrofitting. Environmental degradation, aging infrastructure, and increased loading demands highlight the need for sustainable, durable, and cost-effective solutions. This paper reviews advancements in preserving and retrofitting RC and concrete infrastructure systems. Innovations include low-carbon binders, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), geopolymer concrete, and self-healing technologies to enhance durability and reduce environmental impact. Advanced retrofitting techniques, particularly fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems, modularized steel reinforcement, and hybrid approaches, effectively improve resilience against environmental and operational stresses. Computational tools and machine learning offer promising pathways for optimizing mixture designs and enhancing sustainability. However, critical challenges remain, including scalability issues, performance variability, economic feasibility, and the lack of standardized guidelines. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts across academia, industry, and regulatory bodies to establish performance-based guidelines, develop standardized testing protocols, and conduct comprehensive lifecycle assessments. The findings of this review contribute valuable insights for enhancing infrastructure resilience, reducing environmental impacts, and supporting global sustainability initiatives aimed at achieving net-zero emissions and climate resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure: Enhancing Structural Resilience and Promoting Sustainability)
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18 pages, 6030 KiB  
Article
Uncertainty Quantification to Assess the Generalisability of Automated Masonry Joint Segmentation Methods
by Jack M. W. Smith and Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040098 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 141
Abstract
Masonry-lined tunnels form a vital part of the world’s operational railway networks. However, in many cases their structural condition is deteriorating, so it is vital to undertake regular condition assessments to ensure their safety. In order to reduce costs and improve the repeatability [...] Read more.
Masonry-lined tunnels form a vital part of the world’s operational railway networks. However, in many cases their structural condition is deteriorating, so it is vital to undertake regular condition assessments to ensure their safety. In order to reduce costs and improve the repeatability of these assessments, automated deep learning-based tunnel analysis workflows have been proposed. However, for such methods to be applied in practice to a safety-critical situation, it is necessary to validate their conclusions. This study analysed how uncertainty quantification methods can be used to assess the test time performance of neural networks trained for masonry joint segmentation without the laborious labelling of additional ground truths. It applies test-time augmentation (TTA) and Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) to evaluate both the aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties of a selection of trained models. It then shows how these can be used to generate uncertainty maps to aid an engineer’s interpretation of the neural network output. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Infrastructure Health Monitoring: Advancements in Sensors and Analysis)
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24 pages, 4944 KiB  
Article
Modeling Riding and Stopping Behaviors at Motorcycle Box Intersections: A Case Study in Chiang Mai City, Thailand
by Wachira Wichitphongsa, Nopadon Kronprasert, Moe Sandi Zaw, Pongthep Pisetsit and Thaned Satiennam
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040097 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 156
Abstract
A motorcycle box intersection is a signalized intersection with advanced stop lines or stopping spaces intended for motorcycles, creating a waiting area in front of other vehicles. This study introduces the External Driver Model (EDM) with microscopic traffic simulation using PTV Vissim 2024 [...] Read more.
A motorcycle box intersection is a signalized intersection with advanced stop lines or stopping spaces intended for motorcycles, creating a waiting area in front of other vehicles. This study introduces the External Driver Model (EDM) with microscopic traffic simulation using PTV Vissim 2024 software, which replicates the filtering and stopping behavior of motorcycles in mixed traffic on intersection approaches. This research aims to evaluate the traffic performance of motorcycle boxes with respect to motorcycle departure times, headway intervals, lane-filtering rates, and vehicle movement patterns at 12 signalized urban intersections in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The results show that the motorcycle box intersection has improved traffic efficiency, reduced motorcycle departure time, and maintained a constant distance between cars and other vehicles. Signalized intersections with motorcycle boxes improved traffic flow efficiency by favoring motorcycles without affecting car delays. Spatial-temporal visualization further supported the clustering characteristics of motorcycles in motorcycle-stopping areas, contributing to more orderly and predictable behavior in traffic. Furthermore, the lane-filtering rates demonstrated significant improvement at intersections equipped with motorcycle boxes compared to conventional intersection designs. These findings indicated that motorcycle boxes are valuable for motorcycle traffic management and intersection safety in urban areas with high volumes of motorcycle traffic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Road Design and Traffic Management)
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36 pages, 3049 KiB  
Review
Digitalization as an Enabler in Railway Maintenance: A Review from “The International Union of Railways Asset Management Framework” Perspective
by Mauricio Rodríguez-Hernández, Adolfo Crespo-Márquez, Antonio Sánchez-Herguedas and Vicente González-Prida
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040096 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 596
Abstract
This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the role of digitalization in railway maintenance management, particularly through the lens of the International Union of Railways (UIC) asset management framework. The study aims to assess how digital technologies such as Big Data, the Internet [...] Read more.
This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the role of digitalization in railway maintenance management, particularly through the lens of the International Union of Railways (UIC) asset management framework. The study aims to assess how digital technologies such as Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) serve as enablers for more efficient and effective maintenance practices in the railway sector. By employing a bibliometric analysis, we identify the current trends, challenges, and gaps in the literature concerning the integration of digital tools into maintenance management frameworks. The findings reveal that while digitalization offers significant potential for optimizing maintenance operations and enhancing decision-making processes, its successful implementation requires a more integrated approach that aligns with the strategic goals of railway organizations. This paper also discusses future research directions, emphasizing the need for a global framework incorporating technological advancements and organizational change to achieve sustainable and safe railway operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Resilience of Railway Networks: Enhancing Safety and Robustness)
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13 pages, 2216 KiB  
Article
Impact of Pumice Substitution on Mortar Properties: A Case Study on Mechanical Performance and XRD Analysis
by Pablo Julián López-Gonzalez, Rodrigo Vivar-Ocampo, Humberto Raymundo González-Moreno, Oscar Moreno-Vazquez, Efrén Meza-Ruíz, Sergio Aurelio Zamora-Castro, David Reyes-González and Joaquin Sangabriel-Lomeli
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040095 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 210
Abstract
The incorporation of sustainable construction is essential for minimizing the environmental footprint of cementitious composites. This research examines the mechanical behavior and microstructural features of alternative mortars in which pumice acts as a partial cement replacement. By applying the Taguchi methodology, nine mortar [...] Read more.
