Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

17 pages, 5597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuromuscular Control Deficits After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Pilot Study Using Single-Leg Functional Tests and Electromyography

by Ayrton Moiroux--Sahraoui, Jean Mazeas, Maxime Gold, Georgios Kakavas and Florian Forelli

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010098 - 19 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1056

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate neuromuscular control and muscle activation patterns in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, compared to healthy controls. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted following STROBE guidelines, including 16 participants (ACL group: n = 9; [...] Read more.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate neuromuscular control and muscle activation patterns in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, compared to healthy controls. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted following STROBE guidelines, including 16 participants (ACL group: n = 9; control group: n = 7). Participants performed the single-leg squat (SLS) test and the single-leg drop landing (SLDL) test. Neuromuscular control was assessed using the Qualitative Analysis of Single-Leg Loading Score (QASLS), while gluteus medius and vastus medialis activation were recorded using surface electromyography. Results: The ACL group showed significantly higher QASLSs in the SLS test (p = 0.0113), indicating poorer movement quality, while no difference was found in the SLDL test (p = 0.5484). Gluteus medius activation was lower in the ACL group during the SLS test (p = 0.0564), and vastus medialis activation was higher but not significantly different (p = 0.095). Conclusions: These findings highlight persistent neuromuscular deficits post-ACL-reconstruction, particularly in SLS tasks, reinforcing the need for targeted rehabilitation strategies focusing on hip stabilization and quadriceps motor control to optimize movement quality and reduce reinjury risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives on Kinesiology and Functional Morphology in Team Sports)

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14 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach

by Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles and Augusto Gil Pascoal

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010097 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Background: The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. Objectives: We aim to describe and compare scapular and trunk kinematics during an overhead squat under different external [...] Read more.

Background: The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. Objectives: We aim to describe and compare scapular and trunk kinematics during an overhead squat under different external resistance conditions. Methods: The three-dimensional shoulder and trunk kinematics of 19 male participants were captured at 15-degree intervals, from 30 to 120 degrees, during the overhead squat movement and analyzed by phase. Results: Scapular posterior tilt was significantly affected by resistance during the UNLOAD phase (p = 0.005, η²ₚ = 0.26). Significant resistance-by-arm elevation interactions were found for scapular upward rotation during the LOAD phase (p = 0.003, η²ₚ = 0.19) and UNLOAD phase (p < 0.001, η²ₚ = 0.24); for scapular internal rotation during both the LOAD (p < 0.001, η²ₚ = 0.37) and UNLOAD phases (p = 0.006, η² = 0.19); and for scapular posterior tilt during both the LOAD (p = 0.003, η²ₚ = 0.26) and the UNLOAD phases (p = 0.006, η²ₚ = 0.21). Trunk flexion/extension showed a significant effect on resistance during the LOAD phase (p = 0.008, η²ₚ = 0.24). Conclusions: Increasing resistance through elastic resistance significantly improves scapular kinematics via the trunk during arm elevation. This underscores the potential of the overhead squat movement as a valuable tool for assessing and treating scapular and trunk dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)

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21 pages, 7009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Tactile Sensory Stimulation Training of the Trunk and Sole on Standing Balance Ability in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Toshiaki Tanaka, Yusuke Maeda and Takahiro Miura

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010096 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 362

Abstract

Background: Aging is associated with a decline in both motor and sensory functions that destabilizes posture, increasing the risk of falls. Dynamic standing balance is strongly linked to fall risk in older adults. Sensory information from the soles and trunk is essential for [...] Read more.

Background: Aging is associated with a decline in both motor and sensory functions that destabilizes posture, increasing the risk of falls. Dynamic standing balance is strongly linked to fall risk in older adults. Sensory information from the soles and trunk is essential for balance control. Few studies have demonstrated the efficacy of targeted sensory training on balance improvement. Objectives: To assess vibratory sensation function in the trunk and sole using a vibration device and evaluate the effects of trunk and sole tactile sensation training on dynamic standing balance performance in older adults. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, eighteen older adults were randomly assigned to three groups: control (n = 8, mean age 66.6 ± 3.4), trunk training (n = 5, mean age 71.0 ± 1.9), and sole training (n = 5, mean age 66.4 ± 3.6). The training lasted for 10 weeks, utilizing vibratory stimulation at 128 Hz through tuning forks for 15 min during each session, conducted three times a week. The primary outcomes were vibratory sensitivity, assessed with a belt-fitted device on the trunk and a plate equipped with vibrators on the soles, and dynamic balance, evaluated through force plate testing that measured limits of stability (LoS) in multiple directions. Results: Correct response rates for trunk vibratory stimulation significantly improved in the trunk training group (p < 0.05). The rate of two-stimuli discrimination improved in both training groups. Significant advancements in balance metrics were observed in the trunk and sole training groups when compared to the control group, especially regarding anterior–posterior tilts (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was identified between two-point vibratory discrimination and LoS test performance. Conclusions: Sensory training of the trunk and sole enhances balance performance in older adults, suggesting potential benefits for fall prevention. Future studies should assess long-term effects and explore optimal training duration with larger sample sizes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Posture, Balance, and Gait: Assessment Techniques and Rehabilitation Strategies)

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18 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Autologous Tenocyte Injection for Overuse and Degenerative Tendinopathies: A Systematic Review

by Andrea Demeco, Alessandro de Sire, Antonello Salerno, Nicola Marotta, Beatrice Comuni, Matteo Gabbi, Lorenzo Lippi, Marco Invernizzi, Antonio Ammendolia and Cosimo Costantino

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010095 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 278

Abstract

Background: The term tendinopathy commonly describes a series of alterations in the tendon, leading in functional impairment and pain, treated with several approaches, including exercises, physical agents, and injection therapies. Among the latter, autologous tenocyte injection (ATI) involves harvesting tenocytes from a healthy [...] Read more.

Background: The term tendinopathy commonly describes a series of alterations in the tendon, leading in functional impairment and pain, treated with several approaches, including exercises, physical agents, and injection therapies. Among the latter, autologous tenocyte injection (ATI) involves harvesting tenocytes from a healthy tendon of the patients and then isolating the tenocytes and culturing for 4–5 weeks. To date, there is still a lack of consensus about the efficacy of ATI in improving pain and function; therefore, the present review aimed to assess the role of ATI in the treatment of chronic tendinopathies. Methods: Two authors conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar (PROSPERO: CRD42024565211). From 174 articles, we finally included 5 articles. Results: The main effect obtained was the pain relief and, consequently, the improvement of patients’ quality of life. The clinical improvement is also evident at MRI in which it is possible to see a progressive reduction with a general disappearance of the T2 signal hyperintensity between 4 months and 1 year. All the articles agree on the safety of ATI in chronic tendinopathies. Conclusions: ATI might represent a safe and valuable option in the management of chronic tendinopathies as a second line treatment in the case of resistant tendinopathies, with a minimal risk of side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)

