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J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 10, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 69 articles

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4 pages, 189 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—4th Edition”
by Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010069 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 129
Abstract
This fourth edition of the Special Issue titled “Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders” significantly enriches the discourse on the effectiveness and feasibility of physical activity in managing patients with musculoskeletal disorders [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
12 pages, 976 KiB  
Article
The Features of Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis with Cervical Spine Involvement in the Data from a Retrospective Study Cohort
by Lubov S. Sorokina, Artem K. Artamonov, Maria A. Kaneva, Natalia A. Gordeeva, Rinat K. Raupov, Alexander Yu. Mushkin, Dmitri O. Ivanov and Mikhail M. Kostik
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010068 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 210
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cervical spine arthritis (CSA) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can lead to clinically significant and irreversible functional impairment. Our study aimed to evaluate the features of the JIA disease course in children with CSA. Methods: In the retrospective cohort study, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cervical spine arthritis (CSA) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can lead to clinically significant and irreversible functional impairment. Our study aimed to evaluate the features of the JIA disease course in children with CSA. Methods: In the retrospective cohort study, the data from medical charts of children with JIA (n = 753) who corresponded to the ILAR criteria and were treated from 2007 to 2016 were included. CSA was diagnosed by clinical manifestations (pain and limited range of motion) with radiological confirmation in the available cases. Results: CSA had 101 JIA patients (13.4%), predominantly with polyarticular (48%, OR = 1.8 (1.2; 2.7), p < 0.001) and systemic (18.9%, OR = 3.6 [2.0; 6.6], p < 0.001) JIA categories. CSA was associated with longer disease duration, higher inflammatory activity, a higher number of active joints, a lower probability of achieving remission (HR = 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01; 1.76, p = 0.04)), and a higher probability of being treated with biologics (HR = 1.78 (95% CI: 1.22; 2.59, p = 0.002)). Patients with temporomandibular arthritis (OR = 10.4 [5.4; 19.8], p < 0.001) and shoulder arthritis (OR = 14.1 [7.5; 26.3], p < 0.001) had the highest risk of having CSA. Conclusions: CSA was an independent predictor of treatment with biologics and failure to achieve remission. Identified predictors can help to find the group of patients with higher suspicion for whom the functional tests and MRI are required to not miss the CSA. A radiology assessment of CSA should be performed as far as possible in children, unless there are risks of general anesthesia for younger patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic New Advances in Musculoskeletal Disorders)
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11 pages, 482 KiB  
Article
Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players
by Kun-Yu Chou, Wan-Ling Wu, Chun-Wen Chiu, Shih-Chung Cheng and Hsiao-Yun Chang
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010067 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 228
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Repeated spiking and serving movements in volleyball can lead to alterations in shoulder range of motion among athletes, potentially increasing the risk of shoulder instability and injury. Hence, assessing and understanding the shoulder range of motion of volleyball players is a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Repeated spiking and serving movements in volleyball can lead to alterations in shoulder range of motion among athletes, potentially increasing the risk of shoulder instability and injury. Hence, assessing and understanding the shoulder range of motion of volleyball players is a critical concern. Therefore, this study aimed to understand and evaluate the bilateral shoulder joint range of motion (ROM) in high-school male volleyball athletes and to discover the adaptation characteristics. Methods: Forty high-school male volleyball athletes participated in this study. Shoulder ROM measurements were taken via video with an iPhone 12 Pro Max, and we analyzed the ROM data using Kinovea software (Version 0.9.5) for both the dominant and non-dominant side. The shoulder ROM measurements included shoulder hyper-extension (SE), flexion (SF), internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), horizontal adduction (Sadd), and horizontal abduction (Sabd). After taking shoulder ROM measurements, the total rotational range of motion (TROM) was calculated based on the participants’ shoulder internal rotation and external rotation data, and we calculated the incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among participants. Paired samples t-tests were used to analyze shoulder ROM differences between the dominant and non-dominant side. Results: The dominant side of the shoulder showed significantly lower internal rotation (dominant side: 42.17 ± 11.23°; non-dominant side: 52.14 ± 10.46°; p = 0.000) and total rotational ROM (dominant side: 137.11 ± 13.09°; non-dominant side: 141.96 ± 13.22°; p = 0.021) compared to the non-dominant side. Conversely, the dominant side of the shoulder exhibited significantly greater external rotation (dominant side: 94.96 ± 10.02°; non-dominant side: 89.83 ± 7.84°; p = 0.001) and shoulder horizontal adduction (dominant side: 44.87 ± 8.10°; non-dominant side: 39.60 ± 7.24°; p = 0.000) than the non-dominant side. No significant differences were found in other measured parameters. The incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among all subjects was 37.5%. Conclusions: High-school male volleyball athletes in this study exhibited tightness in the posterior shoulder of their dominant side, indicating specific adaptations in shoulder ROM and a considerable prevalence of GIRD, observed in approximately one-quarter of the athletes. In conclusion, these data suggest that stretching and eccentric muscle training focusing on the posterior shoulder have potential value in mitigating these adaptations and reducing the risk of shoulder injuries. Full article
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16 pages, 2148 KiB  
Review
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Prevalence by Body Area Among Nurses in Europe: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Philippe Gorce and Julien Jacquier-Bret
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010066 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 454
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Nurses are highly exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Global prevalence exceeds 80%, and several body areas are equally at risk. Numerous studies have assessed the exposure in many countries, but few have provided an overview by continent. The aim of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Nurses are highly exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Global prevalence exceeds 80%, and several body areas are equally at risk. Numerous studies have assessed the exposure in many countries, but few have provided an overview by continent. The aim of this study was to propose a literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the overall and body area prevalence of WMSDs among nurses in Europe. Methods: A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted between September and November 2024. Five databases were scanned without a date limit: ScienceDirect, PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Science.gov, and Mendeley. The article selection, review, critical appraisal, and data extraction were performed by two authors independently. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for reporting the search results. Results: Among the 15,751 unique identified records, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for data extraction. The studies reported a total of 5153 nurses in Europe. High heterogeneity (Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistic) was observed between studies. The results of the meta-analysis based on the random-effects model showed an overall prevalence of 87.8% (95% CI: 83.3–92.2%). The highest prevalence was found for lower back 61.4% (95% CI: 55.1–67.7%), neck 49.9% (95% CI: 42.9–56.8%), and upper back 46.3% (95% CI: 42.4–50.2%). Conclusions: Nurses are highly exposed to WMSDs, with a prevalence of over 30% for three-quarters of body areas. Due to the multitude of risk factors associated with nurses’ work, the development of recommendations is a complex multifactorial issue, requiring the exploration of different strategies to reduce the prevalence of MSDs in nurses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Neuromuscular Control of Gait and Posture)
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11 pages, 2577 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on Anxiety Reduction and Batting Performance Enhancement in Taiwan University Baseball Players
by Yun-Ting Su, Po-Hsun Huang and Tzu-Chien Hsiao
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010065 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 245
Abstract
Background: A commonly observed phenomenon is that although the players in a baseball team have received the same training content and volume, their batting performance is quite different. As no optimal solution exists for this problem at present, this study attempted to explore [...] Read more.