The incorporation of sustainable construction is essential for minimizing the environmental footprint of cementitious composites. This research examines the mechanical behavior and microstructural features of alternative mortars in which pumice acts as a partial cement replacement. By applying the Taguchi methodology, nine mortar mix variations were assessed at different pumice replacement rates (15%, 25%, and 50%), and their mechanical strength was compared against a control mixture without substitution. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the mineral components in the pumice to evaluate their performance and durability. Based on a statistical variance analysis (ANOVA), mortars with up to 25% substitution are suggested as they attain mechanical strength values comparable to those of a control mixture. This study contributes to the advancement of environmentally sustainable construction materials and provides valuable insights into the viability of using pumice in sustainable infrastructure developments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction Materials’ Contribution to a Zero-Waste Future)
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25 pages, 3462 KiB  
Article
Effect of Road Markings on Speed Through Curves on Rural Roads: A Driving Simulator Study in Spain
by Santiago Martin-Castresana, Diego Alvarez, Fabian Andrade-Cataño and Maria Castro
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040094 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Traffic accidents remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In Spain, a total of 9666 accidents occurred on curves in 2023, highlighting the need for effective speed management strategies. This study analyses, using a driving simulator, the effectiveness of three low-cost traffic calming [...] Read more.
Traffic accidents remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In Spain, a total of 9666 accidents occurred on curves in 2023, highlighting the need for effective speed management strategies. This study analyses, using a driving simulator, the effectiveness of three low-cost traffic calming measures—checkerboard patterns, red peripheral transverse bars, and red coloured transverse bands—on vehicle speed through curves of varying radii and directions. Additionally, it examines the influence of driver characteristics (age, gender, and experience) and road geometric features (curve radius and direction) on driving behaviour. The simulated road included ten curves with radii ranging from 26 to 190 metres (operating speeds of 30–70 km/h) with traffic calming measures placed at the tangents before the curves. The sample consisted of 48 drivers. Men exhibited faster speeds than women, while younger drivers were faster than seniors. Increased driving experience (annual distances) correlated with higher speeds. Additionally, smaller radii resulted in lower speeds. Regarding the traffic calming measures, significant differences were found mainly where the road markings were placed (tangent) and in the initial phases of the curve. Checkerboard patterns performed better in curves with smaller radii. In contrast, red coloured transverse bands showed the best performance in larger radius curves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Safety, Human Factors, and Workload in Real and Simulated Environments)
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43 pages, 31984 KiB  
Article
Advanced Seismic Analysis of a 44-Story Reinforced Concrete Building: A Comparison of Code-Based and Performance Based Design Approaches
by Mistreselasie Abate, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista and Vivian W. Y. Tam
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040093 - 9 Apr 2025
Viewed by 631
Abstract
Conventional seismic design regulations, even when rigorously adapted to local conditions, often fail to ensure the resilience of reinforced concrete buildings. Code-based prescriptive methods rely on simplified assumptions that do not fully capture the complex nonlinear behavior of structures during strong earthquakes, potentially [...] Read more.
Conventional seismic design regulations, even when rigorously adapted to local conditions, often fail to ensure the resilience of reinforced concrete buildings. Code-based prescriptive methods rely on simplified assumptions that do not fully capture the complex nonlinear behavior of structures during strong earthquakes, potentially underestimating seismic demands and structural vulnerabilities. This study evaluates the seismic performance of a 44-story reinforced concrete building designed per the EN-2015 code, currently adopted in Ethiopia. The building was analyzed using Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA), Linear Dynamic Time History Analysis (LDTHA), and Classical Modal Analysis in ETABS v19, with 11 ground motions from the PEER database. Ground motion scaling was performed using SeismoMatch and ETABS. Results indicate that LDTHA predicts 25.68% higher maximum story displacement, 26.49% greater inter-story drift ratios, 15.35% higher story shear, and 27.5% greater overturning moments compared to RSA. The fundamental time period for the first mode was found to be 3.956 s in Classical Modal Analysis, 3.806 s in RSA, and 3.883 s in LDTHA. These discrepancies highlight the limitations of code-based design and underscore the necessity of performance-based seismic design for achieving safer, more resilient structures in high-seismic regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure: Enhancing Structural Resilience and Promoting Sustainability)
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26 pages, 11255 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Girder Profiles on the Probability of Fatigue Damage in Continuous I-Multigirder Steel Bridges
by Graziano Fiorillo and Navid Manouchehri
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040092 - 9 Apr 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Fatigue is one of the main sources of mechanical failure in steel bridges. However, a few studies have investigated the relationship between the longitudinal shape of bridge girders and long-term fatigue effects. This paper shows how different girder profiles affect the probability of [...] Read more.
