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Volume 11
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Potential of Dosimetry and the Visualization of Microbeam Arrays in NIPAM Gel at the PETRA III Synchrotron

by
Thomas Breslin
1,
Malin Kügele
2,
Vincent de Rover
3,
Stefan Fiedler
4,
Tobias Lindner
5,
Johannes Klingenberg
6,
Guilherme Abreu Faria
6,
Bernd Frerker
2,
Frank Nuesken
2,
Sofie Ceberg
7,
Crister Ceberg
7,
Michael Lerch
3,
Guido Hildebrandt
2 and
Elisabeth Schültke
2,*
1
Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
2
Department of Radiooncology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18059 Rostock, Germany
3
Centre of Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
4
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
5
Core Facility Multimodale Kleintierbildgebung, Rostock University Medical Center, 18055 Rostock, Germany
6
Helmholtz-Zentrum HEREON, 21502 Hamburg, Germany
7
Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Gels 2025, 11(10), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100814
Submission received: 30 August 2025 / Revised: 3 October 2025 / Accepted: 7 October 2025 / Published: 10 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Gel Dosimetry)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (SFRT) is emerging as a powerful tool in cancer therapy for patients who are ineligible for treatment with clinically established irradiation techniques. Microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) is characterized by spatial dose fractionation in the micrometre range. This presents challenges in both treatment planning and dosimetry. While a dosimetry system with a spatial resolution of 10 µm and an option for real-time readout already exists, this system can only record dose in a very small volume. Thus, we are exploring dosimetry in an N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) gel as an option for 3D dose visualization and, potentially, also three-dimensional dosimetry in larger volumes. In the current study, we have recorded the geometric patterns of single- and multiport irradiation with microbeam arrays in NIPAM gel. Data for 3D dose distribution was acquired in a 7T small animal MRI scanner. We found that the resolution of the gel is well suited for a detailed 3D visualization of microbeam patterns even in complex multiport geometries, similar to that of radiochromic film, which is well established for recording 2D dose distribution in MRT. The results suggest that a dose–response calibration is required for reliable quantitative dosimetry.
Keywords: 3D visualization; beam geometry; dosimetry; microbeam radiotherapy (MRT); MRI; NIPAM gel; spatially fractionated radiotherapy 3D visualization; beam geometry; dosimetry; microbeam radiotherapy (MRT); MRI; NIPAM gel; spatially fractionated radiotherapy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Breslin, T.; Kügele, M.; de Rover, V.; Fiedler, S.; Lindner, T.; Klingenberg, J.; Faria, G.A.; Frerker, B.; Nuesken, F.; Ceberg, S.; et al. The Potential of Dosimetry and the Visualization of Microbeam Arrays in NIPAM Gel at the PETRA III Synchrotron. Gels 2025, 11, 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100814

AMA Style

Breslin T, Kügele M, de Rover V, Fiedler S, Lindner T, Klingenberg J, Faria GA, Frerker B, Nuesken F, Ceberg S, et al. The Potential of Dosimetry and the Visualization of Microbeam Arrays in NIPAM Gel at the PETRA III Synchrotron. Gels. 2025; 11(10):814. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100814

Chicago/Turabian Style

Breslin, Thomas, Malin Kügele, Vincent de Rover, Stefan Fiedler, Tobias Lindner, Johannes Klingenberg, Guilherme Abreu Faria, Bernd Frerker, Frank Nuesken, Sofie Ceberg, and et al. 2025. "The Potential of Dosimetry and the Visualization of Microbeam Arrays in NIPAM Gel at the PETRA III Synchrotron" Gels 11, no. 10: 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100814

APA Style

Breslin, T., Kügele, M., de Rover, V., Fiedler, S., Lindner, T., Klingenberg, J., Faria, G. A., Frerker, B., Nuesken, F., Ceberg, S., Ceberg, C., Lerch, M., Hildebrandt, G., & Schültke, E. (2025). The Potential of Dosimetry and the Visualization of Microbeam Arrays in NIPAM Gel at the PETRA III Synchrotron. Gels, 11(10), 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100814

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