Background: A commonly observed phenomenon is that although the players in a baseball team have received the same training content and volume, their batting performance is quite different. As no optimal solution exists for this problem at present, this study attempted to explore the potential of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) to reduce anxiety and improve batting performance in university baseball players. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 college baseball players were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. Both groups answered questionnaires and had their physiological signals and batting performance measured on the first and last days of the experiment (i.e., days 0 and 10, respectively). Only the experimental group received HRVB training between the first and last days (10 days in total). Results: The results showed that before training, no significant differences were found in physiological, psychological, or performance parameters between the two groups. Compared to the control group, following HRVB training, the experimental group showed a notable decrease in cognitive anxiety (before HRVB: 23.56 ± 4.07; after HRVB: 20.11 ± 4.78; p < 0.05) and their batting performance improved significantly (batting score increased from 9.8 ± 11.7 to 19.8 ± 12.0 after HRVB; p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study validated that the use of HRVB can help to improve batting performance and reduce anxiety in college baseball players. Therefore, HRVB can be applied before competition matches, helping the players to perform better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mood and Emotion in Sport and Exercise Performance)
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14 pages, 2287 KiB  
Article
Focus on One Swimming Stroke or Compete in Multiple: How Much Specialization Is Needed to Become a World-Class Female Swimmer?
by Dennis-Peter Born, Jenny Lorentzen, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Thomas Stöggl, Michael Romann and Glenn Björklund
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010064 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 402
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate performance development and variety in swimming strokes of female swimmers from early junior to elite age. Methods: A total of 194,788 race times of female 200 m swimmers representing 77 nations were ranked at peak performance age and clustered [...] Read more.
Objectives: To investigate performance development and variety in swimming strokes of female swimmers from early junior to elite age. Methods: A total of 194,788 race times of female 200 m swimmers representing 77 nations were ranked at peak performance age and clustered into world-class finalists (>850 swimming points), international-class (750–850), national-class (650–750) and regional-class swimmers (550–650). Annual best times for each swimming stroke were retrospectively extracted throughout adolescence from 13 years of age. Longitudinal performance development and differences between the swimmers’ main and their secondary swimming strokes were analyzed using linear mixed model. Results: World-class freestyle swimmers show significantly (p ≤ 0.042) higher swimming points across all age categories compared to international-, national- and regional-class swimmers. Linear mixed model analysis indicates a significant performance progression for international- and national-class freestyle swimmers up to the 19–20-year-old category (p ≤ 0.038), but an earlier plateau was observed for regional-class swimmers (p = 0.714). Comparing main and secondary swimming strokes, freestyle swimmers show the highest degree of specialization. For breaststroke and individual medleys, specialization increases with increasing performance level and the closer an athlete is to elite age. World-class butterfly and backstroke finalists show the lowest specializations in terms of the smallest number of significant differences compared to performances in their secondary swimming strokes. Conclusions: Higher ranked swimmers show a greater degree of specialization. As different specialization patterns are evident for the various swimming strokes, decision makers and talent specialists should align development guidelines accordingly and base them on the most advantageous combinations of swimming strokes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports-Specific Conditioning: Techniques and Applications)
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4 pages, 188 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—6th Edition”
by Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010063 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
The sixth edition of the Special Issue entitled “Role of Exercise in Musculoskeletal Disorders” has been collated, substantially advancing the conversation on the effectiveness and practicality of exercise-based interventions for individuals with musculoskeletal conditions [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
3 pages, 159 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—3rd Edition”
by W. Guy Hornsby
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010062 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 271
Abstract
This Special Issue, “Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—3rd edition”, is a follow up to the previous two iterations (i [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)
13 pages, 444 KiB  
Article
Sex Differences in Gross Motor Competence in Italian Children Aged 3–11 Years: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study
by Cristiana D’Anna, Fabio Carlevaro, Francesca Magno, Roberto Vagnetti, Pierpaolo Limone and Daniele Magistro
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010061 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in studies examining motor learning during preschool age and the early years of primary school. This study aimed to investigate sex differences in gross motor competence among Italian children aged 3–11 years. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in studies examining motor learning during preschool age and the early years of primary school. This study aimed to investigate sex differences in gross motor competence among Italian children aged 3–11 years. Methods: A convenience sample of 8500 children (mean age = 8.37 years, SD = 1.98; 50% female) was included in this cross-sectional study. Gross motor skills were assessed using the Italian version of the Test of Gross Motor Development–3, which evaluates locomotion and ball control skills. A Linear Mixed Model was applied to examine the interaction between sex and age, with school included as a random intercept and BMI as a covariate. Results: The results revealed a consistent trend of boys achieving significantly higher total scores for global motor competence (p < 0.001) across all age groups, except at age 11. Boys also demonstrated superior performance in ball control skills (p < 0.005) at all ages. In contrast, no significant differences were observed for locomotion skills overall. However, girls outperform boys in locomotor skills at ages 6, 7, and 8 (p < 0.001), with this trend disappearing by age 9. Conclusions: These findings highlight important sex-related differences in gross motor development during childhood, influenced by both biological and environmental factors. The results underscore the need for targeted interventions in educational settings to provide equitable opportunities for motor skill development, particularly for girls. Enhancing the quality of physical education and addressing gender disparities can support the acquisition of essential motor skills and promote lifelong physical activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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13 pages, 1465 KiB  
Article
Immediate Effects of Focal Muscle Vibration on Squat Power and Velocity in Amateur Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Sergi Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Max Canet-Vintró, Carlos López-de-Celis, Zhifan Shen-Chen, Iván Caballero-Martínez, Erik García-Ribell and Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010060 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 451
Abstract
Background: Squat exercises are widely recognized for their ability to improve sports performance. Recent advancements in force/velocity profiling have highlighted the importance of power and velocity in explosive movements. While various training methods have been applied to enhance these parameters, their effectiveness remains [...] Read more.