Fatigue is one of the main sources of mechanical failure in steel bridges. However, a few studies have investigated the relationship between the longitudinal shape of bridge girders and long-term fatigue effects. This paper shows how different girder profiles affect the probability of fatigue damage occurring in continuous I-multigirder steel bridges. The analysis was conducted using realistic traffic scenarios defined through truck data collected in USA and Canada. Monte Carlo simulations with 5000 realizations were performed on several continuous bridge configurations with different span lengths and different girder profiles. The results of the analysis showed that the probability of fatigue damage is affected by profile shape and the smoothness of the transition between the maximum and minimum height of the cross section. In particular, the probability of fatigue damage on continuous I-multigirder steel bridges can be reduced by up to 26% for typical fatigue construction details over a bridge service life of 75 years by modifying the geometry of the girders during the design phase of the bridge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridge Modeling, Monitoring, Management and Beyond)
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16 pages, 8231 KiB  
Article
Spatial Adaptation of Railway Stations: Arrival of High-Speed Rail Network
by Juan Bautista Font Torres, Jorge Luis García Valldecabres and Luís Cortés Meseguer
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040091 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
In the years since the emergence of the railway, the main objective has been focused on trains arriving and stopping at stations, with stations being considered a secondary or even residual objective for bringing people or goods on or off. The arrival of [...] Read more.
In the years since the emergence of the railway, the main objective has been focused on trains arriving and stopping at stations, with stations being considered a secondary or even residual objective for bringing people or goods on or off. The arrival of high-speed trains at stations has allowed for the creation of integrated, environmentally friendly stations which have become mobility hubs, connecting different modes of transportation and cities, as well as being clusters of economic activities that stimulate the inclusive growth of the areas where they are located. These transport infrastructures condition the social and communication relationships of many spaces. The consequences that have been demonstrated in the stations analyzed have been strengthened intermodally with other means of transport, giving value to commercial developments and old stations, as well as the environments where they are located, a development aimed beyond the railway users themselves. From an operational point of view, the main consequence of this transformation is the necessity to absorb the increase in passenger demand. The integration of the railway within an urban space is shaped through the construction of new stations within the already existing urban framework or, in some cases, by relocating them to the periphery of the city. New stations have undergone changes compared to those built a century ago. Their conception has evolved, adapting to the architecture of their time, but the most radical change they have experienced is related to the new uses that have been developed within them and how these spaces are utilized. The introduction of high-speed trains has initiated a series of reflections on new station concepts. The new operation is characterized by journey times, frequency, and comfort. This comfort is not only perceived on board a train but also in stations during a passenger’s stay, which has a direct impact on the design of stations. Provisional railway stations are valuable tools in situations where flexibility, speed, and reduced costs are required. Although they are not designed to be permanent, their ability to adapt to specific needs makes them a strategic option for temporary projects, though not in the case studied of the Valencia station. The planning of projects makes it necessary to implement proxemic standards in the design of spaces that contribute to the diversification of economic activity around and in a station itself, such as commercial, residential, or cultural areas. Full article
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24 pages, 21278 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Bikeability Index and CycleRAP in Examining Urban Cycling Facilities
by Tufail Ahmed, Ali Pirdavani, Geert Wets and Davy Janssens
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040090 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
This study conducts a comparative analysis of the Bikeability Index (BI) and CycleRAP in assessing urban cycling infrastructure. The BI, developed in previous research, evaluates cycling conditions through a user-centric framework incorporating safety, comfort, attractiveness, directness, and coherence. In contrast, CycleRAP employs a [...] Read more.
This study conducts a comparative analysis of the Bikeability Index (BI) and CycleRAP in assessing urban cycling infrastructure. The BI, developed in previous research, evaluates cycling conditions through a user-centric framework incorporating safety, comfort, attractiveness, directness, and coherence. In contrast, CycleRAP employs a data-driven methodology focusing on safety by assessing crash risks and severity across different cycling facilities. Using field data and online tools, this research applies both methods to bicycle infrastructure in Hasselt, Belgium, comparing their results and evaluating their alignment in identifying safety concerns and infrastructure needs. A significant correlation between BI and CycleRAP scores was observed, indicating that a higher bikeability score corresponds to reduced safety risks measured by CycleRAP. The study highlights the complementary nature of the two tools, emphasizing the broader insights of the BI and the focused safety evaluations of CycleRAP. The BI safety score extracted from the BI equation showed an even stronger correlation with CycleRAP, suggesting that despite using different methodologies, both indices can yield similar results. These findings provide meaningful guidance for urban planners seeking to enhance cycling infrastructure safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance)
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34 pages, 2645 KiB  
Article
Novel Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Framework for Maritime Infrastructure Maintenance
by Ehidiame Ibazebo, Vimal Savsani, Arti Siddhpura, Milind Siddhpura and Poonam Savsani
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040089 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
The maintenance of critical maritime infrastructure is essential for ensuring the safe, reliable, and efficient operations of marine seaports. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision framework for evaluating the maintenance practices and culture of maintenance-critical maritime infrastructure, such as port loading [...] Read more.
The maintenance of critical maritime infrastructure is essential for ensuring the safe, reliable, and efficient operations of marine seaports. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision framework for evaluating the maintenance practices and culture of maintenance-critical maritime infrastructure, such as port loading and unloading machinery and equipment. The proposed framework incorporates three distinct multi-criteria decision-making tools Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis, Weighted Aggregate Sum Product Assessment, and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. Fuzzy logic is incorporated into the framework to enhance the precision and robustness of the evaluation process. To form the basis of the assessment, the framework is structured around five key maintenance practice criteria: planning and scheduling; data collection and analysis; documentation and record keeping; maintenance personnel training; and competency, and four important maintenance culture criteria: leadership commitment, proactive and preventive approach, safety and compliance focus, and continuous improvement and learning. To validate the framework, an empirical evaluation was conducted, analyzing maintenance practices and culture across six Nigerian seaports. Data collection uses a questionnaire administered to relevant maintenance experts in the ports, ensuring a comprehensive and expert-informed analysis. The data collected was then analyzed using the fuzzy multi-criteria decision framework. The results provide valuable and actionable insights into the current maintenance practices and maintenance culture of the ports, identifying areas for improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart, Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructures, 3rd Edition)
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20 pages, 4917 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Analysis of Freeway Off-Ramps Incorporating Heterogeneous Traffic Flows
by Zixuan Zhang, Zhenxing Niu, Yichen Liu and Yan Li
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040088 - 6 Apr 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Highway exit ramps play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of road networks. As automated vehicles progressively integrate into highways, it is essential to investigate whether these exit ramps can accommodate the safe and efficient operation of heterogeneous traffic [...] Read more.
