The Impact of Swine Manure Biochar on the Physical Properties and Microbial Activity of Loamy Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biochar and Soil
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Chemical Analysis
2.4. Hydro-Physical Soil Analysis
2.5. Microorganism Community-Level Substrate Utilization Pattern Analysis Using Biolog® Ecoplate
2.6. Calculation of the Species Diversity Indices
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Bulk Density and Total Porosity
3.2. Volumetric Soil Water Content
3.3. Soil Carbon Sources
3.4. Soil Microbiological Activity
3.5. Correlation between Soil Physical Properties and Carbon Sources
3.6. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Biochar Effect on Soil Hydro-Physical Properties
4.2. Biochar Effect on Soil Carbon Sources and Indices
5. Conclusions
- Biochar alone and applied with 160 kg·ha−1 and 120 kg·ha−1 of N fertilizer significantly reduced soil BD and enhanced TP, as well as substantially enhanced soil macropores at both studied depths during August. Thus, swine-digestate manure-derived biochar may be a useful amendment to soil facing the problem of high BD and low TP, as well as in compacted soil with lower soil porosity.
- Biochar with 160 kg·ha−1 of N fertilizer substantially increased VWC at the 5–10 cm depth at −4 to −100 hPa suction, whereas at higher suction (−100 hPa to −15,500 hPa), both field capacity and the wilting point of soil were recorded as being higher at both the 5–10 and 15–20 cm depths. Thus, biochar application may be helpful in drought conditions to enhance soil water content.
- Biochar with and without N fertilizer application significantly lowered soil hydraulic conductivity by 35–40% at the 5–10 cm depth compared only to the non-biochar treatments. Thus, swine-digestate manure-derived biochar may substantially improve water transmission within the topsoil layer.
- Biochar amendment may substantially enhance carbon source utilization, which tends to enhance soil microbial activity and was positively correlated in this study. Carboxylic acid was the leading SCS utilized, and amines were the least-utilized carbon source. The overall utilization of all SCSs was increased in biochar-treated soil compared to non-biochar treatments. According to all of the diversity indices (e.g., average well color development (AWCD) and richness (S)) analyzed in the Biolog EcoPlate incubated for 96 h, with the exception of the Mclntosh Index (U), higher biodiversity rates were recorded in biochar-treated soil and with the B0N1 treatment. However, the U index was recorded as being significantly lower from 24 to 96 h under treatment with B1N2; it was 20–30% lower compared to the control treatment. This study summarized that swine-digestate manure-derived biochar, both with and without N fertilizer, may be a useful amendment; depending upon the type of soil and the environmental factors, it may be useful in improving hydro-physical properties and microbial abundance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physicochemical Properties | Soil | Biochar |
---|---|---|
pHKCl | 7.5 | 9.1 |
Ash content (%) | - | 32.21 |
Moisture wt. (%) | - | 2.52 |
Volatiles wt. (%) | - | 56.73 |
Residual mass (char formed) wt. (%) | - | 40.75 |
Total N (g/kg) | 0.01 | 19.18 |
Ammonium N (mg/kg) | 1.21 | - |
Mineral N (mg/kg) | 11.21 | - |
Available P (g/kg) | 0.145 | - |
Available K (g/kg) | 0.213 | - |
Total Mg (g/kg) | - | 10.50 |
Organic C (%) | 1.10 | 62.33 |
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Ayaz, M.; Feizienė, D.; Feiza, V.; Tilvikienė, V.; Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė, E.; Khan, A. The Impact of Swine Manure Biochar on the Physical Properties and Microbial Activity of Loamy Soils. Plants 2022, 11, 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131729
Ayaz M, Feizienė D, Feiza V, Tilvikienė V, Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė E, Khan A. The Impact of Swine Manure Biochar on the Physical Properties and Microbial Activity of Loamy Soils. Plants. 2022; 11(13):1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131729
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyaz, Muhammad, Dalia Feizienė, Virginijus Feiza, Vita Tilvikienė, Edita Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė, and Attaullah Khan. 2022. "The Impact of Swine Manure Biochar on the Physical Properties and Microbial Activity of Loamy Soils" Plants 11, no. 13: 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131729