Background: Squat exercises are widely recognized for their ability to improve sports performance. Recent advancements in force/velocity profiling have highlighted the importance of power and velocity in explosive movements. While various training methods have been applied to enhance these parameters, their effectiveness remains inconsistent. Focal vibration has emerged as a potential intervention, yet its impact on squat performance has not been extensively explored. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of focal vibration with voluntary contractions on power/velocity during a squat exercise in amateur athletes in comparison with voluntary contraction in isolation. Methods: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial with 72 amateur athletes. Velocity, power, muscle activity, perceived effort, and clinical change were measured. The experimental group received focal muscle vibration therapy (100–180 Hz) combined with voluntary contraction, while the sham group underwent identical procedures and focal muscle vibration without the vibrating head, close to the muscle belly but without touching the skin. Results: Statistically significant improvements in the experimental group were found for mean power (p < 0.001; ES = 0.08), peak velocity (p < 0.010; ES = 0.42), and mean velocity (p < 0.001; ES = 0.66) during the squat. Between-group analysis favored the experimental group in peak power (p < 0.049; ES = 0.65), mean power (p < 0.034; ES = 1.42), peak velocity (p < 0.024; ES = 0.095), and mean velocity (p < 0.002; ES = 1.67). Conclusions: Focal muscle vibration (100–180 Hz) combined with active muscle contraction significantly enhances power and velocity during squat exercises in amateur athletes. Full article
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12 pages, 750 KiB  
Article
Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Fat Mass Percentage with Proprioception in Children
by Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Yeny Concha-Cisternas, Guillermo Méndez-Rebolledo, Manuel Vásquez-Muñoz, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela, Cristian Núñez-Espinosa and Jordan Hernández-Martínez
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010059 - 9 Feb 2025
Viewed by 536
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity is linked to motor and sensorimotor impairments, including proprioceptive deficits. While research has predominantly focused on lower limb proprioception, less is known about the impact on upper limbs. This study investigated the relationship between body mass index, body fat percentage, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity is linked to motor and sensorimotor impairments, including proprioceptive deficits. While research has predominantly focused on lower limb proprioception, less is known about the impact on upper limbs. This study investigated the relationship between body mass index, body fat percentage, and proprioception of children aged 11–12 years. Methods: A quantitative, correlational, observational design was employed. BMI was calculated from weight and height measurements, body fat percentage was assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis, and proprioception was measured using an active repositioning test with inertial sensors in 44 children. Results: Significant correlations were found between BMI and positional errors in the shoulder (r = 0.64, p < 0.001), elbow (r = 0.36, p = 0.007), and knee (r = 0.42, p = 0.002). Regarding body fat percentage, significant correlations were observed with positional errors in the shoulder (r = 0.28, p = 0.031), elbow (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), and knee (r = 0.29, p = 0.030). Regression analysis showed that BMI and body fat percentage significantly predicted positional errors in the shoulder, elbow, and knee. In the shoulder joint, girls demonstrated lower positional errors compared to boys, influenced by both BMI (β = −1.36, p = 0.015) and body fat percentage (β = −3.00, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Higher BMI and body fat percentage are associated with shoulder, elbow, and knee joint proprioceptive deficits. Interventions targeting weight reduction and proprioceptive training may mitigate these deficits and promote sensorimotor function in children. Full article
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11 pages, 759 KiB  
Article
Combined Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Elastic Taping Improves Ankle Range of Motion Equivalent to Static Stretching in Untrained Subjects
by Riyaka Ito, Tatsuya Igawa, Ryunosuke Urata, Shomaru Ito, Kosuke Suzuki, Hiroto Takahashi, Mika Toda, Mio Fujita and Akira Kubo
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010058 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 449
Abstract
Background/Objective: Maintaining sufficient ankle joint range of motion (ROM) contributes to efficient movement in sports and daily activities. Static stretching (SS), while effective, demands significant time, highlighting the need for alternative, time-efficient approaches to improve ROM. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Maintaining sufficient ankle joint range of motion (ROM) contributes to efficient movement in sports and daily activities. Static stretching (SS), while effective, demands significant time, highlighting the need for alternative, time-efficient approaches to improve ROM. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined intervention (CI) using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and elastic tape versus SS. Methods: This randomized crossover trial was conducted in healthy university students. They underwent both interventions with a 1-week washout period. The CI entailed the application of elastic tape to the plantar surface of the foot coupled with NMES targeting the posterior lower leg muscles for 1 min. SS was administered for 5 min using a tilt table. Outcome measures included the dorsiflexion angle (DFA), finger-floor distance (FFD), straight leg raise (SLR) angle, plantar flexor strength (PFS), and knee flexor strength (KFS), assessed pre- and post-intervention. DFA was analyzed using equivalence testing with a predefined margin. Results: Both interventions yielded significant improvements in DFA, FFD, and SLR. The combination of NMES and elastic tape demonstrated equivalence to 5 min of SS in enhancing DFA. Neither intervention resulted in a significant reduction in PFS or KFS. Conclusions: The CI of NMES and elastic tape effectively and safely improves flexibility in a short time. Its time efficiency makes it a promising alternative to SS, especially for brief warm-ups or limited rehabilitation time. Further research should explore its long-term effects and broader applicability. Full article
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15 pages, 1300 KiB  
Article
Tennis Serve Speed in Relation to Isokinetic Shoulder Strength, Height, and Segmental Body Mass in Junior Players
by Jan Vacek, Michal Vagner, Jan Malecek and Petr Stastny
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010057 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 451
Abstract
Objectives: The relationship between the isokinetic maximal strength of internal or external shoulder rotation and serve speed in tennis is well established, yet the influence of segmental mass, height, and high-speed shoulder rotation strength on serve performance in junior players remains unclear. This [...] Read more.