Highway exit ramps play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of road networks. As automated vehicles progressively integrate into highways, it is essential to investigate whether these exit ramps can accommodate the safe and efficient operation of heterogeneous traffic flows. This study constructed a basic simulation test using the SUMO simulation platform to analyze the adaptability of motorway exit ramps in a heterogeneous traffic environment. The simulation model incorporated the Krauss car-following model for the longitudinal dynamics of manual-driving vehicles, the ACC/CACC car-following model for automated vehicles, the LC2013 lane-changing model for manual-driving vehicles, and the game-theoretic lane-changing model for automated vehicles. The results reveal that in the absence of automated vehicles, the comprehensive cost is minimized with a deceleration lane length of 215 m, offering superior adaptability compared to the current standard of 180 m. As the proportion of automated vehicles gradually increases to surpass 40%, the rate of improvement in traffic flow, operational speed, and overall operational costs diminishes. Under these conditions, heterogeneous traffic flows exhibit limited adaptability to the existing road infrastructure. However, when the deceleration lane is extended to 200 m, the exit ramp shows optimal adaptability for heterogeneous traffic flows. Full article
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18 pages, 5199 KiB  
Article
Impact of Concrete Sealer and Salt Usage on Concrete Bridge Deck Condition and Life Cycle Cost
by Wei Huang, Hao Wang and Danny Xiao
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040087 - 6 Apr 2025
Viewed by 193
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze bridge deck condition deterioration and evaluate the impact of concrete sealer and salt usage on deck condition and life-cycle cost. To achieve this goal, machine learning models were built to predict the evolution of bridge [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to analyze bridge deck condition deterioration and evaluate the impact of concrete sealer and salt usage on deck condition and life-cycle cost. To achieve this goal, machine learning models were built to predict the evolution of bridge deck rating. The deck maintenance history shows that the average bridge age at deck overlay and deck replacement is around 25 and 50 years, respectively. Deck overlay can improve deck condition from an average rating of 6.3 to 7.1, and deck replacement can efficiently recover deck condition from an average rating of 5.3 to 8.5. The effect of concrete sealer on bridge deck condition is only observable at the stage before the first overlay, indicating that concrete sealer may not be effective over the long term. More usages of prewet salt and salt brine in anti-icing result in slightly higher deck condition ratings, while more dry salt in deicing presents slightly lower deck condition ratings, indicating the benefits of salt brine over dry salt. When concrete sealer is applied every 2 or 4 years, it can help extend the service life of the bridge deck by around 1~2 years. If concrete sealer is applied every 12 years, a 6% reduction in life cycle cost could be achieved. Full article
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21 pages, 6826 KiB  
Article
A Mixed FEM for Studying Jointed Concrete Pavement Blowups
by Daniele Baraldi
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040086 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 245
Abstract
This work aims to study the compressive buckling and consequent blowup of jointed concrete pavements due to thermal rise. For this purpose, a simple and effective mixed FEM, originally introduced for performing static and buckling analyses of beams on elastic supports, is extended [...] Read more.
This work aims to study the compressive buckling and consequent blowup of jointed concrete pavements due to thermal rise. For this purpose, a simple and effective mixed FEM, originally introduced for performing static and buckling analyses of beams on elastic supports, is extended for performing a preliminary study of jointed concrete pavements. An elastic Euler–Bernoulli beam in frictionless and bilateral contact with an elastic support is considered. Three different elastic support models are assumed, namely a Winkler support, an elastic half-space (3D), and half-plane (2D). The transversal pavement joint or crack is modeled employing a hinge at the beam midpoint with nil rotational stiffness. Numerical tests are performed by determining critical loads and the corresponding modal shapes, with particular attention to the first minimum critical load related to pavement blowup. From a theoretical point of view, the results show that minimum critical loads converge to existing results in the case of Winkler support, whereas new results are obtained in the case of the 2D and 3D support types. Associated modal shapes have maximum upward displacements at the beam midpoint. The second and subsequent critical loads, together with the corresponding sinusoidal modal shapes, converge to existing results. From a practical point of view, minimum critical loads represent a lower bound for estimating axial forces due to thermal variation causing jointed pavement blowup. Full article
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21 pages, 7725 KiB  
Article
Trip Generation Models for Transportation Impact Analyses of Shopping Centers in Croatia
by Deana Breški, Biljana Maljković and Mihaela Senjak
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040085 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
For effective transportation planning, land use, travel behavior, and infrastructure capacity should be optimized to support sustainable urban growth and reduce congestion. Every new site development generates traffic volume, which can affect the quality of traffic flow in the surrounding road network. Therefore, [...] Read more.
