Safety

22 pages, 2173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in the Large-Scale Building Construction Industry in Ethiopia: A Structural Equation Model Using the NOSACQ-50 Tool

by Teferi Abegaz, Wakgari Deressa and Bente Elisabeth Moen

Safety 2025, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010028 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 601

Abstract

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate [...] Read more.

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate and performance. This model was examined using factor analysis. Low scores for all seven safety climate dimensions were found, with values ranging from 2.33 to 3.08 and a mean of 2.70. Similarly, the mean score of the safety performance construct was 2.95 for safety participation and 3.58 for safety compliance. A strong positive correlation was found between safety climate and safety performance, and safety involvement accounted for 29.2% of the variance, while safety compliance accounted for 28.6% of the variance. The suggested association between self-reported injuries and safety climate was not confirmed. Nonetheless, Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation with safety climate. In conclusion, low scores for all safety climate dimensions show that safety on construction sites must be improved. The safety climate positively influences employees’ safety behavior (safety compliance and safety participation) and minimizes occupational injuries. Full article

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29 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation

by Mirko Simonetto, John-Alan Pascoe and Alexei Sharpanskykh

Safety 2025, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010027 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 859

Abstract

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents [...] Read more.

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents the outcomes of a preliminary safety assessment applied to this new type of storage system, accounting for the hazards of hydrogen. The methodology developed is based on hazard identification and frequency evaluation across all system features to identify the most critical safety concerns. Based on the safety assessment, a set of safety recommendations concerning different subsystems of the liquid hydrogen storage system is proposed, identifying hazard scopes and necessary mitigation actions across various system domains. The presented approach has been proven to be suitable for identifying essential liquid hydrogen hazards despite the novelty of the technology and for providing systematic design recommendations at a relatively early design stage. Full article

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18 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Vibrotactile Displays to Support Hazard Awareness in Multitasking Control Tasks for Heavy Machinery Work

by S. M. Ashif Hossain, Allen Yin and Thomas K. Ferris

Safety 2025, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010026 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 588

Abstract

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance awareness without overburdening vision or hearing. (2) Aim: This study evaluates the impact of vibrotactile feedback regarding proximity to hazards on multitasking performance and cognitive workload in order to support hazard awareness in a controlled task environment. (3) Method: Twenty-four participants performed a joystick-controlled navigation task and a concurrent mental spatial rotation task. Proximity to hazards in the navigation task was conveyed via different encodings of vibrotactile feedback: No Vibration, Intensity-Modulation, Pulse Duration, and Pulse Spacing. Performance metrics, including obstacle collisions, target hits, contact time, and accuracy, were assessed alongside perceived workload. (4) Results: Intensity-Modulated feedback reduced obstacle collisions and proximity time, while lowering workload, compared to No Vibration. No significant effects were found on spatial rotation accuracy, indicating that vibrotactile feedback effectively guides navigation and supports spatial awareness. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of vibrotactile feedback to improve navigation performance and hazard awareness, offering valuable insights into multimodal safety systems in high-demand environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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31 pages, 9859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Manual Handling Carts: A Novel Approach Combining Corrective Forces and Modelling to Prevent Injuries

by Stephane Gille

Safety 2025, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010025 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 515

Abstract

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, [...] Read more.

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, which increases the risk of injury including the development of musculoskeletal disorders. This study presents a new approach for calculating the pushing force for manually handled equipment moving longitudinally on resilient floor coverings from the pushing force measured on a steel plate. This method combines corrective forces with the pushing force model presented in this study. Corrective force abaci, which describe corrective forces as functions of the hardness of the floor covering’s base foam, are provided for each type of tread and bearing in the cart’s wheels. These abaci have been elaborated from pushing force measurements obtained with 44 wheel designs (of varying diameters, treads and bearings) tested on five different floors on a custom-built test bench. A mean deviation between experimental results and model predictions of 5.1% is obtained for pushing forces. These results permit us to account for the real conditions in which manual handling equipment is used and help in reducing the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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31 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Risk-Informed Design Framework for Functional Safety System Design of Human–Robot Collaboration Applications

by Jing Wu, Junru Ren, Ole Ravn and Lazaros Nalpantidis

Safety 2025, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010024 - 2 Mar 2025

Viewed by 660

Abstract

The safety of robotics and automation technologies is a significant concern for stakeholders in Industry 5.0. Ensuring cost-effectiveness and inherent safety requires applying the defense-in-depth principle. This paper introduces a novel risk-informed design framework for functional safety, integrating function-centered hazard identification and risk [...] Read more.

