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Chemosensors
Volume 9
Issue 3
10.3390/chemosensors9030047
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Article

A Sensor-Based Methodology to Differentiate Pure and Mixed White Tequilas Based on Fused Infrared Spectra and Multivariate Data Treatment

by
Christian Hazael Pérez-Beltrán
1,
Víctor M. Zúñiga-Arroyo
2,
José M. Andrade
3,*,
Luis Cuadros-Rodríguez
1,
Guadalupe Pérez-Caballero
2 and
Ana M. Jiménez-Carvelo
1
1
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
2
Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Analítica y Especiación Química, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán-Izcalli 54714, Mexico
3
Group of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Campus da Zapateira s/n, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Chemosensors 2021, 9(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9030047
Submission received: 1 February 2021 / Revised: 17 February 2021 / Accepted: 24 February 2021 / Published: 27 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers – Chemical Sensors for Industrial Applications, Environmental, and Food Monitoring)
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Abstract

Mexican Tequila is one of the most demanded import spirits in Europe. Its fast-raising worldwide request makes counterfeiting a profitable activity affecting both consumers and legal distillers. In this paper, a sensor-based methodology based on a combination of infrared measurements (IR) and multivariate data analysis (MVA) is presented. The case study is about differentiating two categories of white Tequila: pure Tequila (or ‘100% agave’) and mixed Tequila (or simply, Tequila). The IR spectra were treated and fused with a low-level approach. Exploratory data analysis was performed using PCA and partial least squares (PLS), whilst the authentication analyses were carried out with PLS-discriminant analysis (DA) and soft independent modeling for class analogy (SIMCA) models. Results demonstrated that data fusion of IR spectra enhanced the outcomes of the authentication models capable of differentiating pure from mixed Tequilas. In fact, PLS-DA presented the best results which correctly classified all fifteen commercial validation samples. The methodology thus presented is fast, cheap, and of simple application in the Tequila industry.
Keywords: white Tequila; authentication; IR spectroscopy; chemometrics; data fusion; beverage alcoholic industry white Tequila; authentication; IR spectroscopy; chemometrics; data fusion; beverage alcoholic industry
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pérez-Beltrán, C.H.; Zúñiga-Arroyo, V.M.; Andrade, J.M.; Cuadros-Rodríguez, L.; Pérez-Caballero, G.; Jiménez-Carvelo, A.M. A Sensor-Based Methodology to Differentiate Pure and Mixed White Tequilas Based on Fused Infrared Spectra and Multivariate Data Treatment. Chemosensors 2021, 9, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9030047

AMA Style

Pérez-Beltrán CH, Zúñiga-Arroyo VM, Andrade JM, Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Pérez-Caballero G, Jiménez-Carvelo AM. A Sensor-Based Methodology to Differentiate Pure and Mixed White Tequilas Based on Fused Infrared Spectra and Multivariate Data Treatment. Chemosensors. 2021; 9(3):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9030047

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pérez-Beltrán, Christian Hazael, Víctor M. Zúñiga-Arroyo, José M. Andrade, Luis Cuadros-Rodríguez, Guadalupe Pérez-Caballero, and Ana M. Jiménez-Carvelo. 2021. "A Sensor-Based Methodology to Differentiate Pure and Mixed White Tequilas Based on Fused Infrared Spectra and Multivariate Data Treatment" Chemosensors 9, no. 3: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9030047

APA Style

Pérez-Beltrán, C. H., Zúñiga-Arroyo, V. M., Andrade, J. M., Cuadros-Rodríguez, L., Pérez-Caballero, G., & Jiménez-Carvelo, A. M. (2021). A Sensor-Based Methodology to Differentiate Pure and Mixed White Tequilas Based on Fused Infrared Spectra and Multivariate Data Treatment. Chemosensors, 9(3), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9030047

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