For effective transportation planning, land use, travel behavior, and infrastructure capacity should be optimized to support sustainable urban growth and reduce congestion. Every new site development generates traffic volume, which can affect the quality of traffic flow in the surrounding road network. Therefore, trip generation, which predicts future travel demand, is a crucial step in the traditional four-step transportation model. In this context, the main objective of this study is to develop a model for estimating vehicle trip generation due to the construction of a shopping center, which is a significant traffic generator. The survey was conducted in Split (Croatia) at five existing locations, and linear regression analysis was used to develop models for different time periods. The results indicated that vehicle trips are strongly correlated with the gross floor area of shopping centers, with a high coefficient of determination. Additionally, this study presents a comparison of measured traffic volumes with estimates using ITE Trip Generation Manual equations. The findings suggest that these vehicle trip estimates should be reduced by approximately 40%. Since no previous studies have been conducted on the impact of land use on trip generation in the Republic of Croatia, the developed models represent a first step in creating a database that should be expanded with new data. Estimating the traffic generated by a new site development is a crucial component of traffic management, as it helps planners and engineers assess its impact on the surrounding road network and implement necessary measures to ensure efficient and safe traffic flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Road Design and Traffic Management)
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32 pages, 2651 KiB  
Review
Effects of Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt as a Pavement Layer in Railways: A Scoping Review
by Milad Kazemian, Ebrahim Hadizadeh Raeisi, Ahmad Davari Ghezelhesar, Amir Hajimirzajan and Szabolcs Fischer
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040084 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 358
Abstract
Railway track performance and durability face growing challenges from higher speeds, heavier axle loads, and changing environmental conditions. Crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CRMA) offers a sustainable solution by repurposing waste tires into a durable material for railway trackbeds, improving both performance and environmental impact. [...] Read more.
Railway track performance and durability face growing challenges from higher speeds, heavier axle loads, and changing environmental conditions. Crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CRMA) offers a sustainable solution by repurposing waste tires into a durable material for railway trackbeds, improving both performance and environmental impact. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this scoping review synthesizes an extensive body of global research on the structural, mechanical, and environmental benefits of CRMA in railway trackbeds. A systematic literature search was conducted across major academic databases, covering studies published over several decades. Selection criteria focused on CRMA applications in railway trackbeds, using keywords such as “crumb rubber-modified asphalt”, “railway track vibration”, and “sustainable railway materials.” After rigorous screening and eligibility assessment, the most relevant peer-reviewed studies were included, emphasizing mechanical performance, durability, and environmental impact. Key findings indicate that CRMA effectively reduces ground vibrations, enhances load distribution, and lowers long-term maintenance costs while promoting sustainable waste management through tire recycling. However, challenges such as optimal mix design, potential emissions, and long-term bonding stability require further investigation. Additionally, the review was limited to English-language studies, potentially omitting relevant non-English research, and some reports were inaccessible during retrieval. This review maps critical research gaps, identifies key areas for future optimization, and highlights CRMA’s potential to advance resilient and eco-friendly railway infrastructure. Full article
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21 pages, 5472 KiB  
Article
Mitigating Settlement and Enhancing Bearing Capacity of Adjacent Strip Footings Using Sheet Pile Walls: An Experimental Approach
by Ali M. Basha, Ahmed Yousry Akal and Mohamed H. Zakaria
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040083 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 181
Abstract
In construction, closely spaced footings cause stress interactions that impact bearing capacity, settlement, and stability. This study experimentally evaluates the role of sheet pile walls (SPWs) in improving the performance of two adjacent strip footings—an existing footing and a newly placed footing—on sandy [...] Read more.
In construction, closely spaced footings cause stress interactions that impact bearing capacity, settlement, and stability. This study experimentally evaluates the role of sheet pile walls (SPWs) in improving the performance of two adjacent strip footings—an existing footing and a newly placed footing—on sandy soil. The influence of SPW penetration depth (Ls) and center-to-center spacing between footings (X) on settlement and bearing resistance under vertical loads was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a large-scale soil tank (330 × 30 cm, depth 210 cm), with X ranging from 300 mm to 1000 mm and SPW lengths varying from 0 mm to 1500 mm. The results show that SPWs significantly enhance foundation performance by reducing settlement and increasing bearing capacity. When Ls/B = 6, the settlement of the new footing (F1) decreases by 48%, while the existing footing (F2) sees reductions of 47%, 67%, and 77% at Ls/B = 3, 4, and 5, respectively, under 500 kN/m2 stress. The bearing capacity of F1 increases by 53% when X = 300 mm, demonstrating strong interference effects. Conversely, the F2 settlement increases as X decreases, with a 96% rise at X = 300 mm, but it stabilizes at Ls/B = 5. SPWs also shift failure from general shear to punching shear, modifying soil–structure interaction. These findings highlight the effectiveness of SPWs in mitigating settlement, enhancing load-bearing capacity, and optimizing foundation design in closely spaced footing systems. The results suggest that an SPW length-to-footing width ratio (Ls/B) between 4 and 5 is optimal for minimizing settlement and improving stability, with only a slight difference in effectiveness between these two ratios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures and Structural Engineering)
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17 pages, 3783 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Scale CNN-BiLSTM Framework with An Attention Mechanism for Interpretable Structural Damage Detection
by Shengping Wu and Jingliang Liu
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040082 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 234
Abstract
Structural damage detection is essential for civil infrastructure safety. The challenges in noise sensitivity, multi-scale feature extraction, and handling bidirectional temporal dependencies are often encountered by traditional methods such as vibration analysis and computer vision. Although potential solutions are offered by recent deep-learning [...] Read more.