Objectives: The relationship between the isokinetic maximal strength of internal or external shoulder rotation and serve speed in tennis is well established, yet the influence of segmental mass, height, and high-speed shoulder rotation strength on serve performance in junior players remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between concentric or eccentric isokinetic shoulder strength, segmental mass, height, and first-serve speed aimed at the T-target zone. Methods: Fifteen male junior competitive tennis players (mean ± SD: age 15.9 ± 0.9 years; height: 180.1 ± 7.2 cm; body mass: 66.1 ± 5.7 kg) were assessed for maximal isokinetic strength during concentric and eccentric internal and external shoulder rotations. Segmental mass (arm, leg, and trunk) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and serve speed was recorded using a radar gun. Results: Concentric shoulder rotations at 210°/s demonstrated significant positive correlations with serve speed for both external (ρ = 0.71, p ≤ 0.01) and internal rotation (ρ = 0.61, p ≤ 0.05). Although lean arm mass partially mediated the relationship between shoulder strength and serve speed (indirect effect = 0.502, 95% CI: −0.156 to 1.145), this mediation effect was not statistically significant. Height was moderately correlated with serve speed (ρ = 0.68, p ≤ 0.01) but did not moderate the relationship between shoulder strength and serve speed. Conclusions: Concentric shoulder strength at higher angular velocities and segmental mass contribute to serve speed in junior tennis players. While height provides structural advantages, strength and lean mass play important roles, emphasizing the need for targeted training programs. Full article
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11 pages, 669 KiB  
Case Report
Impact on Body Composition and Physical Fitness of an Exercise Program Based on Immersive Virtual Reality: A Case Report
by Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf, Paola Fuentes-Merino, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Marcelo Maldonado-Sandoval, José Bruneau-Chávez and Eugenio Merellano-Navarro
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010056 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 587
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The practice of physical activity contributes to obtaining adequate values of body composition and physical fitness, which is beneficial for people’s health. However, a large part of the adult population does not comply with the recommendations for physical activity, due to factors [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The practice of physical activity contributes to obtaining adequate values of body composition and physical fitness, which is beneficial for people’s health. However, a large part of the adult population does not comply with the recommendations for physical activity, due to factors such as lack of time and nearby sports venues. Immersive virtual reality is a tool that allows individuals to immerse themselves in a simulated world and perceive visual, auditory, and tactile sensations. Its use in physical activity interventions favors exercise in situations that, due to time and space, could be limited in real life. The objective of this case report is to measure the impact on body composition and physical fitness of an exercise program executed through immersive virtual reality. Methods: The design is a case study with a quantitative approach developed through a physical activity intervention with immersive virtual reality in which body composition was evaluated considering fat and muscle components, and physical fitness considering cardiorespiratory fitness, speed-agility, and hand grip strength, through pre- and post-testing. The physical exercise program based on immersive virtual reality lasted 8 weeks. The subject of the study was a 24-year-old man, a second-year student of Pedagogy in Physical Education at a Chilean university, with no previous experience in this virtual tool. Results: The results indicate that for body composition the study subject decreased the fat component and slightly improved the musculature, while for physical fitness cardiorespiratory fitness and speed-agility improved, but manual grip strength decreased. Conclusions: It is concluded that the training developed through immersive virtual reality proves to be a tool that can promote improvements in body composition and physical fitness; it is necessary to carry out more research to validate the potential of this instrument as a means of contributing to the health of the population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance through Sports at All Ages 3.0)
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16 pages, 705 KiB  
Review
Pantalar Intact Dislocation: A Systematic Review
by Eleonora Dell’Agli, Marco Sapienza, Mirko Domenico Castiglione, Maria Agata Musumeci, Sebiano Pitronaci, Andrea Sodano, Vito Pavone and Gianluca Testa
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010055 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 406
Abstract
Background: This scoping review analyzes the available literature on pure total talar dislocation, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging techniques, surgical options, rehabilitation protocols, and complications. Methods: Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across the PubMed, Web of Science, [...] Read more.
Background: This scoping review analyzes the available literature on pure total talar dislocation, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging techniques, surgical options, rehabilitation protocols, and complications. Methods: Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search yielded 185 articles, of which 30 satisfied the inclusion criteria and focused on pure total talar dislocation without fractures. Data from each study were extracted, including patient demographics, injury characteristics, treatment methods, and outcomes. Results: The studies included case reports, case series, and reviews. Despite the heterogeneity of the studies, the key findings suggest that early reduction, careful wound management, and soft tissue preservation are crucial in minimizing complications such as avascular necrosis (AVN), post-traumatic arthritis, and infection. The long-term outcomes varied, and the risk of AVN remained high, particularly in cases with compromised blood supply to the talus. Conclusions: Pure total talar dislocation is a rare and challenging condition with no established management protocol. While talar reimplantation and joint fixation offer promising outcomes in preserving function, the risk of complications, particularly AVN, remains significant. Additional research is necessary to standardize treatment protocols and improve clinical outcomes for this rare but severe injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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11 pages, 855 KiB  
Review
Effects of Progressive Resistance Training After Hip Fracture: A Systematic Review
by Pablo Soro-García and Noelia González-Gálvez
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010054 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 861
Abstract
Hip fracture presents high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Some programs have focused on the effect of progressive strength work on post-hip fracture recovery. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to understand the effect of a progressive resistance training program on [...] Read more.