The safety of robotics and automation technologies is a significant concern for stakeholders in Industry 5.0. Ensuring cost-effectiveness and inherent safety requires applying the defense-in-depth principle. This paper introduces a novel risk-informed design framework for functional safety, integrating function-centered hazard identification and risk assessment via fault tree analysis (FTA). Demonstrated in the design of a semi-automated agricultural vehicle, the framework begins with a function-centered hazard identification approach (F-CHIA) based on ISO 12100. It examined design intents, identified hazard zones, and conducted task and function identification. Foreseeable functional hazardous situations are analyzed, leading to functional requirements and the identification of relevant directives, regulations, and standards. The F-CHIA outputs inform the functional safety analysis, assessing the required performance level and deriving specific requirements for software, hardware, and human operators using FTA. The functional requirements derived from F-CHIA are more systematic than traditional methods and serve as effective inputs for functional safety analysis in human–robot collaboration applications. The proposed framework enables design teams to focus on enhancing factors that improve functional safety performance levels, resulting in a more thorough and effective safety design process. Full article

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21 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Safety Culture Following the Implementation of a Near-Miss Management System in the Traditional Manufacturing Industry

by Maria H. Pedrosa, Ana K. Salazar, Carla Cardoso and Joana C. Guedes

Safety 2025, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010023 - 2 Mar 2025

Viewed by 949

Abstract

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: [...] Read more.

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-implementation surveys, and qualitative data were derived from focus group discussions (FGDs) developed a year after NMS implementation in two footwear companies. After that period, it is possible to infer that the NMS led to changes in the safety culture. OHS management commitment, accident and near-miss investigation, and OHS meetings and training dimensions were impacted. Employees perceived the NMS introduction as a signal of management′s commitment and the possibility of accessing training and participating in near-miss and accident investigations. In organisations that rely on intensive manual labour, ongoing training is essential to ensure that safety measures are effective and that the organisation′s safety management system (NMS) is sustainable. Although limited by the small sample size and sector focus, the results show that even a simplified NMS procedure adapted to the company and adequate training provided to the workforce significantly impacts the company′s safety culture and workers′ safety behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

24 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Levels of Automation for a Computer-Based Procedure for Simulated Nuclear Power Plant Operation: Impacts on Workload and Trust

by Jacquelyn Schreck, Gerald Matthews, Jinchao Lin, Sean Mondesire, David Metcalf, Kelly Dickerson and John Grasso

Safety 2025, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010022 - 2 Mar 2025

Viewed by 562

Abstract

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust [...] Read more.

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust miscalibration. The current study investigated workload during a simulated nuclear power plant (NPP) emergency operation procedure (EOP) executed using a CBP supported by automation. Two levels of automation (LOA) were compared within subjects: management-by-consent (lower LOA) and management-by-exception (higher LOA). Subjective workload and trust were assessed, together with objective psychophysiological and performance-based workload measures. LOA effects varied across the different workload measures. The hypothesis that workload would be reduced at the higher LOA was confirmed for a behavioral measure (secondary task response time). However, other metrics, including instantaneous self-assessment (ISA) and heart rate variability (HRV), showed increased workload at the higher LOA. Different LOAs may produce differing operator strategies that require multivariate workload assessment to evaluate. Effect sizes for the impact of LOA on workload were indexed by Cohen’s d. Several of these effect sizes were in the 0.4–0.6 range, indicating effects of medium magnitude. In addition, subjective workload data were compared with those from a previous study that simulated conventional NPP operations. As anticipated, workload tended to be lower with the automated procedure. The study suggests future directions for human factors research on plant modernization. Full article

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17 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Exploratory Study: Performance Differences Between Novice Teen and Senior Drivers Using Interactive Exercises on a Driving Simulator

by Johnell O. Brooks, Rakesh Gangadharaiah, Patrick J. Rosopa, Casey Jenkins, Elenah B. Rosopa, Rebecca Pool, Lauren Mims, Breno Schwambach, Timothy Jenkins and Ken Melnrick

Safety 2025, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010021 - 2 Mar 2025

Viewed by 673

Abstract

Clinicians who do not specialize in driving have a need for simple assessment tools for both the aging population and new drivers. While many researchers focus on complex driving scenarios presented on simulators or on-road driving, this exploratory study examines the use of [...] Read more.

Clinicians who do not specialize in driving have a need for simple assessment tools for both the aging population and new drivers. While many researchers focus on complex driving scenarios presented on simulators or on-road driving, this exploratory study examines the use of interactive exercises presented using a driving simulator to determine if there are differences in the speed at which senior and novice teen drivers respond to the steering wheel and pedal stimuli. This gap is addressed by evaluating performance differences between 34 senior drivers (over 60) and 17 novice teen drivers (ages 16–17) using interactive exercises with a driving simulator: Reaction Timer Steering©, Reaction Timer Stoplight©, and Stoplight and Steering©. Overall, teens had faster reaction times and fewer errors than seniors, yet seniors demonstrated greater improvement over time. Reaction times decreased for both age groups using the Reaction Timer Stoplight exercise. For the Stoplight and Steering exercise, significant differences between the groups were identified for both the number of errors as well as their reaction times. The findings from this exploratory study suggest the potential value of using driving simulators for assessment and potentially training the motor movements associated with driving across different age groups. By providing safe and controlled environments, simulators offer value to clinicians and educators for evaluations, interventions, and skill screenings to potentially improve safety for at-risk driver populations. Full article

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28 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Literature Review of Cargo Loss Risks in Road Transportation: Impacts and Future Directions

by Praiya Panjee, Varunya Kaewchueaknang and Sataporn Amornsawadwatana

Safety 2025, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010020 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 875

Abstract

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five [...] Read more.