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12 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Gait Rhythm with Motor Imagery -Trial Using the Finger Tap Test-

by Keisuke Itotani, Mirai Taki, Shinnosuke Ueno, Hina Nakai, Yuta Miki, Ippei Suganuma, Shun Harada and Noriyuki Ogawa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010094 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 221

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of any error (delta; ∆) between the image of one’s own walking rhythm and the actual walking rhythm and physical activity, as a new motor imagery assessment. Methods: The subjects were classified [...] Read more.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of any error (delta; ∆) between the image of one’s own walking rhythm and the actual walking rhythm and physical activity, as a new motor imagery assessment. Methods: The subjects were classified into two groups: a high activity group (HA-Group) having high physical activity with less than four hours of sitting time per day, and a low activity group (LA-Group) having low physical activity with more than four hours of daily sitting time. Visual rhythm, auditory rhythm, mental comfortable walking rhythm, and mental maximum walking rhythm were used to assess new motor imagery. Their beats per minute were measured and any error (delta; ∆) from the actual rhythm was calculated: ∆ visual rhythm, ∆ auditory rhythm, ∆ mental normal gait rhythm, and ∆ mental maximal gait rhythm. Results: When comparing the two groups, the HA-Group had significantly higher ∆ visual rhythm, lower ∆ auditory rhythm, higher ∆ mental comfortable walking rhythm, and lower ∆ mental maximum walking rhythm ability than the LA-Group. Furthermore, in an ANCOVA with age, ∆visual rhythm, and ∆auditory rhythm as adjustment factors, the HA-Group had significantly lower ∆mental maximum walking rhythm than the LA-Group. Conclusions: These results showed that the rhythmic assessment of the imagery of maximum walking was associated with stationery time. It is possible that the more inaccurate the imagery of maximum walking, the longer the sitting or lying time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

16 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Community-Based Program on Preschoolers’ Physical Activity and Nutrition in Chile

by Gabriela Salazar, Fabian Vasquez, Margarita Andrade, Maria del Pilar Rodriguez, Rocio Berlanga, Juanita Rojas, Antonio Giadalah and Alvaro Muñoz

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010093 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 740

Abstract

Introduction: Childhood obesity has reached critical levels in Chile, particularly among preschoolers from low-income families who face barriers to nutritious food and physical activity. Early interventions are essential to mitigate long-term health risks. This study evaluates the Chile Active Intervention, a community-based program [...] Read more.

Introduction: Childhood obesity has reached critical levels in Chile, particularly among preschoolers from low-income families who face barriers to nutritious food and physical activity. Early interventions are essential to mitigate long-term health risks. This study evaluates the Chile Active Intervention, a community-based program promoting physical activity and healthy eating among preschoolers attending public daycare centers in Antofagasta, Santiago, and Temuco. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a structured intervention in improving physical activity levels, dietary habits, and obesity-related risk factors in children aged 3 to 5 years old. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was implemented with intervention and control groups, including 1204 children from public daycare centers. The intervention-comprised educator training on healthy eating structured physical activity sessions tailored for young children and family engagement through “Healthy Days” events. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured anthropometric variables, body composition, physical activity, and dietary intake. Results: The intervention led to positive changes in weight-for-height Z-scores, body fat percentage, and skinfold thickness, particularly among high-risk children. Physical activity assessments showed reduced sedentary time and increased active play. Dietary improvements included higher fruit and vegetable consumption and reduced ultra-processed food intake. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that early, community-based interventions can effectively improve health behaviors in preschoolers. The program’s scalability across Chile is promising, with parental involvement and institutional support being key to sustaining impact. Long-term evaluations are recommended to assess its lasting effects on childhood health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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11 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Isometric Shoulder Strength in Swimmers: A Validation and Reliability Study of the ASH and iASH Tests

by Hugo Ogando-Berea, Santiago Virgós-Abelleira, Pablo Hernandez-Lucas and Fernando Zarzosa-Alonso

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010092 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 699

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Shoulder pain is one of the most common injuries among athletes who perform overhead movements. The Athletic Shoulder Test (ASH) has been validated to measure isometric shoulder strength in rugby and baseball players but has not yet been applied to swimmers, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Shoulder pain is one of the most common injuries among athletes who perform overhead movements. The Athletic Shoulder Test (ASH) has been validated to measure isometric shoulder strength in rugby and baseball players but has not yet been applied to swimmers, where the prevalence of shoulder pathologies reaches up to 91%. The present study aims to validate the ASH and Inverse Athletic Shoulder Test (iASH) in swimmers and establish general values for both tests. Methods: A total of 21 swimmers from the Galician and Asturian Swimming Federation were evaluated using the ASH and iASH tests, measuring strength in three positions (180°, 135°, and 90°). Relative reliability was analysed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), absolute reliability was assessed through the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and Minimal Detectable Change at 90% confidence (MDC90), and variability was determined using the Coefficient of Variation (CV%), applying statistical tests such as Wilcoxon. Results: The ASH and iASH tests demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC = 0.9) across all positions, with acceptable variability (CV% < 35%). No statistically significant differences were found between the preferred and non-preferred side (p > 0.05), except in the iASH test at 180°, where a difference was observed (p = 0.007). The SEM values ranged from 4.39 to 7.39 N, while the MDC90 varied between 10.22 and 17.19 N, ensuring the tests’ sensitivity in detecting real changes in shoulder strength. Conclusions: The ASH and iASH tests are reliable tools for assessing shoulder strength in swimmers and can be used to monitor muscular imbalances and prevent injuries. The symmetry in strength between both sides supports their applicability in preventive programmes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement Analysis in Sports and Physical Therapy)

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11 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foam Roller Post-High-Intensity Training for CrossFit Athletes: Does It Really Help with Recovery?

by Fernando Zarzosa-Alonso, Alejandra Alonso-Calvete, Martín Otero-Agra, María Fernández-Méndez, Felipe Fernández-Méndez, Francisco Martín-Rodríguez, Roberto Barcala-Furelos and Myriam Santos-Folgar

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010091 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 646

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Foam rolling is a new and emergent recovery tool in sports. The aim of this study seeks to compare the acute effects of foam rolling and passive rest on recovery markers in CrossFit athletes following a high-intensity workout. Methods: A [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Foam rolling is a new and emergent recovery tool in sports. The aim of this study seeks to compare the acute effects of foam rolling and passive rest on recovery markers in CrossFit athletes following a high-intensity workout. Methods: A quasi-experimental crossover study design was completed with 14 amateur CrossFit athletes. Participants completed the FRAN CrossFit WOD and then completed a recovery protocol including either a foam roller or passive rest. Heart rate, blood lactate, and perceived exertion were collected at three time points (pre-workout, post-WOD, and post-recovery). Results: The foam rolling group had no significant differences from the passive rest group on recovery markers. Blood lactate increased significantly post-WOD in both groups, yet there was no significant difference in blood lactate post-recovery. Perceived exertion and heart rate had a similar pattern to blood lactate. Conclusions: High-intensity training causes significant physiological changes; however, foam rolling offers no additional benefit over passive rest for lactate clearance, heart rate recovery, and perceived exertion. CrossFit athletes can choose their preferred method of recovery based on personal preference, as foam rolling neither enhances nor hinders recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health: 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fitness Profile of Police Officers from Rapid Intervention Teams of the Lisbon Metropolitan Command

by João Daniel Freitas and Luís Miguel Massuça

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010090 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 498

Abstract

Background: A rapid intervention team is a broad category of special teams used by police and emergency respondents to cover various needs. It is essential to ensure the safety and well-being of people in emergencies, minimising the risk of harm and maximising [...] Read more.