Hip fracture presents high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Some programs have focused on the effect of progressive strength work on post-hip fracture recovery. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to understand the effect of a progressive resistance training program on different variables in adults after hip fracture. This review includes randomized controlled trials that apply progressive strength programs in subjects after a hip fracture. The selected databases are PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Ebsco. A total of 7 studies were selected after screening. These studies were published between 2005 and 2022. Most of the research included adults over 65 years of age, showing a mean age of 77.80 years. In the majority of cases, the programs are applied between 3 and 12 months post-fracture. The most commonly applied intervention time is 3 months. The intervention time of the programs typically lasts for 3 months and includes 3–4 lower limb exercises involving, mainly hip and knee movements. All the investigations assess functional capacity and nearly all research the strength. It is shown that the intensity of strength work progresses from 60 to 80% of 1RM. Progressive strength training programs in post-hip fracture patients generally show an improvement in functional capacity, strength, balance, walking speed, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, the effects on independence, quality of life, self-reported physical disability, depression, and cognitive ability do not show conclusive results, and there is little research in this regard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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15 pages, 593 KiB  
Article
Learning to Cycle: Body Composition and Balance Challenges in Balance Bikes Versus Training Wheels
by Cristiana Mercê, David Catela, Rita Cordovil, Mafalda Bernardino and Marco Branco
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010053 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 822
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Empowering our children and youth to cycle empowers them to pursue a healthier, fuller, and more responsible life. The present study implemented the Learning to Cycle program with the following aims: (i) to promote learning to cycle; (ii) to investigate and compare [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Empowering our children and youth to cycle empowers them to pursue a healthier, fuller, and more responsible life. The present study implemented the Learning to Cycle program with the following aims: (i) to promote learning to cycle; (ii) to investigate and compare the use of different learning bicycles, i.e., balance bicycle (BB) and bicycle with training wheels (BTW); (iii) to investigate the influence of body composition during this learning process. Methods: The program was implemented through a quasi-experimental study involving two intervention groups, with pre- and post-test evaluations. The program was applied to 50 children (M = 5.82 ± 0.94 years, 23 girls) who did not know how to cycle previously. One group explored the BB and the other the BTW for six sessions, followed by four more sessions with the conventional bicycle (CB) for both groups. The assessment of independent cycling was considered as the ability to perform, sequentially and unaided, and the various cycling milestones: self-launch, ride, and brake. The children’s body composition was accessed by the BMI’s percentile and classification according to their age and sex. Results: The program had a success rate of 88.24% for acquiring independent cycling, with 100% success in the BB group and 76.92% in the BTW group. The BB children learned significantly faster to self-launch, ride, brake, and cycle independently. Children with higher BMI percentiles faced greater challenges in achieving balance milestones. Conclusions: BB are recommended, especially for overweight and obese children, as they help develop balance from the onset, and showed to be more efficient in learning to cycle than the BTW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)
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12 pages, 249 KiB  
Article
Effects of Priming with Light vs. Heavy Loads on Weightlifting Performance
by Theodoros Stavropoulos, Nikolaos Zaras, Georgia-Kassandra Kelekian, Thomas Mpampoulis, Alexandra Avloniti, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou and Gerasimos Terzis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010052 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a priming training session with either a light or heavy load snatch and clean pulls on weightlifting performance. Methods: Twelve well-trained weightlifters (seven males and five females) participated in the study. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a priming training session with either a light or heavy load snatch and clean pulls on weightlifting performance. Methods: Twelve well-trained weightlifters (seven males and five females) participated in the study. The athletes followed a counterbalanced study design comparing three treatments, including a day of rest (control) and two priming sessions involving two different weightlifting derivatives—the snatch and the clean pulls—which were performed either with 80% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM) (LP) or with 110% of the 1-RM (HP). Twenty-four hours later, the 1-RM strength test for the snatch and clean and jerk, as well as the barbell kinematic characteristics at 100% of the 1-RM in the snatch and clean and jerk, were measured. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured following the priming sessions. Results: Performance in snatch remained unchanged following the LP and HP. However, performance in the clean and jerk increased significantly by 3.1% following the HP compared to the control. No significant differences were observed in barbell kinematics. The RPE was significantly higher for HP compared to LP. Conclusions: These results suggest that an HP performed 24 h prior to the 1-RM evaluation in weightlifting may have significantly increased performance in the clean and jerk. These changes may not be explained by barbell kinematics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement)
19 pages, 567 KiB  
Review
Optimising Sprint Performance in Rugby: Insights from a Systematic Review of Training Methods
by Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Francisco Tomás González-Fernández, David Blanco-Luengo and Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010051 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Background: Sprint performance is crucial in rugby, impacting offensive and defensive actions. Despite increasing research on team sports, specific sprint training guidelines for rugby remain limited. This review evaluates the effectiveness of various training methods to improve sprint performance in semi-professional and professional [...] Read more.
Background: Sprint performance is crucial in rugby, impacting offensive and defensive actions. Despite increasing research on team sports, specific sprint training guidelines for rugby remain limited. This review evaluates the effectiveness of various training methods to improve sprint performance in semi-professional and professional players. Objectives: To identify and assess the most effective training methodologies for improving rugby sprint performance and provide evidence-based recommendations for coaches. Methods: A systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, including studies published before November 2024. Eligible studies focused on Rugby Union, Rugby League, or Rugby Sevens players undergoing resistance-based or sprint-specific training for at least four weeks. Exclusion criteria included amateur players, athletes under 16, or interventions using advanced technologies. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: Twenty-six studies involving 644 rugby players were analysed. Training programmes ranged from 4 to 18 weeks (average: 8 weeks) and were categorised into resistance training, small-sided games, and sprint-specific methods. Resistance training combined with plyometrics and agility drills achieved the most significant sprint improvements. Small-sided games enhanced sprint performance by simulating game-like scenarios, while resisted sprint training showed notable results for short-distance acceleration but limited maximum speed gains. Conclusions: Rugby sprint performance improves through periodised training protocols incorporating resistance exercises, plyometrics, and sport-specific drills. Coaches should use small-sided games and resisted sprint training to target short-distance acceleration and agility. Further research should examine the long-term effects of these methods and their influence on match performance. Full article
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15 pages, 509 KiB  
Article
Psychophysiological Response Differences Between Advanced and Beginner Climbers and Fatigue Management
by Alejandro Padilla-Crespo, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez and Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010050 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 674