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five primary domains: Man, Method, Machine, Material, and Environment. Specifically, the review highlights major cargo loss risks within the context of road transportation. A fishbone diagram illustrates the multifactorial interactions that contribute to cargo loss. Emerging technological solutions, such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled monitoring, and advanced packaging designs, are explored as key strategies to mitigate these risks. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to enhance road transport safety, reduce cargo loss, and strengthen the resilience of global supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Traffic Risk Assessment: Control and Prevention of Collisions)

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13 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Sudden Incapacitation Due to Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly Pilots: Lessons Learned from Two Fatal Accidents of Elderly General Aviation Pilots in Finland

by Alpo Vuorio, Janne Kotiranta, Ismo Aaltonen, Juho Posio, Tiina Bieber and Bruce Budowle

Safety 2025, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010019 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 830

Abstract

Investigations of aviation accidents are based on provisions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13 agreement. A safety recommendation may be addressed to international aviation organizations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the ICAO, by the Accident Investigation [...] Read more.

Investigations of aviation accidents are based on provisions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13 agreement. A safety recommendation may be addressed to international aviation organizations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the ICAO, by the Accident Investigation Agency of any country, following a safety investigation into an occurrence. This process also promotes learning from smaller aviation accidents internationally. This article highlights two relatively small aviation accidents in Finland from 2016 and 2021, respectively, both of which fall under general aviation and have led to significant aeromedical safety recommendations for the EASA and the ICAO. In the 2016 accident, a general aviation pilot, who had previously suffered heart attacks, suffered another heart attack and died shortly after landing. This incident led to a recommendation issued to EASA calling for additional training of aeromedical officers in aeromedical risk assessment on pre-existing health conditions. The 2021 accident involved an elderly general aviation pilot who became incapacitated due to health issues. The recommendations resulting from this investigation were brought further to the ICAO and EASA in order for them to emphasize the importance of the age of a pilot in current aviation health assessment guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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23 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Effective Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment in Post-Mining Areas

by Dafni M. Nalmpant-Sarikaki, Alexandros I. Theocharis, Nikolaos C. Koukouzas and Ioannis E. Zevgolis

Safety 2025, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010018 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 554

Abstract

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which [...] Read more.

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which includes identification of hazards, analysis of hazard interactions, and calculation of the Multi-Hazard Index (MHI), Vulnerability Index (VI), and Multi-Risk Value (MRV). The MHI assesses the cumulative intensity of hazard interactions, while the MRV quantifies the socio-economic impacts of various multi-hazard scenarios. The framework also incorporates vulnerability assessments, using social and physical vulnerability indices, to better understand the potential risks to communities. The methodology aims to enhance the safety of post-mining areas by mitigating the cascading effects of hazard interactions and by systematically increasing the knowledge of hazard interdependencies. This approach is adaptable to diverse post-mining contexts, offering a comprehensive framework for assessing and managing multi-hazard risks. It aligns with the broader objectives of the European Green Deal by promoting sustainable land management and addressing the transition of coal regions toward a carbon-neutral economy. It equips stakeholders with necessary tools to enhance resilience and ensure the long-term socio-economic and environmental stability and safety of post-mining areas. Full article

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12 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative and Narrative Analysis of Dump Truck-Related Injuries and Fatalities in the United States

by Terry L. Bunn, Caitlin A. Northcutt, Rebecca Honaker and Patrick Maloney

Safety 2025, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010017 - 11 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 650

Abstract

Dump truck safety recommendations have been implemented by companies, but a comprehensive study of risk factors associated with dump truck injuries and fatalities has not been performed. Published research specifically focusing on dump truck injuries is limited. The purpose of this descriptive study [...] Read more.

Dump truck safety recommendations have been implemented by companies, but a comprehensive study of risk factors associated with dump truck injuries and fatalities has not been performed. Published research specifically focusing on dump truck injuries is limited. The purpose of this descriptive study was to characterize risk factors associated with dump truck-related inspection cases reported by the OSHA in the United States. Dump truck inspections during 2016–2020 were obtained from the online OSHA IMIS database. Pearson’s chi-square test and logistic regression were performed. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using PROC MIXED and a generalized linear mixed model was calculated on 122 closed dump truck-related inspection cases. One half of dump truck worker fatalities resulted in a serious OSHA violation, whereas three quarters of nonfatal dump truck worker injuries resulted in an ‘other’ or no OSHA violation; 22% of fatalities involved the dump truck backing up. A nonfatal injury narrative often involved the words ‘finger’, ‘tailgate’, and ‘bed’, whereas the words ‘trailer’, ‘asphalt’, ‘load’, and ‘loader’ were mentioned more often in fatalities. A fatal dump truck injury was three times more likely to be associated with a serious OSHA violation compared to a nonfatal dump truck injury. Industries should provide initial and refresher worker safety training to dump truck drivers and other employees who work within the dump truck hazard zone, particularly employees who utilize dump trucks for working with asphalt or around power lines, and employees who repair dump trucks. Full article

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11 pages, 2135 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Visits Due to Occupational Accidents: A Retrospective Observational Study in a Northern Italian City

by Francesca Sellaro, Roberta Pernetti, Stefano Massimo Candura, Stefano Perlini, Francesco Speciale, Gabriele Savioli and Enrico Oddone

Safety 2025, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010016 - 7 Feb 2025

Viewed by 577

Abstract

This retrospective observational study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on occupational accident rates by analyzing over 500,000 Emergency Department (ED) visits from 2014 to 2022 in a Northern Italian city. Work-related injuries comprised 3.6% of total ED visits, with significant gender [...] Read more.