Structural damage detection is essential for civil infrastructure safety. The challenges in noise sensitivity, multi-scale feature extraction, and handling bidirectional temporal dependencies are often encountered by traditional methods such as vibration analysis and computer vision. Although potential solutions are offered by recent deep-learning advancements, limitations are frequently imposed by low interpretability and the incapability to adaptively prioritize crucial features within complex time-series data. To address these, a novel hybrid deep-learning framework is proposed. It is integrated with multi-scale convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks, and attention mechanisms. Localized time-frequency features are captured from vibration signals by the CNN using multi-scale kernels. Bidirectional temporal dependencies are skillfully captured by the BiLSTM. The interpretability is improved by the attention mechanism through dynamic feature weighting. Experiments on a simulated steel frame demonstrate that detection accuracy and robustness can be enhanced by this framework. This work promotes structural health monitoring, providing a practical tool for engineering applications. Full article
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22 pages, 7837 KiB  
Article
Improved Yield Line Analysis and Innovative Methodology to Evaluate the Capacity of RC Barriers Subjected to Vehicular Collision Force
by Fahed H. Salahat, Hayder A. Rasheed, Christopher A. Jones and Isaac Klugh
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040081 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Reinforced Concrete (RC) barriers are used for different purposes in the highway inventory. An important purpose is the use of concrete barriers to act as railing that protects bridge piers against vehicular collision force (VCF). Therefore, these barriers are designed to absorb the [...] Read more.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) barriers are used for different purposes in the highway inventory. An important purpose is the use of concrete barriers to act as railing that protects bridge piers against vehicular collision force (VCF). Therefore, these barriers are designed to absorb the collision energy and/or redirect the vehicle away from the parts being protected. Accurate estimation of the capacity of RC barriers during crash events is an important consideration in their design and placement. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) considers yield line analysis (YLA) with the V-shape failure pattern to predict the barrier capacity. AASHTO’s analysis method involves some assumptions that are intended to simplify the analysis process. Some of these assumptions have been shown to underestimate the actual barrier capacity and might disqualify many existing RC barriers from acting as intervening structures due to structural inadequacy. Many researchers have proposed alternative failure patterns and methodologies in an attempt to better predict the capacity of RC barriers. This research shows that AASHTO’s YLA, with the current V-shape failure pattern, can be improved and still predict the barrier capacity when some of the simplifying assumptions are eliminated. Also, the research presents an alternative innovative truss analogy model to predict the capacity of RC barriers. The results of the improved YLA and the proposed truss model are validated by finite element analysis (FEA) using Abaqus. The results of this research will help structural engineers in the highway industry to initially design new barriers for the intended capacity as well as estimate the capacity of existing ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure: Enhancing Structural Resilience and Promoting Sustainability)
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22 pages, 6875 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Flange Grease on Revenue Service Tracks Using Laser-Based Systems and Machine Learning
by Aditya Rahalkar, S. Morteza Mirzaei, Yang Chen, Carvel Holton and Mehdi Ahmadian
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040080 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
This study presents a machine learning approach for estimating the presence and extent of flange-face lubrication on a rail. It offers an alternative to the current empirical and subjective methods for lubrication assessment, in which track engineers’ periodic visual inspections are used to [...] Read more.
This study presents a machine learning approach for estimating the presence and extent of flange-face lubrication on a rail. It offers an alternative to the current empirical and subjective methods for lubrication assessment, in which track engineers’ periodic visual inspections are used to evaluate the condition of the rail. This alternative approach uses a laser-based optical sensing system developed by the Railway Technologies Laboratory (RTL) located at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, VA, combined with a machine learning calibration model. The optical sensing system can capture the fluorescence emitted by the grease to identify its presence, while the machine learning model classifies the extent of grease present into four thickness indices (TIs), from 0 to 3, representing heavy (3), medium (2), light (1) and low/no (0) lubrication. Both laboratory and field tests are conducted, with the results demonstrating the ability of the system to differentiate lubrication levels and measure the presence or absence of grease and TI with an accuracy of 90%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Infrastructure Health Monitoring: Advancements in Sensors and Analysis)
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22 pages, 2758 KiB  
Article
Pedestrian Perceptions of Sidewalk Paving Attributes: Insights from a Pilot Study in Braga
by Fernando Fonseca, Alexandra Rodrigues and Hugo Silva
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040079 - 30 Mar 2025
Viewed by 254
Abstract
The influence of sidewalk paving materials on pedestrian safety and comfort remains an underexplored topic within the walkability literature. This pilot study aims to address this gap by evaluating the role of five surface-related attributes—roughness, friction, texture, heat retention, and maintenance—through a qualitative [...] Read more.
The influence of sidewalk paving materials on pedestrian safety and comfort remains an underexplored topic within the walkability literature. This pilot study aims to address this gap by evaluating the role of five surface-related attributes—roughness, friction, texture, heat retention, and maintenance—through a qualitative approach complemented by a simplified quantitative evaluation. The study was conducted along a pedestrian route in Braga, Portugal, where pedestrian perceptions were collected via a questionnaire and compared with objective measurements obtained at seven testing points with different paving materials. The results indicate a strong preference for concrete and mortar pavements due to their slip-resistant surfaces, smoothness, and overall regularity. Quantitative tests confirmed that these materials exhibited the highest slip resistance and surface regularity, reinforcing the general alignment between pedestrian perceptions and measured performance. Participants rated paving attributes higher than others, such as sidewalk width or obstacle-free paths. Notable demographic differences also emerged: women rated sidewalk attributes more highly than men, seniors preferred traditional stone pavements more, and adults favored concrete. These findings highlight the importance of integrating surface-related sidewalk attributes into walkability assessments and urban design strategies to promote safer, more comfortable, and more inclusive pedestrian environments. Full article
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22 pages, 2572 KiB  
Article
Rice Husk Ash and Waste Marble Powder as Alternative Materials for Cement
by Mezgebu Debas Yeshiwas, Mitiku Damtie Yehualaw, Betelhem Tilahun Habtegebreal, Wallelign Mulugeta Nebiyu and Woubishet Zewdu Taffese
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040078 - 29 Mar 2025
Viewed by 179
Abstract
Concrete, a cornerstone of modern construction, owes its widespread adoption to global industrialization and urbanization, with mortar being an essential component. However, the cement production process is energy-intensive and generates significant CO2 emissions. This study explores the use of agricultural (rice husk [...] Read more.