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Rock climbing is a multifaceted athletic activity that requires both psychological and physiological resilience. This study aimed to examine the differences in psychological factors and fatigue predictors between novice and advanced climbers, with a focus on the interplay between experience and performance. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Rock climbing is a multifaceted athletic activity that requires both psychological and physiological resilience. This study aimed to examine the differences in psychological factors and fatigue predictors between novice and advanced climbers, with a focus on the interplay between experience and performance. Methods: The study included 60 participants categorized based on climbing experience (novice or advanced). Psychological and physiological assessments were conducted, including heart rate variability (HRV), grip strength, rate of force development (RFD), subjective perceived stress (SPS), and anxiety levels using validated questionnaires. Results: Advanced climbers exhibited lower anxiety levels and better sympathetic modulation compared to novices. Significant differences in HRV parameters, grip strength, and RFD were observed, reflecting the impact of experience on physiological responses. Advanced climbers demonstrated notable strength decreases post-climbing, supporting the utility of a force sensor on a 20 mm edge for assessing forearm fatigue. Correlations between cortisol levels, anxiety, and self-confidence during climbing were also identified. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of psychological and physiological factors in climbing performance. Forearm fatigue emerged as a critical predictor, suggesting that portable force sensors can optimize training and injury prevention. Insights from this study may enhance training protocols and improve real-time performance monitoring in climbers. Full article
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15 pages, 1379 KiB  
Article
DXA-Measured Total and Regional Body Composition in Female Athletes with a Physical Impairment
by Valentina Cavedon, Ilaria Peluso, Elisabetta Toti, Marco Sandri, Anna Pedrinolla, Carlo Zancanaro and Chiara Milanese
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010049 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 508
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In recent years, awareness has been growing regarding the needs of female athletes with physical impairments. Despite the importance from both health and performance perspectives of assessing body composition in this athletic population, there is limited literature focusing on this topic. This [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In recent years, awareness has been growing regarding the needs of female athletes with physical impairments. Despite the importance from both health and performance perspectives of assessing body composition in this athletic population, there is limited literature focusing on this topic. This study explored whole-body and regional three-compartment body composition in female athletes with a physical impairment to assess the impact of impairment and sex on body composition parameters in this population. Methods: Twenty female athletes with a physical impairment were pair-matched by age with an able-bodied female athlete and a male athlete with a comparable physical impairment. All athletes underwent whole-body scanning with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Female athletes with physical impairments showed body composition changes including higher amounts of fat mass, particularly in the lower body regions. Among athletes with a physical impairment, sex showed an independent effect on whole-body composition, with females showing higher fat mass and lower lean mass and bone mineral content compared with males, especially in the legs. Conclusions: Female athletes with physical impairments had a distinct body composition profile, characterized by sex-specific distribution of body tissue at the regional level. Nutritional and training strategies aimed at optimizing body composition in female athletes with physical impairments should be specifically tailored to meet the needs of this athletic population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Nutrition and Body Composition)
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12 pages, 1999 KiB  
Article
Fascia and Muscle Stiffness in Soccer Athletes with and Without Previous Hamstring Injury
by Eleftherios Kellis, Afxentios Kekelekis and Eleni E. Drakonaki
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010048 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 628
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Despite extensive efforts to reduce injuries to the hamstrings, the injury rate among athletes is increasing. The purpose of this study was to examine fascia and muscle stiffness differences between ten soccer players with a previous biceps femoris long head (BF) injury [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Despite extensive efforts to reduce injuries to the hamstrings, the injury rate among athletes is increasing. The purpose of this study was to examine fascia and muscle stiffness differences between ten soccer players with a previous biceps femoris long head (BF) injury and thirteen controls. Methods: The shear-wave elastic (SWE) modulus and surface electromyography signal from the semitendinosus (ST) and BF were measured during passive and active knee flexion efforts from 0°, 45°, and 90° knee flexion angles. Anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum isometric strength were also obtained. Results: Analysis of variance showed that the injured group showed significantly greater active (p < 0.05) but similar passive SWE modulus of BF and ST fascia and muscle than the uninjured group. Compared to the non-injured group, injured athletes had lower isometric strength and BF anatomical CSA (p < 0.05) but similar electromyographic activation amplitude (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The greater fascia stiffness during active submaximal contractions, in comparison to controls, might have an impact on hamstring function in soccer players with BF injuries who returned to play. Injured players may benefit from therapeutic interventions that aim to restore fascia and muscle tissue stiffness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—7th Edition)
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24 pages, 5520 KiB  
Article
Tennis Timing Assessment by a Machine Learning-Based Acoustic Detection System: A Pilot Study
by Lucio Caprioli, Amani Najlaoui, Francesca Campoli, Aatheethyaa Dhanasekaran, Saeid Edriss, Cristian Romagnoli, Andrea Zanela, Elvira Padua, Vincenzo Bonaiuto and Giuseppe Annino
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010047 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 613
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In tennis, timing plays a crucial factor as it influences the technique and effectiveness of strokes and, therefore, matches results. However, traditional technical evaluation methods rely on subjective observations or video motion-tracking technology, mainly focusing on spatial components. This study evaluated the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In tennis, timing plays a crucial factor as it influences the technique and effectiveness of strokes and, therefore, matches results. However, traditional technical evaluation methods rely on subjective observations or video motion-tracking technology, mainly focusing on spatial components. This study evaluated the reliability of an acoustic detection system in analyzing key temporal elements of the game, such as the rally rhythm and timing of strokes. Methods: Based on a machine learning algorithm, the proposed acoustic detection system classifies the sound of the ball’s impact on the racket and the ground to measure the time between them and give immediate feedback to the player. We performed trials with expert and amateur players in controlled settings. Results: The ML algorithm showed a detection accuracy higher than 95%, while the average accuracy of the whole system that was applied on-court was 85%. Moreover, this system has proven effective in evaluating the technical skills of a group of players on the court and highlighting their areas for improvement, showing significant potential for practical applications in player training and performance analysis. Conclusions: Quantitatively assessing timing offers a new perspective for coaches and players to improve performance and technique, providing objective data to set training regimens and optimize game strategies. Full article
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25 pages, 1595 KiB  
Article
The Protective Role of Physical Fitness Level Against Obesity and Body Dissatisfaction in French-Canadian Youth
by Mario Leone, Isabelle Thibault, Hung Tien Bui, Emilia Kalinova, Jean Lemoyne, Dominic Gagnon, Georges Larivière and Maxime Allisse
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010046 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 611
Abstract
Background: The obesity epidemic among adolescents significantly impacts not only their physical health but also various psychological factors, including their perception of body image. Thus, this study pursued three main objectives: (1) to update the reference standard values for all the physical [...] Read more.