This retrospective observational study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on occupational accident rates by analyzing over 500,000 Emergency Department (ED) visits from 2014 to 2022 in a Northern Italian city. Work-related injuries comprised 3.6% of total ED visits, with significant gender disparities, particularly in commuting accidents among women. During the pandemic’s initial wave, the overall ED visits decreased by 41%, while work-related injuries saw a 60% reduction. Post-pandemic, ED visits began returning to pre-pandemic levels, reflecting the healthcare system’s adaptability. Notably, high-intensity admissions requiring intensive care remained relatively stable throughout the pandemic, suggesting that individuals with urgent medical needs continued to seek care at the ED, demonstrating the healthcare system’s resilience in handling critical cases. This study highlights the complex relationship between the pandemic and workplace safety, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand COVID-19’s impact on healthcare services. Full article

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20 pages, 2760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Large Language Models for Agricultural Injury Surveillance

by Jacob Muller, Daniel Petti, Changying Li, Serap Gorucu, Matthew Pilz and Bryan P. Weichelt

Safety 2025, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010015 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1387

Abstract

The traditional approach to curating and disseminating information about agricultural injuries relies heavily on manual input and review, resulting in a labor-intensive process. While the unstructured nature of the material traditionally requires human reviewers, the recent proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has [...] Read more.

The traditional approach to curating and disseminating information about agricultural injuries relies heavily on manual input and review, resulting in a labor-intensive process. While the unstructured nature of the material traditionally requires human reviewers, the recent proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced the potential for automation. This study investigates the feasibility and implications of filling the role of a human reviewer with an LLM in analyzing information about agricultural injuries from news articles and investigation reports. Multiple language models were tested for accuracy in extracting relevant incident and victim information, and these models include OpenAI’s ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 and an open-source fine-tuned version of Llama 2. To measure accuracy, each LLM was given prompts to gather relevant data from a set of randomly selected online news articles already cataloged by human reviewers, such as the use of drugs or alcohol, time of day, or other information about the victim(s). Results showed that the fine-tuned Llama2 was the most proficient model with an average accuracy of 93% and some categories reaching 100%. ChatGPT-4 also performed well with around 90% accuracy. Additionally, we found that the fine-tuned Llama2 model was somewhat proficient in coding injuries using the OIICS classification scheme, achieving 48% accuracy when predicting the first digit. Though none of the models are perfectly accurate, the methodology and results prove that LLMs are promising in streamlining workflows in order to reduce human and financial resources and increase the efficiency of data analysis. Full article

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31 pages, 5825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Perception and Mitigation in Hand Tool Use: A Comparative Study of Industrial Safety Perspectives from Ecuador and Hungary

by Ricardo P. Arciniega-Rocha, Andrea Tick, Vanessa C. Erazo-Chamorro and Gyula Szabó

Safety 2025, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010014 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 939

Abstract

There is an increasing trend to develop innovative information technologies that empower industrial companies and tool suppliers to pioneer new production methods and technologies. This study aims to support innovation in industrial practices by using information technologies to enable companies and tool suppliers [...] Read more.

There is an increasing trend to develop innovative information technologies that empower industrial companies and tool suppliers to pioneer new production methods and technologies. This study aims to support innovation in industrial practices by using information technologies to enable companies and tool suppliers to adopt advanced production methods. By focusing on the usability of hand tools, the research seeks to establish essential parameters and focuses on analyzing the perception of risk and its associated benefits when using hand tools. To examine risk perception and risk benefits when using hand tools, the analysis data were collected from workers in two countries and included studies processed by Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT). As a result, it is identified as risk-seeking in the sphere of workers who are very confident in their ability and capacity to perform the determined tasks and carry out risk aversion with other external parameters related to hand tools and environmental characteristics. In addition, the risk perception and worker behavior to deal with it are delineated, giving parameters to help managers avoid workers’ injuries or illnesses, identifying the main risk domains for using hand tools use in specific industrial tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Risk Management in Process Industries)

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17 pages, 897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights for a Next Pandemic: An Assessment of Laboratory COVID-19 Safety

by Walid Al-Zyoud, Hala Abu Ismail, Haytham Althawbih, Bayan Odeh, Munib Saket, Akeel Al-Kazwini, Fawzi Al-Hammouri and Rana Dajani

Safety 2025, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010013 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 650

Abstract

In January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, underscoring the importance of safeguarding measures and mental health support for medical professionals due to its serious impact and widespread reach. This study aimed to assess knowledge gaps in safety guidelines and the [...] Read more.

