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Volume 13
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10.3390/pr13082637
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Article

Macauba Kernel Oil: Refining, Transesterification, and Density/Viscosity of Blends B15 to B20 with Mineral Diesel

by
Bruna Sousa
1,
Igor Figueredo
2,
Débora Brito
3,
Mauricio Dorneles
1,
Eva Sousa
1,
Tassio Nascimento
4,
Francisco Assis Cunha
5,
Francisco Murilo T. Luna
2,
Célio L. Cavalcante, Jr.
2 and
Maria Rios
1,*
1
Grupo de Inovações Tecnológicas e Especialidades Químicas, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bl. 714, Fortaleza 60440-554, Brazil
2
Núcleo de Pesquisas em Lubrificantes Ícaro de Souza Moreira (NPL), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bl. 1010, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
3
Centro Nordestino de Aplicação e Uso da Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
4
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Apodi 59700-000, Brazil
5
Laboratório de Bioprospecção do Semiárido e Métodos Alternativos—LABSEMA, do Universidade Regional Cariri—URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luíz, 1161-Pimenta, Crato 63105-010, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2637; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082637
Submission received: 15 July 2025 / Revised: 10 August 2025 / Accepted: 14 August 2025 / Published: 20 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioenergy, Green Chemistry and Biorefinery: Challenges and Perspectives on Circular Economy and Sustainability)
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Abstract

Macauba is a versatile palm and has been explored in various sectors due to its ability to produce oils, proteins, energy, and biofuels. This paper presents the extraction, refining, and characterization of the macauba kernel oil, the synthesis of biodiesel, and an evaluation of the density and viscosity of its blends with mineral diesel, ranging from B15 to B20. Conversion was determined using the integral areas of the 1H NMR spectrum for the FAME methyl ester (3.62, -CH3) and FAME carbonyl (2.26, -COOCH2). Predictions of the key inputs required for the extraction and degumming of the macauba kernel oil, as well as for the biodiesel production, are also presented. These results provide valuable insights into diesel-biodiesel blends exceeding 14% (vol.) of biodiesel, thereby contributing to the expansion of the biofuels industry.
Keywords: macauba; transesterification; degumming; dynamic and kinematic viscosities; prediction; neutralization; FTIR macauba; transesterification; degumming; dynamic and kinematic viscosities; prediction; neutralization; FTIR
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MDPI and ACS Style

Sousa, B.; Figueredo, I.; Brito, D.; Dorneles, M.; Sousa, E.; Nascimento, T.; Cunha, F.A.; Luna, F.M.T.; Cavalcante, C.L., Jr.; Rios, M. Macauba Kernel Oil: Refining, Transesterification, and Density/Viscosity of Blends B15 to B20 with Mineral Diesel. Processes 2025, 13, 2637. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082637

AMA Style

Sousa B, Figueredo I, Brito D, Dorneles M, Sousa E, Nascimento T, Cunha FA, Luna FMT, Cavalcante CL Jr., Rios M. Macauba Kernel Oil: Refining, Transesterification, and Density/Viscosity of Blends B15 to B20 with Mineral Diesel. Processes. 2025; 13(8):2637. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082637

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sousa, Bruna, Igor Figueredo, Débora Brito, Mauricio Dorneles, Eva Sousa, Tassio Nascimento, Francisco Assis Cunha, Francisco Murilo T. Luna, Célio L. Cavalcante, Jr., and Maria Rios. 2025. "Macauba Kernel Oil: Refining, Transesterification, and Density/Viscosity of Blends B15 to B20 with Mineral Diesel" Processes 13, no. 8: 2637. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082637

APA Style

Sousa, B., Figueredo, I., Brito, D., Dorneles, M., Sousa, E., Nascimento, T., Cunha, F. A., Luna, F. M. T., Cavalcante, C. L., Jr., & Rios, M. (2025). Macauba Kernel Oil: Refining, Transesterification, and Density/Viscosity of Blends B15 to B20 with Mineral Diesel. Processes, 13(8), 2637. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082637

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