Background: The obesity epidemic among adolescents significantly impacts not only their physical health but also various psychological factors, including their perception of body image. Thus, this study pursued three main objectives: (1) to update the reference standard values for all the physical fitness tests performed; (2) to examine the impact of overweight and obesity on factors influencing physical fitness in adolescents; and (3) to determine the relationship between the physical fitness level and the body image dissatisfaction among a population of French-Canadian adolescents. Methods: A total of 1862 adolescents aged 12 to 17 (1008 boys and 854 girls) participated in this study. Data were collected from 12 French-language high-schools from different socioeconomic backgrounds and spread across four regions of the province of Québec, Canada. Anthropometric measures (body mass, body height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness tests (aerobic power, anaerobic power, muscle endurance, muscular power, flexibility) were conducted. To assess adolescents’ body perception, a silhouette scale was used. Results: Standardized normative values were established for each fitness test (Lambda Mu Sigma; LMS method). In boys, performance generally improved with age, except for the V-test and sit-ups, which remained stable, and VO2peak, which declined during adolescence in both genders (unpaired t-test and Cohen’s d effect size). In girls, only the vertical jump and 30 m sprint improved with age, while the other tests stabilized by age 13. Fitness level was significantly influenced by obesity status. Boys and girls with a normal BMI performed better than those who were overweight or obese (ANOVA = p < 0.001 and effect size F). Girls appeared to be less affected by obesity status, with differences between overweight and obese groups rarely being significant (p > 0.05). Fitness level was also linked to body satisfaction, with satisfied adolescents generally achieving better scores than dissatisfied ones, even among those with a typical BMI. Socioeconomic status did not impact body image perception in boys (p = 0.351). In contrast, girls from lower socioeconomic backgrounds exhibited significantly more negative perceptions (p = 0.002) than their peers from more affluent families. Conclusions: Obesity status is strongly associated with poorer performance on fitness tests. Conversely, higher levels of physical fitness are linked to improved body image satisfaction. This positive relationship between fitness and body image holds true even for individuals with a healthy body weight (typical BMI). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
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14 pages, 1550 KiB  
Article
Effect of Six Weeks of Training with Wearable Resistance Attached to the Forearm on Throwing Kinematics, Strength, and Velocity in Female Handball Players
by Andrea Bao Fredriksen and Roland van den Tillaar
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010045 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1020
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of training with wearable resistance attached to the forearm on throwing kinematics, strength, and velocity in experienced female handball players. Methods: Twenty-five female handball players (mean age: 24.7 ± [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of training with wearable resistance attached to the forearm on throwing kinematics, strength, and velocity in experienced female handball players. Methods: Twenty-five female handball players (mean age: 24.7 ± 3.8 y, mass: 72.1 ± 17.6 kg, height: 1.69 ± 0.06 m, and training experience: 14.3 ± 4.9 y) participated and were divided into an experimental group (n = 14) or a control group (n = 11). Both groups participated in the same handball sessions, but the experimental group trained with wearable resistance attached to the forearm during the training sessions. Before and after a training period of six weeks, throwing velocity, strength, and kinematics were tested. Results: The throwing velocity was significantly increased in the experimental group but not in the control group (p = 0.006). Only a few significant kinematic changes were observed, mostly around ball release, in which both groups had increased elbow flexion. The experimental group had a larger shoulder flexion at ball release and a more flexed wrist (p ≤ 0.04). Meanwhile, the control group had a lower shoulder abduction after the training period (p ≤ 0.023). No significant effects were found in the maximal angular velocities, timing of joint angles, angular velocities and in the strength test (p > 0.075). Conclusions: Based on the findings in this present study, it was concluded that training with wearable resistance attached to the forearm increases throwing velocity during the competition season compared to normal throwing training, which was probably caused by the changes in maximal elbow angle and extension velocity and the more flexed wrist at ball release. Full article
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12 pages, 394 KiB  
Article
Reliability and Validity Measures of the Patellofemoral Subscale KOOS-PF in Greek Patients with Patellofemoral Pain
by Ioannis Moros, Eleni C. Boutsikari, George Plakoutsis, Elefterios Paraskevopoulos, George A. Koumantakis and Maria Papandreou
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010044 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 797
Abstract
Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is one of the most common multifactorial musculoskeletal pathologies affecting the knee joint. The prevalence of PFP in the general population ranges from 11% to 17%, with higher rates observed in specific groups such as females, runners, military [...] Read more.
Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is one of the most common multifactorial musculoskeletal pathologies affecting the knee joint. The prevalence of PFP in the general population ranges from 11% to 17%, with higher rates observed in specific groups such as females, runners, military personnel, and young athletes. To assess symptoms associated with PFP, the patellofemoral subscale (KOOS-PF) was developed, consisting of 11 questions that evaluate pain, stiffness, and quality of life. The KOOS-PF scale has already been validated and shown to be reliable in both its Spanish and Arabic versions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the KOOS-PF scale in the Greek language among the Greek population with patellofemoral pain. Methods: Fifty-five participants aged 18–65 years who suffered from PFP were evaluated in two phases on the first and third days to determine the reliability and validity of the measures of KOOS-PF in the Greek language. Construct validity was assessed using the knee outcome survey scale—activities of daily living scale (KOS-ADLS). Reliability was measured through repeated measurements (test–retest) using intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable difference (SDD). Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s coefficient a. The significance level was set at 5% (α = 0.05). Results: The KOOS-PF measures showed high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.87, p = 0.05) and high test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.95, p = 0.05, SEM = 3.7, SDC = 13.57). Additionally, the Greek version of the KOOS-PF exhibited high construct validity when correlated with the KOS-ADLS scale (r = 0.72, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The KOOS-PF scale displayed high reliability and construct validity for measuring patellofemoral pain in the Greek population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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4 pages, 183 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—5th Edition”
by Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010043 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 655
Abstract
The fifth edition of the Special Issue entitled “Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders” has been concluded and has found considerable success with fourteen papers published [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
15 pages, 1037 KiB  
Article
Effects of Step Length and Stride Variation During Forward Lunges on Lower-Extremity Muscle Activity
by Rafael F. Escamilla, Irwin S. Thompson, Robert Asuncion, Jacqueline Bravo, Tiffany Chang, Taylor Fournier, Hannah Garcia, Emily Hockenbery, Kyle Nagasawa, Joan Ozor, Hannah Snoeberger, Kevin E. Wilk and Mario Bizzini
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010042 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 884
Abstract
Background: The forward lunge is a closed-chain weight-bearing multi-joint exercise simulating the activities of daily living, such as walking or stair climbing, which mainly activates hip, knee, and ankle musculature and is also used by athletes and other individuals to train lower-extremity musculature. [...] Read more.