In January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, underscoring the importance of safeguarding measures and mental health support for medical professionals due to its serious impact and widespread reach. This study aimed to assess knowledge gaps in safety guidelines and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among staff in medical laboratories, specifically all accredited laboratories actively engaged in COVID-19 testing in Jordan. Data were collected via a blinded, non-stratified electronic questionnaire, with one response submitted from each laboratory through a Google Form. The survey targeted laboratory personnel affiliated with the 40 accredited laboratories handling COVID-19 testing. A validated questionnaire consisting of 25 questions was used to evaluate the knowledge of these laboratories. The findings indicate that workers in certain laboratories exhibited deficiencies in their understanding of safety regulations, quality control, and the proper use of PPE when handling COVID-19 samples. Additionally, the study highlights the increasing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals’ mental health. The demanding laboratory work necessitated by the pandemic can have negative psychological effects on staff. These effects underscore the importance of implementing supportive mental health policies and resources to mitigate psychological impact and enhance the overall well-being of laboratory personnel. Addressing these knowledge gaps, improving safety protocols, and providing adequate mental health support are crucial steps in ensuring the safety and well-being of laboratory staff and enhancing the overall management of future pandemics. Full article

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23 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessReview

Caught-In/Between Accidents in the Construction Industry: A Systematic Review

by Aminu Darda’u Rafindadi, Bishir Kado, Abdurra’uf M. Gora, Ibrahim B. Dalha, Sadi I. Haruna, Yasser E. Ibrahim and Omar Ahmed Shabbir

Safety 2025, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010012 - 4 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1459

Abstract

This systematic review examines caught-in/between accidents in construction, revealing complex safety challenges involving machinery errors, vehicle incidents, loading mistakes, and structural collapses. The analysis highlights significant risks, including heavy equipment rollovers, trench cave-ins, and material shifts, with injuries ranging from minor to fatal. [...] Read more.

This systematic review examines caught-in/between accidents in construction, revealing complex safety challenges involving machinery errors, vehicle incidents, loading mistakes, and structural collapses. The analysis highlights significant risks, including heavy equipment rollovers, trench cave-ins, and material shifts, with injuries ranging from minor to fatal. Despite the critical nature of these accidents, existing research demonstrates notable gaps, particularly in understanding long-term worker health impacts, economic consequences, and nuanced risk factors. Most studies insufficiently explore correlations between worker experience, age, and accident susceptibility, while gender-specific risks remain poorly documented. Training inadequacies and safety protocol non-adherence emerge as primary contributors to these incidents. This review identifies a pressing need for standardized, comprehensive safety interventions that address technological, human, and organizational factors. Recommendations include stricter safety regulations, enhanced training programs, advanced safety technologies, and robust support systems for workers. By fostering a holistic safety culture and addressing research gaps, the construction industry can potentially mitigate caught-in/between accidents, ultimately protecting worker well-being and improving overall productivity. Full article

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21 pages, 5122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Risk Assessment During Carbon Fibre Sizing Using Engineered Nanomaterials

by Spyridon Damilos, Dionisis Semitekolos, Stratos Saliakas, Adamantia Kostapanou, Costas Charitidis and Elias P. Koumoulos

Safety 2025, 11(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010011 - 21 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1422

Abstract

Carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are a lightweight alternative solution for various applications due to their mechanical and structural properties. However, debonding at the fibre–matrix interface is an important failure mechanism in composite materials. Proposed solutions include using nano-scale reinforcements to strengthen and toughen [...] Read more.

Carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are a lightweight alternative solution for various applications due to their mechanical and structural properties. However, debonding at the fibre–matrix interface is an important failure mechanism in composite materials. Proposed solutions include using nano-scale reinforcements to strengthen and toughen structural composites. This study covers a comprehensive approach for evaluating occupational hazards during the sizing of 6k carbon fibres using multi-walled functionalized carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and few-layer graphene (FLG) at a pilot scale. Material hazard and exposure banding showed elevated risks of exposure to nanomaterials during the sizing process, while a ‘what-if’ process hazard analysis allowed for the evaluation of hazard control options against the hypothetical process failure scenarios of human error and utilities malfunctioning. On-site measurements of airborne particles highlighted that using MWCNTs or FLG as a sizing agent had negligible effects on the overall exposure potential, and higher micro-size particle concentrations were observed at the beginning of the process, while particle size distribution showcased high concentrations of particles below 50 nm. This analysis provides a thorough investigation of the risks and potential exposure to airborne hazardous substances during CF sizing while providing insights for the effective implementation of a safe-by-design strategy for designing targeted hazard control systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Risk Management in Process Industries)

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12 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Machine Learning to Understand Injuries in Female Agricultural Operators in the Central United States

by Cheryl L. Beseler and Risto H. Rautiainen

Safety 2025, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010009 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 713

Abstract

The number of women choosing agriculture as an occupation is increasing. Agriculture is dangerous work, and women are at risk of serious injury, but the research on injuries in females is sparse. Women perform different types of farmwork and have different exposures than [...] Read more.