Concrete, a cornerstone of modern construction, owes its widespread adoption to global industrialization and urbanization, with mortar being an essential component. However, the cement production process is energy-intensive and generates significant CO2 emissions. This study explores the use of agricultural (rice husk ash, RHA) and industrial (waste marble powder, WMP) waste materials as partial cement replacements in mortar. Despite extensive research on RHA and WMP individually, studies examining their combined effects remain scarce. This research assessed cement replacement levels from 0% to 30% in 5% increments, evaluating the fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of the mortar. The findings showed that replacing 20% of cement with RHA and WMP increased compressive strength by 20.65% after 28 days, attributed to improved homogeneity and pozzolanic reactions that produced more calcium silicate hydrate. Water absorption decreased from 8.3% to 6.34%, indicating lower porosity and enhanced uniformity. Microstructural analyzes showed a denser mortar with 13% less mass loss at 20% replacement level. However, higher replacement levels reduced workability due to the increased surface area of RHA and WMP. Generally, using RHA and WMP as partial replacements of up to 20% significantly enhances mortar properties and supports sustainability. Full article
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23 pages, 1347 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Walkability for Older Adults: The Role of Government Policies and Urban Design
by Akshatha Rao, Rama Devi Nandineni, Roshan S. Shetty, Kailas Mallaiah and Giridhar B. Kamath
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040077 - 28 Mar 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
This research examines the impact of government policy initiatives, community engagement programs, and age-friendly urban design policies on the built environment, with a specific focus on the walkability of older adults. The walkability of older adults in the built environment is essential because [...] Read more.
This research examines the impact of government policy initiatives, community engagement programs, and age-friendly urban design policies on the built environment, with a specific focus on the walkability of older adults. The walkability of older adults in the built environment is essential because it promotes physical activity, social connectedness, and independence, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life and supporting healthy aging. This study employs a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design with convenience sampling in Udupi district, one of the urbanizing districts in India. The sample includes 333 older adults from diverse sociodemographic backgrounds who actively use the built environment. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that community engagement programs are the strongest enabler of safety and security perceptions related to walkability. Safety and security positively correlate with increased physical activity level, increased socialization level, and improved quality of life in older adults. Security also mediates the relationship between community engagement programs and all three outcomes associated with walkability. It highlights priority urban design features such as strategic lighting, sheltered walkways, traffic calming measures, barrier-free access, rest areas, and inclusive design elements as critical components of adaptive urban spaces that promote safety, accessibility, and social inclusion for older adults. Full article
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27 pages, 8596 KiB  
Article
Eco-Friendly High-Strength Geopolymer Mortar from Construction and Demolition Wastes
by Osama Youssf, Donia Safaa Eldin and Ahmed M. Tahwia
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040076 - 27 Mar 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
Geopolymer mortar is an eco-friendly type of mortar that is mainly made of fly ash, slag, and sand as common precursors. Recently, the availability of these materials has become limited due to the huge increase in geopolymer constructions. This is aligned with the [...] Read more.
Geopolymer mortar is an eco-friendly type of mortar that is mainly made of fly ash, slag, and sand as common precursors. Recently, the availability of these materials has become limited due to the huge increase in geopolymer constructions. This is aligned with the recent demand for recycling construction and demolition waste (CDW). In this study, brick waste (BW), ceramic tile waste (CTW), roof tile waste (RTW), and glass waste (GW) extracted from CDW were prepared in the following two sizes: one equivalent to the traditional geopolymer mortar binder (fly ash and slag) size and the other one equivalent to the sand size. The prepared CDW was used to partially replace the binder or sand to produce high-strength geopolymer mortar (HSGM). The replacements were carried out at rates of 25% and 50% by volume. The variety of mechanical and durability characteristics were measured, including workability, compressive strength, freezing/thawing resistance, sulfate attack, water sorptivity, and water absorption. Three curing conditions were applied for the proposed HSGM in this study, namely, water, heat followed by water, and heat followed by air. The results showed that the compressive strength of all HSGM mixes containing CDW ranged from 24 to 104 MPa. HSGM mixes cured in heat followed by water showed the highest 28-day compressive strengths of 104 MPa (when using 25% BW binder), 84.5 MPa (when using 25% BW fine aggregate), 91.3 MPa (when using 50% BW fine aggregate), 84 MPa (when using 25% CTW binder), and 94 MPa (when using 25% CTW fine aggregate). The findings demonstrated that using BW provided good resistance to freezing/thawing and sulfate attack. The water absorption of HSGM increased by 57.8% when using 50% CTW fine aggregate and decreased by 26.5% when using 50% GW fine aggregate. The highest water sorptivity of HSGM was recorded when 50% CTW fine aggregate was used. The use of CDW in HSGM helps reduce the depletion of natural resources and minimizes waste accumulation, enhancing environmental sustainability. These benefits make HSGM an eco-friendly alternative that promotes circular economy practices. Full article
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25 pages, 11379 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Behaviour and Seismic Response of Scoured Bridge Piers
by Christos Antonopoulos, Enrico Tubaldi, Sandro Carbonari, Fabrizio Gara and Francesca Dezi
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040075 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
This study explores the transverse response of bridge piers in riverbeds under a multi-hazard scenario, involving seismic actions and scoured foundations. The combined impact of scour on foundations’ stability and on the dynamic stiffness of soil–foundation systems makes bridges more susceptible to earthquake [...] Read more.