Background: The forward lunge is a closed-chain weight-bearing multi-joint exercise simulating the activities of daily living, such as walking or stair climbing, which mainly activates hip, knee, and ankle musculature and is also used by athletes and other individuals to train lower-extremity musculature. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare lower-extremity muscle recruitment patterns between stride and step length variations in forward lunges. Methods: Twenty participants had a mean (±SD) age, mass, and height of 26 ± 6 y, 79 ± 8 kg, and 176 ± 7 cm, respectively, for males, and 27 ± 4 y, 62 ± 6 kg, and 161 ± 7 cm, respectively, for females. All participants used their 12-repetition maximum weight while performing a short step and long step forward lunge with a stride (striding forward and pushing back to the starting position) and without a stride (lunging up and down with feet stationary). During each lunge variation, surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, hip adductors, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius muscles, and then normalized as a percent of each muscle’s maximum voluntary isometric contraction. A repeated measures two-way analysis of variance was employed (p < 0.01), with step length and stride comprising the two factors. Results: The following had no significant interactions: (1) quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, hip adductor, and gluteus maximus EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step compared to lunges with a short step; and (2) gluteus maximus and gluteus medius EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a stride compared to lunges without a stride. The following had significant interactions: (1) gluteus medius EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step with and without a stride compared to lunges with a short step with and without a stride; (2) quadriceps EMG activities were generally significantly greater in lunges with long and short steps with a stride compared to lunges with long and short steps without a stride, in lunges with a long step with a stride compared to lunges with a short step with a stride, and in lunges with a short step without a stride compared to lunges with a long step without a stride; (3) hamstring and hip adductor EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step with a stride compared to lunges with a long step without a stride, and in lunges with a long step with and without a stride compared to lunges with a short step with and without a stride; and (4) gastrocnemius EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step with and without a stride compared to lunges with a short step with and without a stride. Conclusions: Lower-extremity muscle activity is generally greater in forward lunges with a long step compared to a short step, and greater in lunges with a stride compared to without a stride. During the externally loaded forward lunge, high to very high muscle activity occurs in the quadriceps, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius, thus enhancing muscle hypertrophy and strength in these muscles, while moderate muscle activity occurs in the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and adductor longus. Full article
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17 pages, 3465 KiB  
Article
Effects of Combined Vibration Ergometry and Botulinum Toxin on Gait Improvement in Asymmetric Lower Limb Spasticity: A Pilot Study
by Harald Hefter, Dietmar Rosenthal and Sara Samadzadeh
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010041 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 576
Abstract
Objective: Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) injections and the new vibration ergometry training (VET) are studied for their combined effect on improving functional mobility in patients with asymmetric lower limb spasticity. Method: Gait was analyzed using the Infotronic® system, which measures ground [...] Read more.
Objective: Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) injections and the new vibration ergometry training (VET) are studied for their combined effect on improving functional mobility in patients with asymmetric lower limb spasticity. Method: Gait was analyzed using the Infotronic® system, which measures ground reaction forces and foot contact patterns by means of special force-sensitive shoes strapped over feet or street shoes. Gait was measured several times, depending on the protocol patients underwent. Seven patients with asymmetric lower limb spasticity were analyzed according to the control protocol (CG-group): after a baseline walk of 20 m (NV-W1) patients received their routine BoNT/A injection and had to walk the same distance a second time (NV-W2). Approximately 3–5 weeks later, they had to walk a third time (NV-W3). A further seven patients (VG-group) were analyzed according to the vibration protocol: after a baseline walk (V-W1), patients underwent a first vibration training (VET1), walked a second time (V-W2), received their routine BoNT/A injection, and walked a third time (V-W3). About four weeks later, they had to walk again (V-W4), received another vibration training (VET3), and walked a fifth time (V-W5). At least six months after the analysis according to the vibration protocol, these patients were also analyzed according to the control protocol. Eleven gait parameters were compared between the CG- and VG-group, and within the VG-group. Result: Patients in the VG-group experienced a significant improvement in gait four weeks after BoNT/A injection, unlike the patients in the CG-group. VG-patients also showed improved gait after two VET sessions. However, there was no further functional improvement of gait when BoNT/A injections and VET sessions were combined. Conclusions: BoNT/A injections enhance functional mobility in patients with mild asymmetric leg spasticity. VET also induces an immediate gait improvement and offers a further treatment approach for leg spasticity. Whether combining BoNT treatment and vibration training offers superior outcomes compared to either treatment alone requires further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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21 pages, 2526 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Fitness Profiles in Youth Soccer Players in Response to Playing Roles Through Principal Component Analysis
by Boryi A. Becerra Patiño, Aura D. Montenegro Bonilla, Juan D. Paucar-Uribe, Diego A. Rada-Perdigón, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, José Francisco López-Gil and José Pino-Ortega
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010040 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 763
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Physical fitness in youth soccer impacts individual and team performance through the specific demands that must be met on the field. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize and identify youth soccer players with regard to the roles they play on the field. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Physical fitness in youth soccer impacts individual and team performance through the specific demands that must be met on the field. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize and identify youth soccer players with regard to the roles they play on the field. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to characterize and identify the physical fitness levels of youth soccer players using previously validated measurement tests. A total of 36 players were evaluated (15 defenders and 24 attackers) using various physical fitness tests: Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Single-leg Countermovement Jumps (SLCMJs), COD-Timer 5-0-5, Speed (5, 10, 15, and 20 m), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level I (YYIR1), and Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The data were confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Effect sizes were obtained using the Rank-Biserial coefficient, and, to identify the profiles of attackers and defenders, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed. Results: For the strength variables, attackers obtained better results than defenders in the variable flight time in the SJ (p = 0.03; R-b = −0.33) and contact time (%) in the SLCMJ test (p = 0.04; R-b = −0.33). Meanwhile, defenders achieved better results than attackers in the SLCMJ test for the variable flight time (%) (p = 0.01; R-b = 0.33) and breaking angle (A°) in the Nordic Hamstring (p = 0.01; R-b = 0.33). The results showed differences according to the players’ roles. Three principal components were identified for both attackers and defenders. The PC1 for attackers considered variables of strength, asymmetry, change of direction, and power. PC2 only considered strength and power variables. PC3 considered variables of strength, speed, endurance, and power. For defenders, PC1 considered strength, asymmetry, and power. PC2 analyzed variables of strength, asymmetry, change of direction and power. Finally, PC3 only grouped speed variables. Conclusions: Although youth soccer positions involve offensive and defensive roles, this study reveals differences in certain physical fitness variables. Therefore, it is necessary to tailor training tasks according to the specificity of the playing position, in line with the systems of play used and the predominance of the role that players occupy, whether in defense or attack. Full article
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