The number of women choosing agriculture as an occupation is increasing. Agriculture is dangerous work, and women are at risk of serious injury, but the research on injuries in females is sparse. Women perform different types of farmwork and have different exposures than men. Studies have not assessed injury in a large group of female agricultural operators. In this study, we used XGBoost, a machine learning algorithm, and logistic regression to examine 17 factors hypothesized to be associated with injury in 1529 farm and ranch women. The sample was split into a training group of 1070, and the results were replicated in a test group of 459. The model accuracy was 88%. We compared the results of XGBoost to those of the logistic regression models and computed odds ratios to estimate effect sizes. We found that the two methods generally agreed. XGBoost identified the total number of musculoskeletal symptoms, age, sleep deprivation, high work-related stress, and exposure to respiratory irritants as being important to injury. The multivariate logistic regression model identified higher income, higher stress, younger age, and number of musculoskeletal symptoms as being significantly associated with injury. The analysis highlights the importance of musculoskeletal disorders and work strain to injury in women. Full article

26 pages, 23275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cause Analysis Model of Nuclear Accidents in Marine Nuclear Power Plants Based on the Perspective of a Socio-Technical System

by Fang Zhao, Ruihua Shu, Shoulong Xu and Shuliang Zou

Safety 2025, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010010 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 887

Abstract

Marine nuclear power plants (MNPPs) represent items of forward-looking high-end engineering equipment combining nuclear power and ocean engineering, with unique advantages and broad application prospects. When a nuclear accident occurs, it causes considerable economic losses and casualties. The traditional accident analysis of nuclear [...] Read more.

Marine nuclear power plants (MNPPs) represent items of forward-looking high-end engineering equipment combining nuclear power and ocean engineering, with unique advantages and broad application prospects. When a nuclear accident occurs, it causes considerable economic losses and casualties. The traditional accident analysis of nuclear power plants only considers the failure of a single system or component, without considering the coupling between the system and the operator, the environment, and other factors. In this study, the cause mechanism of nuclear accidents in MNPPs is analyzed from the perspective of a social technology system. The causal analysis model is constructed by using the internal core causal analysis (e.g., technical control) and external stimulation causal analysis (e.g., social intervention) of accidents, after which the mechanism of the coupled evolution of each influencing factor is analyzed. A Bayesian network inference model is used to quantify the coupling relationship between the factors that affect the deterioration of nuclear accidents. The results show that the main influencing factors are pump failure, valve failure, insufficient response time, poor psychological state, unfavorable sea conditions, unfavorable offshore operating environments, communication failure, inappropriate organizational procedures, inadequate research and design institutions, inadequate regulatory agencies, and inadequate policies. These 12 factors have a high degree of causality and are the main factors influencing the deterioration of the small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA). In addition, the causal chain that is most likely to influence the development of SBLOCA into a severe accident is obtained. This provides a theoretical basis for preventing the occurrence of marine nuclear power accidents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety, Resilience and Reliability Challenges and Engineering Research in Renewable Energies)

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13 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Job Stress, Burnout, and Work Ability in Tire Manufacturing: The Role of Age and Experience

by Jinwon Lee, Kyung-Sun Lee, Jiyeon Ha and Jaejin Hwang

Safety 2025, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010008 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 820

Abstract

This study examined the challenges of the predominantly male, aging workforce in South Korea′s tire manufacturing industry, focusing on physical demands, job stress, and burnout. The present study surveyed 400 workers employed on the production line at a tire manufacturing company in the [...] Read more.

This study examined the challenges of the predominantly male, aging workforce in South Korea′s tire manufacturing industry, focusing on physical demands, job stress, and burnout. The present study surveyed 400 workers employed on the production line at a tire manufacturing company in the Republic of Korea. This study revealed a predominantly male workforce, a majority of married employees, an older age demographic, a diverse range of employment tenures with a significant portion of long-term staff, and variability in rest period durations and frequencies. An analysis of data from tire manufacturing workers revealed that high job autonomy and relationship conflict contributed to lower job satisfaction and increased stress. Generational conflicts between older, experienced workers and younger employees further exacerbated dissatisfaction. Despite the physically demanding nature of the job, no significant difference in physical ability across age groups was observed. This study also found a high burnout index, characterized by cynicism, emotional exhaustion, and decreased professional efficacy, particularly among those performing repetitive tasks. The findings suggest a need for interventions to address burnout and improve job conditions for the aging workforce. Full article

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13 pages, 1395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classifying Aviation Safety Reports: Using Supervised Natural Language Processing (NLP) in an Applied Context

by Michael D. New and Ryan J. Wallace

Safety 2025, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010007 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1042

Abstract

This paper presents a practical approach to classifying aviation safety reports in an operational context. The goals of the research are as follows: (a) successfully demonstrate a replicable, practical methodology leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) to classify aviation safety report narratives; (b) determine [...] Read more.

