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Article

Design of an Herbal Preparation Composed by a Combination of Ruscus aculeatus L. and Vitis vinifera L. Extracts, Magnolol and Diosmetin to Address Chronic Venous Diseases through an Anti-Inflammatory Effect and AP-1 Modulation

by
Raffaella Nocera
1,
Daniela Eletto
2,
Valentina Santoro
2,
Valentina Parisi
1,
Maria Laura Bellone
1,
Marcello Izzo
3,
Alessandra Tosco
2,
Fabrizio Dal Piaz
4,*,
Giuliana Donadio
2,* and
Nunziatina De Tommasi
2
1
Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery & Development, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
2
Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
3
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Univesità degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
4
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(5), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051051
Submission received: 5 December 2022 / Revised: 10 February 2023 / Accepted: 23 February 2023 / Published: 26 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural and Functional Analysis of Extracts in Plants II)
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Abstract

Chronic venous disease (CVD) is an often underestimated inflammatory pathological condition that can have a serious impact on quality of life. Many therapies have been proposed to deal with CVD, but unfortunately the symptoms recur with increasing frequency and intensity as soon as treatments are stopped. Previous studies have shown that the common inflammatory transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein-1) and nuclear factor kappa-activated B-cell light chain enhancer (NF-kB) play key roles in the initiation and progression of this vascular dysfunction. The aim of this research was to develop a herbal product that acts simultaneously on different aspects of CVD-related inflammation. Based on the evidence that several natural components of plant origin are used to treat venous insufficiency and that magnolol has been suggested as a putative modulator of AP-1, two herbal preparations based on Ruscus aculeatus root extracts, and Vitis vinifera seed extracts, as well as diosmetin and magnolol, were established. A preliminary MTT-based evaluation of the possible cytotoxic effects of these preparations led to the selection of one of them, named DMRV-2, for further investigation. First, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of DMRV-2 was demonstrated by monitoring its ability to reduce cytokine secretion from endothelial cells subjected to LPS-induced inflammation. Furthermore, using a real-time PCR-based protocol, the effect of DMRV-2 on AP-1 expression and activity was also evaluated; the results obtained demonstrated that the incubation of the endothelial cells with this preparation almost completely nullified the effects exerted by the treatment with LPS on AP-1. Similar results were also obtained for NF-kB, whose activation was evaluated by monitoring its distribution between the cytosol and the nucleus of endothelial cells after the different treatments.
Keywords: Ruscus aculeatus L.; Vitis vinifera L.; magnolol; diosmetin; anti-inflammatory effects; transcriptional factors; AP-1; MCP-1; venous disease Ruscus aculeatus L.; Vitis vinifera L.; magnolol; diosmetin; anti-inflammatory effects; transcriptional factors; AP-1; MCP-1; venous disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nocera, R.; Eletto, D.; Santoro, V.; Parisi, V.; Bellone, M.L.; Izzo, M.; Tosco, A.; Dal Piaz, F.; Donadio, G.; De Tommasi, N. Design of an Herbal Preparation Composed by a Combination of Ruscus aculeatus L. and Vitis vinifera L. Extracts, Magnolol and Diosmetin to Address Chronic Venous Diseases through an Anti-Inflammatory Effect and AP-1 Modulation. Plants 2023, 12, 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051051

AMA Style

Nocera R, Eletto D, Santoro V, Parisi V, Bellone ML, Izzo M, Tosco A, Dal Piaz F, Donadio G, De Tommasi N. Design of an Herbal Preparation Composed by a Combination of Ruscus aculeatus L. and Vitis vinifera L. Extracts, Magnolol and Diosmetin to Address Chronic Venous Diseases through an Anti-Inflammatory Effect and AP-1 Modulation. Plants. 2023; 12(5):1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051051

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nocera, Raffaella, Daniela Eletto, Valentina Santoro, Valentina Parisi, Maria Laura Bellone, Marcello Izzo, Alessandra Tosco, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Giuliana Donadio, and Nunziatina De Tommasi. 2023. "Design of an Herbal Preparation Composed by a Combination of Ruscus aculeatus L. and Vitis vinifera L. Extracts, Magnolol and Diosmetin to Address Chronic Venous Diseases through an Anti-Inflammatory Effect and AP-1 Modulation" Plants 12, no. 5: 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051051

APA Style

Nocera, R., Eletto, D., Santoro, V., Parisi, V., Bellone, M. L., Izzo, M., Tosco, A., Dal Piaz, F., Donadio, G., & De Tommasi, N. (2023). Design of an Herbal Preparation Composed by a Combination of Ruscus aculeatus L. and Vitis vinifera L. Extracts, Magnolol and Diosmetin to Address Chronic Venous Diseases through an Anti-Inflammatory Effect and AP-1 Modulation. Plants, 12(5), 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051051

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