Background: A rapid intervention team is a broad category of special teams used by police and emergency respondents to cover various needs. It is essential to ensure the safety and well-being of people in emergencies, minimising the risk of harm and maximising the chances of survival. Objective: This study aimed (i) to identify the fitness profiles and levels of POs from the EIR of the Lisbon Metropolitan Command (COMETLIS, PSP, Portugal), considering age classes; (ii) to directly compare the observed fitness profiles to previous research and normative data; and (iii) to compare the fitness profile of POs from the EIR with cadets from the Police Academy. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included the participation of 121 male POs from the EIR of the Lisbon Metropolitan Command (Portugal) and 92 male cadets from the Police Academy (Lisbon, Portugal). The assessment protocol sequence involved the collection of biosocial data (age classes: ≤29 years; 30–39 years; 40–49 years), a body size assessment, and a fitness assessment (horizontal jump, handgrip strength, 60 s sit-ups and 20 m shuttle run). Results: (i) In the ≤29 years age class, POs performed better in all fitness tests (highlighting that the age class had a statistically significant effect on performance in the horizontal jump, sit-ups, 20 m shuttle run, and predicted VO₂max), and they showed significantly better performance than cadets in handgrip (left, right, and sum), and significantly worse performance in sit-ups and predicted VO₂max. (ii) In the 30–39 years age class, POs had significantly worse performance than cadets in the horizontal jump, sit-ups, 20 m shuttle run, and predicted VO₂max, even after controlling for age. Conclusions: (i) The fitness performance decreased as the age class became older; (ii) the handgrip strength and cardiovascular capacity attributes were between the standard and excellent levels according to the ACSM guidelines for the general population; (iii) POs from the EIR were stronger than cadets in terms of handgrip strength but weaker in terms of lower limb power, abdominal muscular endurance, and aerobic capacity; and (iv) the differences observed between POs from the EIR and cadets in the 30–39 years age class emphasise the importance of physical training after the training period and throughout professional life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Evaluation for Health and Occupational Wellness: Current Trends and Future Directions)

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13 pages, 1122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Running Mechanics, Effects of Cadence, Footwear, and Orthoses on Force Distribution: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Marie Adelaide Nicolas-Peyrot, Yves Lescure, Eleonore Perrin, Magdalena Martinez-Rico, Corentin Travouillon, Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron and Eva Lopezosa-Reca

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010089 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 892

Abstract

Background: Running is a popular physical activity known for its health benefits but also for a high incidence of lower-limb injuries. This study examined the effects of three biomechanical interventions—cadence adjustments, footwear modifications, and foot orthoses—on plantar pressure distribution and spatiotemporal running [...] Read more.

Background: Running is a popular physical activity known for its health benefits but also for a high incidence of lower-limb injuries. This study examined the effects of three biomechanical interventions—cadence adjustments, footwear modifications, and foot orthoses—on plantar pressure distribution and spatiotemporal running parameters. Methods: A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures design was conducted with 23 healthy recreational runners (mean age 25, mean BMI 22.5) who ran at least twice per week. Five conditions were tested: baseline (C0), increased cadence (C1), orthoses (C2), low-drop footwear (C3), and a combination of these (C4). Data were collected on a Zebris treadmill, focusing on rearfoot contact time, peak forces, and stride length. Results: Increasing cadence (C1) reduced rearfoot impact forces (−81.36 N) and led to a shorter stride (−17 cm). Low-drop footwear (C3) decreased rearfoot contact time (−1.89 ms) and peak force (−72.13 N), while shifting pressure toward the midfoot. Orthoses (C2) effectively redistributed plantar pressures reducing rearfoot peak force (−41.31 N) without changing stride length. The combined intervention (C4) yielded the most pronounced reductions in peak forces across the rearfoot (−183.18 N) and forefoot (−139.09 N) and increased midfoot contact time (+5.07 ms). Conclusions: Increasing cadence and low-drop footwear significantly reduced impact forces, improving running efficiency. Orthoses effectively redistributed plantar pressures, supporting individualized injury prevention strategies. These findings suggest that combining cadence adjustments, footwear modifications, and orthoses could enhance injury prevention and running efficiency for recreational runners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)

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24 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis—Part I: General Performance Indicators

by Artur Terbalyan, Karol Skotniczny, Michał Krzysztofik, Jakub Chycki, Vadim Kasparov and Robert Roczniok

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010088 - 9 Mar 2025

Viewed by 980

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) has been explored for its potential to improve general performance in combat sports. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of PAPE protocols on physical performance, focusing on differences across disciplines, competitive levels, and testing methods. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) has been explored for its potential to improve general performance in combat sports. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of PAPE protocols on physical performance, focusing on differences across disciplines, competitive levels, and testing methods. Methods: A PRISMA-guided search (2010–2023) identified 19 studies examining PAPE protocols in combat sports athletes. The inclusion criteria required human trials using defined PAPE protocols, with outcomes of general performance indicators such as countermovement jumps (CMJs). A meta-analysis was conducted on data from 866 athletes using random effects modeling. Results: The PAPE protocols yielded a pooled effect size of 0.136 (95% CI, 0.008–0.263) across 866 athletes. Taekwondo athletes exhibited the most pronounced improvements in CMJ performance, particularly when using protocols that combined repeated vertical jumps with heavy-resistance cluster sets, and with dynamic, sport-specific movements such as the bandal chagui protocol achieving an effect size of 1.19 (p < 0.001). Conversely, Muay Thai athletes experienced performance declines when the protocols incorporated highly specific techniques, such as roundhouse kicks (ES = −1.36, p = 0.009). Analysis by competitive level revealed pooled effect sizes of 0.14 (95% CI, −0.01 to 0.29) for amateur athletes and 0.13 (95% CI, −0.11 to 0.38) for elite athletes, with no statistically significant differences observed between these groups. Conclusions: PAPE’s effectiveness depends on tailoring protocols to the competitive level and discipline. Short rest intervals support plyometric protocols for amateurs, while heavy-resistance exercises enhance elite performers. Further research is needed to standardize PAPE protocols and explore discipline-specific adaptations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement)

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14 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Participation and Performance in Boccia International-Level Events

by Cátia C. Ferreira, José M. Gamonales, Jesús Muñoz-Jiménez and Mário C. Espada

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010087 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 506