This paper presents a practical approach to classifying aviation safety reports in an operational context. The goals of the research are as follows: (a) successfully demonstrate a replicable, practical methodology leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) to classify aviation safety report narratives; (b) determine the number of reports (per class) required to train the NLP model to achieve an F₁ performance score greater than 0.90 consistently; and, (c) demonstrate the model could be implemented locally, within the confines of a typical corporate infrastructure (i.e., behind the firewall) to allay information security concerns. The authors purposefully sampled 425 safety reports from 2019 to 2021 from a university flight training program. The authors varied the number of reports used to train an NLP model to classify narrative safety reports into three separate event categories. The NLP model’s performance was evaluated both with and without distractor data, running 30 iterations at each training level. NLP model success was measured using a confusion matrix and calculating Macro Average F₁-Scores. Parametric testing was conducted on macro average F₁ score performance using an ANOVA and post hoc Levene statistic. We determined that 60 training samples were required to consistently achieve a macro average F₁-Score above the established 0.90 performance threshold. In future studies, we intend to expand this line of research to include multi-tiered analysis to support classification within a safety taxonomy, enabling improved root cause analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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17 pages, 3744 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Emergency Decision-Making: A Bibliometric Review of Existing Literature

by Ivan D’Alessio, Umberto Livio Aitella, Anna Maria Giannini and Jessica Burrai

Safety 2025, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010006 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1000

Abstract

In recent years, we have witnessed an increase in emergency and catastrophic events. It is now crucial for professionals involved in emergency management to stay updated on issues and statistics related to decision-making in emergency situations. Emergency Decision-Making (EDM) has emerged as a [...] Read more.

In recent years, we have witnessed an increase in emergency and catastrophic events. It is now crucial for professionals involved in emergency management to stay updated on issues and statistics related to decision-making in emergency situations. Emergency Decision-Making (EDM) has emerged as a strategic field of study, guiding the training and education of those responsible for managing and responding to emergencies, making it a critical area for national security. This original work advances the study of EDM by offering key insights into research trends over the years, the geographical distribution of scientific output, the methodologies employed, yearly statistics, and the spread of key terms and the most-explored topics. The main findings of this study on EDM literature from 1977 to 2023 highlight the dominant role of China and the USA in scientific productivity in the field. Moreover, a significant absolute increase in scientific productivity has been observed from 2020 to the present. Full article

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14 pages, 484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging the Gaps: Examining the Impact of Technology-Based Active Learning in Workplace Safety Training Through a Systematic Literature Review

by Simona Margheritti, Sofia Marcucci and Massimo Miglioretti

Safety 2025, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010005 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Theoretical background: Occupational safety training is crucial for reducing workplace risks, but traditional approaches often struggle to fully engage participants or guarantee effective knowledge retention. Over the past decade, interest in using technology-based active learning strategies has grown, with active learning focusing on [...] Read more.

Theoretical background: Occupational safety training is crucial for reducing workplace risks, but traditional approaches often struggle to fully engage participants or guarantee effective knowledge retention. Over the past decade, interest in using technology-based active learning strategies has grown, with active learning focusing on practical approaches that actively engage workers in the learning process. Objective: The research aims to identify the active learning strategies currently employed in OS training and assess the benefits and challenges of these approaches. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted in line with the PRISMA guidelines. After a rigorous selection process based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 eligible articles were identified from the Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Results: Technology-based active learning strategies, especially serious games, enhance the comprehension of safety procedures. Simulating risk scenarios and providing immediate feedback facilitates knowledge transfer to real-world environments. However, limitations are evident, such as technical complexity, high implementation costs, and difficulties in acceptance by less experienced users. Conclusions: The study concludes by emphasizing the need for targeted research to overcome the identified challenges, such as improving simulation realism, reducing costs through collaborative partnerships, and addressing usability issues for different worker populations. Full article

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16 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Biomathematical Modeling Software Tool for the Prediction of Risk in Flight Schedules Compared Against Incidence of Fatigue Reports

by Jaime K. Devine, Jake Choynowski and Steven R. Hursh

Safety 2025, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010004 - 7 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1001

Abstract

Background: Modeling tools should be tested against real-world outcomes to confirm their predictive ability compared to random chance. Insights is an analytical tool within the biomathematical modeling software SAFTE-FAST that identifies work patterns that consistently result in elevated fatigue risk. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Background: Modeling tools should be tested against real-world outcomes to confirm their predictive ability compared to random chance. Insights is an analytical tool within the biomathematical modeling software SAFTE-FAST that identifies work patterns that consistently result in elevated fatigue risk. This study investigated the ability of Insights to correctly identify duties with an associated fatigue report using previously collected flight schedule and report data. Methods: Planned and completed flight roster schedules were analyzed using SAFTE-FAST Insights after the rosters had been flown. Fatigue reports were independently linked to planned and completed schedules at the duty level. Odds ratio (OR) analysis investigated the ability of Insights to predict which duties would be linked to a fatigue report. Differences in duties were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a two-sample t-test. Results: There were 157 fatigue reports out of 78,061 planned duties and 235 fatigue reports out of 82,612 completed duties. Insights had 3.04 odds of correctly identifying fatigue reports in planned duties but 0.41 odds for completed duties. Discussion: Insights showed good odds of correctly identifying a fatigue report duty using planned schedules but poor odds of identifying a fatigue report duty from completed schedules. Completed duties started later in the day and were shorter in duration than planned duties. Day-of-operations schedule changes may have reduced the fatigue risk in response to the fatigue reports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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24 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Expectations of Risk Prevention Play a Role in the Adoption of Smart Home Technology? Findings from a Swiss Survey

by Raphael Iten, Joël Wagner and Angela Zeier Röschmann

Safety 2025, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010003 - 7 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1474

Abstract

Smart homes offer promising opportunities for risk prevention in private households, especially concerning safety and health. For instance, they can reduce safety risks by detecting water leakages quickly and support health by monitoring air quality. Current research on smart home technology predominantly focuses [...] Read more.