This study explores the transverse response of bridge piers in riverbeds under a multi-hazard scenario, involving seismic actions and scoured foundations. The combined impact of scour on foundations’ stability and on the dynamic stiffness of soil–foundation systems makes bridges more susceptible to earthquake damage. While previous research has extensively investigated this issue for bridges founded on piles, this work addresses the less explored but critical scenario of bridges on shallow foundations, typical of existing bridges. A comprehensive soil–foundation structure model is developed to be representative of the transverse response of multi-span and continuous girder bridges, and the effects of different scour scenarios and foundation embedment on the dynamic stiffness of the soil–foundation sub-systems are investigated through refined finite element models. Then, a parametric investigation is conducted to assess the effects of scour on the dynamic properties of the systems and, for some representative bridge prototypes, the seismic response at scoured and non-scoured conditions are compared considering real earthquakes. The research results demonstrate the significance of scour effects on the dynamic properties of the soil–foundation structure system and on the displacement demand of the bridge decks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridge Modeling, Monitoring, Management and Beyond)
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20 pages, 10657 KiB  
Article
The Integrity of Short-Span Bridges in the Case of Coastal Floods: Monitoring Strategies and an Example
by Mario Lucio Puppio, Alessandro Pucci and Mauro Sassu
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040074 - 24 Mar 2025
Viewed by 222
Abstract
This paper examines short-span bridge (SSB) integrity against floods. They represent the majority of road infrastructures and are often affected by hydraulic erosion and overlap during rainfalls. A method to classify and identify a set of SSBs in an assigned territory is illustrated. [...] Read more.
This paper examines short-span bridge (SSB) integrity against floods. They represent the majority of road infrastructures and are often affected by hydraulic erosion and overlap during rainfalls. A method to classify and identify a set of SSBs in an assigned territory is illustrated. An analytical approach to evaluate the severity condition and priority of intervention is then presented, furnishing formulas for designing SSBs or evaluating the safety of existing ones. An emblematic case study, located on Sardinia Island (Italy), is described, applying the proposed approach in terms of hydraulic and structural loads to be considered. Finally, a discussion of the main obtained results is carried out, taking into account experiences due to recent floods and related collapses, with conclusions presented. Full article
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24 pages, 13834 KiB  
Article
Development of a Stress Block Model to Predict the Ultimate Bending Capacity of Rectangular Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Beams Strengthened with U-Shaped CFRP Sheets
by Mohammad Ansari, Ahmed W. Al Zand, Emad Hosseinpour, Ali Joharchi and Masoud Abedini
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040073 - 24 Mar 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
The prediction of the ultimate bending capacity of the rectangular concrete-filled steel tube (RCFST) beams strengthened with U-shaped carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets is limited to using the existing empirical models. Thus, this study aims to develop a new theoretical model based [...] Read more.
The prediction of the ultimate bending capacity of the rectangular concrete-filled steel tube (RCFST) beams strengthened with U-shaped carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets is limited to using the existing empirical models. Thus, this study aims to develop a new theoretical model based on a stress block model to predict the ultimate bending capacity (Mu) of the RCFST beams strengthened with a U-shaped CFRP-wrapping scheme. For this purpose, 28 finite element (FE) models of CFRP-strengthened RCFST beams had been analyzed for further investigation of the flexural behavior and longitudinal stresses distributed along with the beam’s components (steel tube, concrete core, and CFRP layers). The main parameters investigated are concrete compressive strength, steel yield strength, number of CFRP layers, and CFRP-wrapping-depth ratio. In addition, the Mu values obtained from the FE models of the current study and those from the existing experimental tests performed by others are used to verify the corresponding values that are theoretically predicted by the new model. The comparison showed that the proposed model is moderately conservative, as the predicted values of Mu are, on average, up to 10% lower than those obtained from experimental tests and FE analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures and Structural Engineering)
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18 pages, 10302 KiB  
Article
Research on Asphalt Pavement Surface Distress Detection Technology Coupling Deep Learning and Object Detection Algorithms
by Hong Zhang, Yuanshuai Dong, Yun Hou, Xiangjun Cheng, Peiwen Xie and Keming Di
Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040072 - 24 Mar 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
To address the challenges posed by the vast scale of highway maintenance in China and the high costs associated with traditional inspection vehicles. This study focuses on a routine maintenance project for national and provincial roads in Shanxi Province, with an emphasis on [...] Read more.
To address the challenges posed by the vast scale of highway maintenance in China and the high costs associated with traditional inspection vehicles. This study focuses on a routine maintenance project for national and provincial roads in Shanxi Province, with an emphasis on the selection and design of hardware for lightweight, portable pavement inspection devices. A monocular camera was used to capture pavement surface images, resulting in a dataset of 85,511 training samples. Additionally, the YOLOv5 object detection algorithm, combined with convolutional deep learning techniques, was employed to classify and identify pavement surface distresses in the collected images. Through multiple iterations of model tuning and validation, the proposed detection system achieved a false negative rate of 1.13%, a recall rate of 97.35%, and a precision rate of 98.30%. Its high accuracy provides a technical reference for the development and design of portable pavement distress detection devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Digital Transformation of Road Infrastructures)
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