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Boccia is an attractive and growing adapted sport. For approximately 30 years, this parasport was played together by male and female athletes, a fact that recently changed, to our best knowledge, without scientific support. Hence, this study aimed to analyse the relationship [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Boccia is an attractive and growing adapted sport. For approximately 30 years, this parasport was played together by male and female athletes, a fact that recently changed, to our best knowledge, without scientific support. Hence, this study aimed to analyse the relationship between gender participation and performance in Boccia international-level events. Methods: For data collection, four specific international-level Boccia events between 2012 and 2018 were selected as partials were available in the official competition websites (2708 partials, which represent a total of 32,496 ball throws). Results: We found that partials won by male athletes systematically increased between 2012 and 2018 but tended to stabilize between 2017 and 2018, contrary to females, with a growing trend from 2016 onwards. No differences were observed, considering the players’ gender and the type of partials (adjusted, balanced, and unbalanced) in the Boccia classes BC1, BC2, and BC3. In BC4 differences were found, but with little variance or low association level (Cramer’s Phi coefficient of 0.114). Conclusions: The results emphasize that based on performance, both men and woman can play Boccia together. Although, if the focus of separating genders in Boccia is toward growing and effective female participation and equal success and reward opportunities, this study highlights as a good perspective aiming regular practice of physical activity, exercise, and sport in people with disabilities, promoting their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives and Challenges in Adapted Sports)

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15 pages, 2704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of a Decision Support System to Enhance Movement Proficiency Assessment in Sport

by Xavier Schelling, Enrique Alonso-Perez-Chao and Sam Robertson

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010086 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationships between seven descriptors of movement proficiency used by an expert to grade an athlete’s single-leg squat and the overall subjective ‘grade’ and the ability to predict a ‘grade’ based on the descriptors. A secondary [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationships between seven descriptors of movement proficiency used by an expert to grade an athlete’s single-leg squat and the overall subjective ‘grade’ and the ability to predict a ‘grade’ based on the descriptors. A secondary aim was to determine the relationships between biomechanical data, the expert-defined descriptors, and the subjective ‘grade’ and its ability to predict the descriptors’ presence and the overall ‘grade’. Methods: Single-leg squats in 55 male athletes were graded using expert evaluation, synchronized video, biomechanical data, and decision tree and logistic regression analysis. Results: The model that most accurately predicted ‘grade’ (94.7%) was a decision tree with the descriptors as inputs. The model with biomechanical data for the descriptor ‘foot’ was the most accurate one (96.3%), followed by ‘lumbar’ and ‘depth’ (85.2%), ‘knee’ (81.2%), ‘pelvis/hip’ (71.7%), and ‘trunk’ (62.3%). These accuracies followed similar order to the intra-rater agreement: ‘foot’ (0.789), ‘lumbar’ (0.776), ‘knee’ (0.725), ‘depth’ (0.682), ‘pelvis/hip’ (0.662), and ‘trunk’ (0.637), indicating that ‘trunk’, ‘pelvis/hip’, and ‘depth’ are potentially the hardest descriptors to assess by the expert. Conclusions: The models developed in this study demonstrate that subjective perceptions can be somewhat accurately explained through a small number of biomechanical indicators. The results of this study support the notion that human movement evaluations should consider both subjective and objective assessments in a complementary manner to accurately evaluate an athlete’s movement proficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Public Health)

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18 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gross-Motor Coordination and Executive Functions Development in Soccer and Artistic Gymnastics Preadolescent Female Athletes

by Fioretta Silvestri, Matteo Campanella, Lorenzo Marcelli, Dafne Ferrari, Maria Chiara Gallotta, Faten Hamdi, Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque, Maurizio Bertollo and Davide Curzi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010085 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1059

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The characteristics of open- and closed-skill sports can have a significant impact on the development of both motor and cognitive functions during late childhood and early adolescence. This study examined the impact of artistic gymnastics and soccer practice on physical/coordinative skills [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The characteristics of open- and closed-skill sports can have a significant impact on the development of both motor and cognitive functions during late childhood and early adolescence. This study examined the impact of artistic gymnastics and soccer practice on physical/coordinative skills and executive functions in preadolescent female athletes. Methods: Gross-motor coordination (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder battery), explosive lower limb power (countermovement jump) and executive functions (Flanker/Reverse Flanker; Digit Span) of ninety-eight soccer and gymnastics athletes (10.9 ± 0.6 years of age) were tested at the beginning and the end of a sports season. A t-test and a mixed linear method were used to detect differences between sports and expertise levels (amateur vs. elite) at baseline and over time, respectively. Results: Gymnasts scored higher in physical tests compared to soccer athletes, who obtained better scores in the Digit Span test. Elite gymnasts showed higher physical skills compared to both amateur gymnasts and elite soccer players, with executive function levels comparable to those of amateur gymnasts. Similarly, elite soccer players showed higher reaction time in executive functions tests compared to both elite gymnasts and amateur soccer athletes, with similar physical skills as amateur soccer players. Amateur gymnastics and soccer athletes showed similar levels of physical and cognitive skills. All groups improved their physical and executive function skills over time, with relevant effects of expertise level on physical tasks. Conclusions: Results revealed the impact of sport type and athletes’ level of expertise in influencing both their motor and cognitive development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Motor/Cognitive Skills and Sports Performance in Youth Athletes)

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18 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by André B. Peres, Tiago A. F. Almeida, Danilo A. Massini, Anderson G. Macedo, Mário C. Espada, Ricardo A. M. Robalo, Rafael Oliveira, João P. Brito and Dalton M. Pessôa Filho

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010084 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Correct supervision during the performance of resistance exercises is imperative to the correct execution of these exercises. This study presents a proposal for the use of Morisita–Horn similarity indices in modelling with machine learning methods to identify changes in positional sequence [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Correct supervision during the performance of resistance exercises is imperative to the correct execution of these exercises. This study presents a proposal for the use of Morisita–Horn similarity indices in modelling with machine learning methods to identify changes in positional sequence patterns during the biceps-curl weight-lifting exercise with a barbell. The models used are based on the fuzzy logic (FL) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. Methods: Ten male volunteers (age: 26 ± 4.9 years, height: 177 ± 8.0 cm, body weight: 86 ± 16 kg) performed a standing barbell bicep curl with additional weights. A smartphone was used to record their movements in the sagittal plane, providing information about joint positions and changes in the sequential position of the bar during each lifting attempt. Maximum absolute deviations of movement amplitudes were calculated for each execution. Results: A variance analysis revealed significant deviations (p < 0.002) in vertical displacement between the standard execution and execution with a load of 50% of the subject’s body weight. Experts with over thirty years of experience in resistance-exercise evaluation evaluated the exercises, and their results showed an agreement of over 70% with the results of the ANOVA. The similarity indices, absolute deviations, and expert evaluations were used for modelling in both the FL system and the SVM. The root mean square error and R-squared results for the FL system (R² = 0.92, r = 0.96) were superior to those of the SVM (R² = 0.81, r = 0.79). Conclusions: The use of FL in modelling emerges as a promising approach with which to support the assessment of movement patterns. Its applications range from automated detection of errors in exercise execution to enhancing motor performance in athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)

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13 pages, 1648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Test-Retest Reliability of MyotonPRO for Measuring Achilles Tendon Stiffness

by Krystof Volesky, Jan Novak, Michael Janek, Jakub Katolicky, James J. Tufano, Michal Steffl, Javier Courel-Ibáñez and Tomas Vetrovsky