Smart homes offer promising opportunities for risk prevention in private households, especially concerning safety and health. For instance, they can reduce safety risks by detecting water leakages quickly and support health by monitoring air quality. Current research on smart home technology predominantly focuses on usability, performance expectations, and cyber risks, overlooking the potential importance of risk prevention benefits to prospective users. We address this gap by utilizing data from a recent survey to construct a structural equation model. Our overarching hypothesis is that prevention benefits and comfort considerations positively influence adoption. The results confirm the relevance of comfort, as suggested by previous research. In addition, the results reveal significant prevention benefits in safety and health, which are positively related to technology expectations and the intention to adopt smart homes. Furthermore, newly included variables such as technology affinity and active aging lifestyle emerge as indicators of potential smart home users, extending the knowledge of user characteristics beyond traditional sociodemographic indicators. The findings contribute to filling a gap in the current risk and technology literature and are also relevant for smart home device manufacturers and risk and insurance practitioners looking to evolve their business models. Full article

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22 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Key Construction Safety Challenges in Sri Lanka: A Survey-Based Study

by Asela Weerakoon, David Thorpe, Amirhossein Heravi and Subrata Chakraborty

Safety 2025, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010002 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2086

Abstract

The construction industry is a key driver of economic development in a developing country like Sri Lanka. However, many construction projects still face serious safety challenge areas such as poor attitude, bad conduct, negligence, out-of-date legislation, a lack of qualified safety officers and [...] Read more.

The construction industry is a key driver of economic development in a developing country like Sri Lanka. However, many construction projects still face serious safety challenge areas such as poor attitude, bad conduct, negligence, out-of-date legislation, a lack of qualified safety officers and financial constraints. This study aims to determine which safety challenges are the key ones in the Sri Lankan construction industry and how these challenges are classified and related to each other. The significance of this research is that it identifies the most important safety challenge areas and addresses them, which helps to overcome other safety challenge areas that rely on them. To achieve this aim, survey questionnaires were developed, and a survey was conducted among key project stakeholders, including safety officers, engineers, managers, quantity surveyors and human resources personnel, to collect information on significant safety factors that can help in improving safety. Forty-three safety challenge elements were identified and assessed through factor analysis. The ten most significant safety challenge elements were extracted and categorised into two main categories: (i) economy-related and (ii) human-resource-related challenges. The results of this survey provide a very good foundation for project managers or safety managers to identify certain criteria when selecting construction staff and making project plans. Full article

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20 pages, 2446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Injury Outcomes of Horse-and-Buggy Crashes in Rural Michigan by Mining Crash Reports Using NLP and CNN Algorithms

by Baraah Qawasmeh, Jun-Seok Oh and Valerian Kwigizile

Safety 2025, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010001 - 30 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 760

Abstract

Horse-and-buggy transportation, vital for many rural communities and the Amish population, has been largely overlooked in safety research. This study examines the characteristics and injury severity of horse-and-buggy roadway crashes in Michigan’s rural areas. Detailed crash data are essential for safety studies, as [...] Read more.

Horse-and-buggy transportation, vital for many rural communities and the Amish population, has been largely overlooked in safety research. This study examines the characteristics and injury severity of horse-and-buggy roadway crashes in Michigan’s rural areas. Detailed crash data are essential for safety studies, as crash scene descriptions are mainly found in narratives and diagrams. However, extracting and utilizing this information from traffic reports is challenging. This research tackles these challenges using image-processing and text-mining techniques to analyze crash diagrams and narratives. The study employs the AlexNet convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify and extract horse-and-buggy crashes, analyzing (2020–2023) Michigan UD-10 rural crash reports. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques also identified primary risk factors from crash narratives, analyzing single-word patterns (“unigrams”) and sequences of three consecutive words (“trigrams”). The findings emphasize the risks involved in horse-and-buggy interactions on rural roadways and highlight various contributing factors to the severity of these crashes, including distracted or careless actions by motorists, nighttime visibility issues, and failure to yield, especially by elderly drivers. This study suggests prioritizing horse-and-buggy riders in road safety and public health programs and recommends comprehensive measures that could significantly reduce crash incidence and severity, improving overall safety in Michigan’s rural areas, including better signage, driver education, and community outreach. Also, the study highlights the potential of advanced image-processing techniques in traffic safety research that could lead to more precise and actionable findings, enhancing road safety for all users. Full article

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Safety, Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 28 articles

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