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010083 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 475

Abstract

Objectives: This study evaluates the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the MyotonPRO for measuring Achilles tendon stiffness at two standardized sites over various time frames and settings. Methods: Eight healthy participants underwent assessments by three raters over six visits. Tendon [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study evaluates the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the MyotonPRO for measuring Achilles tendon stiffness at two standardized sites over various time frames and settings. Methods: Eight healthy participants underwent assessments by three raters over six visits. Tendon stiffness was measured at proximal (mid-portion) and distal (insertional) regions of the Achilles tendon at various time frames (10–15 s, 10–15 min, 24 h, and 14 days apart). Measurements included participant repositioning and two activity stimuli (daily living and sport). Reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), its 95% confidence interval, coefficient of variation, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change. Results: Short-term reliability (10–15 min) was excellent, with an ICC of 0.956 (0.929–0.974). Between days reliability (24 h) was good, with an ICC of 0.889 (0.802–0.938). Between weeks reliability (2 weeks) was good with an ICC of 0.886 (0.811–0.931). Short-term reliability with the simulation of activity of daily living was good, with an ICC of 0.917 (0.875–0.945). Short-term reliability with the simulation of sport was good with an ICC of 0.933 (0.891–0.96). Between days reliability with the simulation of sport was good, with an ICC of 0.920 (0.859–0.955). Conclusions: When used in a standardized position, the MyotonPRO demonstrates reliable repeated measurements of Achilles tendon stiffness. This protocol provides a foundation for clinical research and rehabilitation by clarifying expected reliability across minutes, days, and weeks, thus aiding clinicians and researchers in monitoring tendon adaptations and making evidence-based decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)

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13 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender-Based Differences in Biomechanical Walking Patterns of Athletes Using Inertial Sensors

by Elina Gianzina, Christos K. Yiannakopoulos, Georgios Kalinterakis, Spilios Delis and Efstathios Chronopoulos

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010082 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 469

Abstract

Background: Wearable inertial sensors are essential tools in biomechanics and sports science for assessing gait in real-world conditions. This study explored gender-based differences in biomechanical walking patterns among healthy Greek athletes using the BTS G-Walk system, focusing on key gait parameters to [...] Read more.

Background: Wearable inertial sensors are essential tools in biomechanics and sports science for assessing gait in real-world conditions. This study explored gender-based differences in biomechanical walking patterns among healthy Greek athletes using the BTS G-Walk system, focusing on key gait parameters to inform gender-specific training and rehabilitation strategies. Methods: Ninety-five healthy athletes (55 men, 40 women), aged 18 to 30 years, participated in this study. Each athlete performed a standardized 14 m walk while 17 biomechanical gait parameters were recorded using the BTS G-Walk inertial sensor. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS to assess gender differences and left–right foot symmetry. Results: No significant asymmetry was found between the left and right feet for most gait parameters. Men exhibited longer stride lengths (left: p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 0.61; right: p = 0.009, Cohen’s d = 0.53) and longer stride and gait cycle durations (left: p = 0.025, Cohen’s d = 0.52; right: p = 0.025, Cohen’s d = 0.53). Women showed a higher cadence (p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = −0.52) and greater propulsion index (left: p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = −0.71; right: p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = −0.73), as well as a higher percentage of first double support (p = 0.030, Cohen’s d = −0.44). Conclusions: These findings highlight the impact of biological and biomechanical differences on walking patterns, emphasizing the need for gender-specific training and rehabilitation. The BTS G-Walk system proved reliable for gait analysis, with potential for optimizing performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation in athletes. Future research should explore larger, more diverse populations with multi-sensor setups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gait Analysis in Athletes)

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14 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Bilateral vs. Unilateral Flywheel Strength Training on Physical Performance in Youth Male Basketball Players

by Bogdan Belegišanin, Nikola Andrić, Tatjana Jezdimirović Stojanović, Alen Ninkov, Gordan Bajić, Nedžad Osmankač, Mladen Mikić and Marko D. M. Stojanović

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010081 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 729

Abstract

Background/objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of bilateral and unilateral flywheel training programs on leg strength, sprint performance, jumping, and change of direction ability in young basketball players. Methods: Twenty-two youth male basketball players were randomly assigned to two groups: the [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of bilateral and unilateral flywheel training programs on leg strength, sprint performance, jumping, and change of direction ability in young basketball players. Methods: Twenty-two youth male basketball players were randomly assigned to two groups: the unilateral group (UG; n = 11; age = 15.5 ± 0.5 years) and the bilateral group (BG; n = 11; age = 15.2 ± 0.4 years). Both groups participated in a six-week flywheel training intervention (UG: split squat; BG: half squat) alongside their regular basketball activities. Performance measures included change of direction ability (5-0-5 test), knee extension 60 degrees/s leg strength (EX60), bilateral and unilateral countermovement jump heights (CMJ, CMJL, and CMJD), reactive strength index (RSI), and 5 m and 20 m sprint times (SPR5m and SPR20m). A 2 × 2 ANOVA was used to evaluate pre- to post-intervention changes. Results: Significant interaction effects were observed for the 5-0-5 test (F = 13.27; p = 0.02), with pre–post improvements of 8.4% and 13.3% for the BG and UG, respectively. Both groups showed significant CMJ improvements (11.4%, ES = 0.69 for the BG; 14.6%, ES = 1.4 for the UG). The UG demonstrated greater unilateral jump improvements compared to the BG. Significant RSI improvements were found for both groups (BG: 19.6%, ES = 0.95; UG: 19.6%, ES = 0.77). Both groups improved on sprint performance, with the UG showing slightly larger effect sizes. Conclusions: Unilateral flywheel strength training appeared to be a more effective strategy than bilateral training for enhancing strength, sprinting, jumping, and change of direction ability in youth basketball players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Performance: Training Strategies to Improve Strength, Speed, and Power)

18 pages, 344 KiB

Open AccessReview

Determinants of Health and Performance in Wildland Firefighters: A Narrative Review

by Fabio García-Heras, Jorge Gutiérrez-Arroyo, Juan Rodríguez-Medina, Belén Carballo-Leyenda, Pilar Sánchez-Collado, Gerardo Villa-Vicente and Jose A. Rodríguez-Marroyo

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010080 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 685

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Wildland firefighters (WFFs) are subjected to significant physical and physiological demands that expose them to substantial occupational risks, including thermal stress, prolonged physical exertion, and exposure to harmful substances. These factors not only affect their immediate performance but also have long-term implications [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Wildland firefighters (WFFs) are subjected to significant physical and physiological demands that expose them to substantial occupational risks, including thermal stress, prolonged physical exertion, and exposure to harmful substances. These factors not only affect their immediate performance but also have long-term implications for their health. This narrative review seeks to analyze the main factors influencing the health and performance of WFFs, with a particular focus on physical, environmental, and psychological challenges. Methods: A narrative review was performed, synthesizing data from diverse sources. The analysis centered on studies addressing the physiological, environmental, and psychological aspects of WFF performance. Specific topics included physical workload, exposure to environmental stressors, use of protective equipment, hydration, sleep patterns, and mental health. Results: The review highlights several critical challenges faced by WFFs, including the extreme physical demands of carrying heavy equipment during extended interventions, elevated physiological strain induced by protective gear, and significant health risks associated with smoke inhalation and dehydration. Additionally, inadequate sleep and heightened mental stress were found to impair both cognitive and physical performance. Variations in injury prevalence and patterns of chronic pain were observed, often influenced by factors such as sex, age, and professional experience. Conclusion: To mitigate these risks and enhance the health and performance of WFFs, targeted interventions are essential. These include tailored physical training programs, heat acclimatization strategies, and improved resource management. Future research should aim to integrate these measures comprehensively and address existing knowledge gaps to ensure the long-term well-being of these professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tactical Athlete Health and Performance)

17 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Anthropometric Profile, Body Composition, and Physical Performance in Spanish Professional Female Soccer Players at Pre-Season Onset: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Marta Ramírez-Munera, Raúl Arcusa, Francisco Javier López-Román, Vicente Ávila-Gandía, Silvia Pérez-Piñero, Juan Carlos Muñoz-Carrillo, Antonio Jesús Luque-Rubia and Javier Marhuenda

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010079 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 546

Abstract

Background: Body composition plays a key role in both anaerobic and aerobic performance in professional soccer. However, its relationship with physical performance in female players remains underexplored. Assessing these parameters at the beginning of the pre-season provides valuable insights for optimizing player [...] Read more.

Background: Body composition plays a key role in both anaerobic and aerobic performance in professional soccer. However, its relationship with physical performance in female players remains underexplored. Assessing these parameters at the beginning of the pre-season provides valuable insights for optimizing player readiness. This study investigates the correlation between anthropometric profile, body composition, and physical performance in professional female soccer players at pre-season onset. Additionally, it analyzes positional differences and their relation to the specific physical demands of women’s soccer. Methods: A cross-sectional study of thirty-four female soccer players (age: 23.06 ± 4.29 years, height: 164.15 ± 5.84 cm, weight: 58.39 ± 6.62 kg, and ∑6 skinfolds: 74.57 ± 18.48 mm) who performed anthropometric measurements, the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) on the first day of the pre-season. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test assessed positional differences, while Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients evaluated relationships between anthropometric variables and performance outcomes. Results: Very high positive correlations were found between body and muscle mass with the power variables in CMJ and WAnT (r = 0.70–0.89; p < 0.001). An almost perfect correlation was observed between body mass and peak power in WAnT (r = 0.904; p < 0.001). In contrast, fat mass showed moderate negative correlations with jump height and aerobic performance (Yo-Yo IR1 distance) (r = 0.30–0.49; p < 0.04). Significant differences were observed in the mean (757.60 ± 95.59 W) and peak power (773.59 ± 101.88 W) of CMJ pre-WAnT, with goalkeepers showing higher values compared to defenders and midfielders (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Body composition significantly influences athletic performance, showing positive correlations of muscle and body mass with anaerobic power and capacity. In contrast, fat mass showed negative correlations with explosive strength, recovery, and aerobic capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 2216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Differences and the Relationship Between Athlete Anthropometrics and Long Jump Performance at National Elite Level

by Godwin Chinedu Uzomba, Philip X. Fuchs, Cristina Cortis and Andrea Fusco

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010078 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 529

Abstract

Objectives: Anthropometric characteristics influence performance and development in athletic activities such as long jumping. This study aimed to analyze sex differences in anthropometrics among high-level long jumpers and investigate the relationship between anthropometrics and long jump distance. Methods: During the national championships, body [...] Read more.

Objectives: Anthropometric characteristics influence performance and development in athletic activities such as long jumping. This study aimed to analyze sex differences in anthropometrics among high-level long jumpers and investigate the relationship between anthropometrics and long jump distance. Methods: During the national championships, body height, mass, segment lengths, and circumferences of 39 male and 22 female competitors were obtained via a stadiometer, weight scale, and non-stretchable tape. Officials measured jump distances during the competition. ANOVA, correlation, and stepwise-forward regression analysis were conducted at a significance level of p < 0.05. The half-split method was used to cross-validate the final regression model. Results: Height, mass, and more than 50% of the measured segment lengths and circumferences differed between sexes (η² = 0.053–0.422, p < 0.05). Jump distance correlated with sex, mass, height, arm span, shank and leg length, and upper arm and chest circumference (r = 0.264–0.686, p < 0.05). The final regression model identified sex and chest circumference as predictors of jump distance (adjusted R² = 0.519, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study enhances the understanding of key anthropometric features influencing long jump performance at an elite level. Recognizing the importance of these characteristics has practical implications for talent identification, athlete assessment, and strength program development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)

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11 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knee Mechanics, Strength and Flexibility: Assessing Injury Risk in Female Adolescent Soccer Players

by Koulla Parpa and Marcos Michaelides

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010077 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 559

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examined the link between the Q angle, knee hyperextension, flexibility, strength profiles and injury occurrence in female adolescent soccer players. Methods: Thirty adolescent female soccer players (age range: 15–17 years; age: 15.47 ± 0.73 years; weight: 55.91 ± 7.44 kg; [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study examined the link between the Q angle, knee hyperextension, flexibility, strength profiles and injury occurrence in female adolescent soccer players. Methods: Thirty adolescent female soccer players (age range: 15–17 years; age: 15.47 ± 0.73 years; weight: 55.91 ± 7.44 kg; height: 160.01 ± 5.58 cm) were recruited for the study. The tests were conducted before the pre-season preparation period, and the players were monitored from the beginning to the end of the season. This study included players who sustained non-contact injuries throughout the season as well as those who did not sustain any injuries for comparison purposes. Players underwent an anthropometric assessment (height, weight, body fat, Q angle, knee hyperextension) and completed a sit-and-reach test and an isokinetic assessment at 60°/s. Results: The results showed that 36.67% of players sustained a non-contact injury during the season. Based on the isokinetic assessment at 60°/s, significant differences were observed between the two groups in the torque production of the right and left knee extensors [t(28) = 2.32, p = 0.03, d = 0.81 (large effect)] and the right and left knee flexors [t(28) = 2.04, p = 0.05, d = 0.71 (medium effect)], with the injured group demonstrating significantly greater interlimb asymmetries in torque between the right and left knee extensors, as well as the right and left knee flexors. Also, the injured group demonstrated significantly higher knee hyperextension values for both the right [t(28) = 6.12, p < 0.05, d = 2.22 (large effect)] and left legs [t(28) = 5.72, p < 0.05, d = 2.15 (large effect)]. Conclusions: interlimb asymmetries and knee hyperextension may contribute to the occurrence of lower body non-contact injuries in adolescent female soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kicking, Throwing, Grappling: How Combat Sports Shape Muscular Fitness and Motor Competence in Children

by Stevan Stamenković, Hrvoje Karničić, Jadranka Vlašić, Anja Topolovec and Damir Pekas

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010076 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 404

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine differences in motor competence and muscular fitness between children engaged in combat sports and their peers who do not participate in structured physical activity. Methods: The sample consisted of 120 healthy eight-year-old children, evenly divided [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine differences in motor competence and muscular fitness between children engaged in combat sports and their peers who do not participate in structured physical activity. Methods: The sample consisted of 120 healthy eight-year-old children, evenly divided into two groups: 60 children practicing combat sports (karate, judo, and wrestling) for at least one year and 60 children without structured sports involvement. Motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), while muscular fitness was evaluated through standing broad jump, grip strength, 30 s sit-ups, bent arm hang, medicine ball throw, and push-ups. For differences between groups, the independent samples t-test was performed. Results: Results indicated that children practicing combat sports demonstrated significantly higher locomotor and manipulative skills (p < 0.01, ES = 0.76–1.25) and superior muscular fitness across all tests (p < 0.01, ES = 0.53–1.09) compared to their peers. Conclusions: These findings highlight the positive impact of combat sports on overall physical development, particularly in enhancing motor competence, muscle strength, and endurance. Given the critical role of motor competence and physical fitness at this age, integrating combat sports into daily routines can support long-term athletic development, encourage physical activity, and enhance overall health. Future research should explore the influence of specific combat sports on distinct physical attributes and consider additional factors such as total physical activity levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance through Sports at All Ages 3.0)

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11 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of a Single Whole-Body Vibration Session on Mobility and Postural Control in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Gustavo Christofoletti, Azriel Cancian Nepomuceno de Almeida, Camilly Lorentz, Sidney Afonso Sobrinho, Jr., Renata Terra de Oliveira and Suzi Rosa Miziara Barbosa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010075 - 24 Feb 2025

Viewed by 382

Abstract

Background: Whole-body vibration is a modality of exercise that uses high-frequency mechanical stimuli to enhance motor functions. Previous studies have demonstrated benefits of whole-body vibration in older adults. However, prolonged use of this modality of exercise may be detrimental to certain conditions. Objectives [...] Read more.

Background: Whole-body vibration is a modality of exercise that uses high-frequency mechanical stimuli to enhance motor functions. Previous studies have demonstrated benefits of whole-body vibration in older adults. However, prolonged use of this modality of exercise may be detrimental to certain conditions. Objectives: to verify the acute effects of a single whole-body vibration session on mobility and postural control in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: In this two-arm, single-blind clinical trial, fifty-two participants were randomly allocated to either the experimental (subject to a single whole-body vibration session with a vibration amplitude of 2 mm and a frequency of 40 Hz) or placebo group. The exercise sessions were conducted using a tri-planar vibration platform. The tri-plane plates were adjusted to vibrate up and down, side to side, and front to back. The assessments included mobility and postural control tests. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were performed to examine the main effect of group (experimental vs. placebo), time (baseline vs. after the intervention), and group × time interaction effect. Significance was set at 5%. Results: Compared with the placebo group, participants who underwent whole-body vibration showed positive outcomes in terms of mobility (p = 0.014, effect size: 0.115). Contrastingly, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of postural control (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Benefits of a single whole-body vibration session were observed on mobility. Using whole-body vibration to improve postural control may require additional sessions. Contraindications typical of aging should be taken into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Neuromuscular Control of Gait and Posture)

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15 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Presence of Pain Shows Greater Effect than Tendon Structural Alignment During Landing Dynamics

by Silvia Ortega-Cebrián, Diogo C. F. Silva, Daniela F. Carneiro, Victor Zárate, Leonel A. T. Alves, Diana C. Guedes, Carlos A. Zárate-Tejero, Aïda Cadellans-Arróniz and António Mesquita Montes

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010074 - 24 Feb 2025

Viewed by 325

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eccentric loading during landing is considered a key factor in the development of patellar tendinopathy and is associated with stiff landings and patellar tendinopathy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tendon structure, presence of pain, and sex differences in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eccentric loading during landing is considered a key factor in the development of patellar tendinopathy and is associated with stiff landings and patellar tendinopathy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tendon structure, presence of pain, and sex differences in landing kinematics and kinetics during countermovement jumps (CMJ) and tuck jump tests (TJT) in professional volleyball players. Methods: Professional volleyball players aged 18 to 30 years old (14 females and 25 males) participated in a cross-sectional study. Data included the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Patellar Tendon (VISA-P) questionnaire; patellar tendon ultrasound characterization tissue (UTC) scans, in order to identify groups with misaligned tendon fibers (MTF) or aligned tendon fibers (ATF); and biomechanical assessments for CMJ and TJT. The joint angle (JA) at the lower limb was measured at peak ground reaction force (peak_vGRF) and maximal knee flexion (max_KF). A general linear model was used to evaluate joint JA differences between tendon alignment, pain, and sex variables. Sample t-tests compared peak_vGRF, load time, load rate, and area based on tendon alignment, pain presence, sex, and jump. The statistical significance of p-value is >0.05, and the effect size (ES) was also calculated. Results: The MTF group revealed decreased knee JA during TJT at peak_vGRF (p = 0.01; ES = −0.66) and max_KF (p = 0.02; ES = −0.23). The presence of pain was associated with increased JA during the CMJ, particularly at peak_vGRF and max_KF for trunk, hip, and ankle joints. Females showed decreased peak_vGRF than males. Landing with misaligned tendon fibers showed longer load times compared to aligned tendon fibers (p = 0.021; ES = −0.80). The TJT exhibited a greater load rate than the CMJ (p = 0.00; ES = −0.62). Conclusions: Pain is a critical factor influencing greater JA during landing, particularly at the trunk, hip, and ankle joints in CMJ. Misaligned tendon fibers compromise landing dynamics by increasing trunk JA during TJT. Kinetics varied significantly by sex and jump type, while pain and tendon structure revealed limited differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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13 pages, 3572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Explainable Siamese Neural Networks for Detection of High Fall Risk Older Adults in the Community Based on Gait Analysis

by Christos Kokkotis, Kyriakos Apostolidis, Dimitrios Menychtas, Ioannis Kansizoglou, Evangeli Karampina, Maria Karageorgopoulou, Athanasios Gkrekidis, Serafeim Moustakidis, Evangelos Karakasis, Erasmia Giannakou, Maria Michalopoulou, Georgios Ch Sirakoulis and Nikolaos Aggelousis

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010073 - 22 Feb 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Falls among the older adult population represent a significant public health concern, often leading to diminished quality of life and serious injuries that escalate healthcare costs, and they may even prove fatal. Accurate fall risk prediction is therefore crucial for implementing timely [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Falls among the older adult population represent a significant public health concern, often leading to diminished quality of life and serious injuries that escalate healthcare costs, and they may even prove fatal. Accurate fall risk prediction is therefore crucial for implementing timely preventive measures. However, to date, there is no definitive metric to identify individuals with high risk of experiencing a fall. To address this, the present study proposes a novel approach that transforms biomechanical time-series data, derived from gait analysis, into visual representations to facilitate the application of deep learning (DL) methods for fall risk assessment. Methods: By leveraging convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Siamese neural networks (SNNs), the proposed framework effectively addresses the challenges of limited datasets and delivers robust predictive capabilities. Results: Through the extraction of distinctive gait-related features and the generation of class-discriminative activation maps using Grad-CAM, the random forest (RF) machine learning (ML) model not only achieves commendable accuracy (83.29%) but also enhances explainability. Conclusions: Ultimately, this study underscores the potential of advanced computational tools and machine learning algorithms to improve fall risk prediction, reduce healthcare burdens, and promote greater independence and well-being among the older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Machine Learning in Sports Medicine, Physical Activity, Posture, and Rehabilitation)

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20 pages, 2007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Metabolic Risk Classification System Incorporating Body Fat, Waist Circumference, and Muscle Strength

by Carlos Raúl Robledo-Millán, María Regina Diaz-Domínguez, Ari Evelyn Castañeda-Ramírez, Efrén Quiñones-Lara, Sebastián Valencia-Marín, Ricardo Xopán Suárez-García, Nely Gisela López-Desiderio, Claudio Adrían Ramos-Cortés, Areli Marlene Gaytán Gómez, Juan Manuel Bello-López and Héctor Iván Saldívar-Cerón

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010072 - 22 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Background: As metabolic diseases continue to rise globally, there is a growing need to improve risk assessment strategies beyond traditional measures such as BMI and waist circumference, which may fail to identify individuals at risk. This study develops and validates a novel metabolic [...] Read more.

Background: As metabolic diseases continue to rise globally, there is a growing need to improve risk assessment strategies beyond traditional measures such as BMI and waist circumference, which may fail to identify individuals at risk. This study develops and validates a novel metabolic risk classification system that incorporates body fat percentage (%BF), waist circumference (WC), and grip strength (GS) in Mexican adults. It aims to improve risk stratification and evaluate the association with metabolic syndrome. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 300 young adults (18–22 years) from a university in Mexico City, utilizing body composition (%BF) and anthropometric measures (WC, GS) to categorize them into four risk groups: protective, low risk, increased risk, and high risk. A retrospective cohort of 166 adults (18–65 years) with complete clinical records was used for validation. Results: The inclusion of GS in the risk assessment significantly shifted the distribution in the young adult cohort, reducing the “no risk” category (15.5% males, 11.6% females) and expanding the higher-risk categories (70.2% males, 69% females). Metabolic parameters such as fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and blood pressure worsened progressively across the risk categories (p < 0.001). The high-risk group exhibited a markedly increased odds ratio for metabolic syndrome at 28.23 (10.83–73.6, p < 0.001), with no cases in the protective and low-risk groups. Conclusions: Integrating grip strength with %BF and WC into a risk classification system substantially enhances metabolic risk stratification, identifies at-risk individuals not previously detected, and confirms a protective group. This validated system provides a robust tool for early detection and targeted interventions, improving public health outcomes in metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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18 pages, 3790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personalized Joint Replacement: Landmark-Free Morphometric Analysis of Distal Radii

by Sarah L. Remus, Kevin Brugetti, Veronika A. Zimmer, Nina Hesse, Paul L. Reidler, Riccardo Giunta, Julia A. Schnabel and Wolfram Demmer

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010071 - 21 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background: Fractures of the distal radius are common, particularly among young men and elderly women, often leading to painful wrist arthritis, especially if the joint surface has been affected. Traditional treatments of the wrist, such as full or partial wrist fusion, limit movement, [...] Read more.

Background: Fractures of the distal radius are common, particularly among young men and elderly women, often leading to painful wrist arthritis, especially if the joint surface has been affected. Traditional treatments of the wrist, such as full or partial wrist fusion, limit movement, and common wrist prostheses have high complication rates. Regenerative medicine and 3D bioprinting offer the potential for personalized joint replacements. Methods: This study evaluates using the contralateral radius as a template for creating customized distal radius prostheses. Bilateral CT scans of healthy wrists were analyzed to assess the shape and symmetry of the distal radius using a landmark-free morphometric method. Instead of comparing defined landmarks, the entire surface of the radius is analyzed employing dense point- and deformation-based morphometry to detect subtle morphological differences, providing an unbiased and more accurate comparison of the overall deformations in the distal radii. Results: results show strong intraindividual symmetry in joint surfaces. Interindividual comparisons revealed significant morphological variations, particularly gender-specific differences. Conclusions: These findings support the use of the contralateral radius as a template for the replaced side. At the same time, the interindividual results endorse the approach of pursuing personalized prostheses as the optimal replacement for distal joint surfaces. The increasing improvement of 3D-printed prostheses promises new methods for better outcomes in distal radius arthrosis after intraarticular fractures. Further research into clinical applications and biocompatible 3D printing materials is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)

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15 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Asymmetry and Sports Specialization: An Exploratory Anthropometric Comparison of Adolescent Canoeists and Kayakers

by Carlos Abraham Herrera-Amante, William Carvajal-Veitía, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Fernando Alacid, Juan Gavala-González, José Francisco López-Gil, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia and César Octavio Ramos-García

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010070 - 20 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The evaluation of body asymmetry between the right and left sides of the body is crucial in the context of sports because of its potential impact on performance and injury prevention. This study analyzed the anthropometric differences between the right and left [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The evaluation of body asymmetry between the right and left sides of the body is crucial in the context of sports because of its potential impact on performance and injury prevention. This study analyzed the anthropometric differences between the right and left sides of the body in adolescent (13.0 [2.0] years) male canoeists and kayakers from Spain. This study aimed to explore the asymmetries associated with these disciplines. Methods: Anthropometric assessments were carried out on 27 male adolescents (13 canoeists and 14 kayakers). A total of 58 anthropometric variables were assessed, including 23 pairs of bilateral variables and 12 unilateral measurements. The evaluations included basic measures, skinfolds, girths, lengths, and breadths. Relative differences between sides were calculated via the bilateral asymmetry index (%BAI). Nonparametric tests, such as the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparisons and the Mann–Whitney U test for between-group comparisons, were applied. Results: Comparisons between body sides within the groups revealed significant asymmetries in the subscapular skinfold (p = 0.010) in canoeists and in the mid-thigh girth (p = 0.041) in kayakers. Among the groups, differences were found in the subscapular skinfold (p = 0.010) and the bicep skinfold (p = 0.038) on the right side. Conclusions: Although significant differences were found in some variables, no distinctive profile of the differences between canoeists and kayakers was established in the categories analyzed. These results suggest that, in general, body asymmetries do not significantly distinguish between these disciplines within the sample studied. Further research is needed to better understand the implications of these differences for performance and injury prevention in specific adolescent sports contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Kinanthropometry: Techniques and Applications in Sports and Health)

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4 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—4th Edition”

by Giuseppe Musumeci

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010069 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

This fourth edition of the Special Issue titled “Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders” significantly enriches the discourse on the effectiveness and feasibility of physical activity in managing patients with musculoskeletal disorders [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)

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J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 10, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 98 articles

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