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Volume 15
Issue 11
10.3390/electronics15112453
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Validation of Soft Wearable Sensors for Wrist and Elbow Kinematics During Simulated Industrial Tasks

by
Purva Talegaonkar
1,2,
David Saucier
3,*,
Laith Bani Khaled
4,
Erin Tillery
5,
Alana J. Turner
6,
Russell Lowell
7,
James Weinstein
3,
John E. Ball
4,
Harish Chander
8,
Brian K. Smith
2 and
Reuben F. Burch V
9
1
Environmental Health and Safety, Ideagen, Ruddington, Nottingham NG11 6JS, UK
2
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
3
Athlete Engineering Institute, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
4
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
5
Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
6
School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
7
College of Education, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
8
School of Health Related Professions, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
9
Office of the Provost, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2026, 15(11), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112453
Submission received: 2 April 2026 / Revised: 18 May 2026 / Accepted: 26 May 2026 / Published: 3 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights Into Smart and Intelligent Sensors)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Accurate and unobtrusive measurement of upper-limb kinematics is critical for advancing wearable sensing technologies used in industrial ergonomics, human–machine interaction, and real-time biomechanics monitoring. This study evaluates the performance of two soft, flexible wearable sensors—BendLabs biaxial angular displacement sensors and StretchSense capacitive stretch sensors—for quantifying wrist and elbow motions during simulated dynamic industrial tasks. Wrist flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation were measured using BendLabs sensors mounted on the dorsal hand, while elbow flexion–extension was captured using StretchSense sensors positioned along the elbow joint. A multi-camera optical motion capture system served as the reference standard. Sensor data were preprocessed using baseline correction, smoothing, denoising, and normalized cross-correlation techniques to support temporal alignment with motion-capture recordings. Across all activities, the BendLabs sensors demonstrated moderate agreement with motion capture for wrist kinematics, with generally better performance for radial–ulnar deviation than for flexion–extension. StretchSense sensors demonstrated stronger agreement with motion capture for elbow flexion–extension, with performance that was generally consistent across task types. These findings support the feasibility of soft wearable sensors for capturing upper-limb kinematics during simulated occupational tasks and highlight their potential for integration into ergonomic assessment, occupational monitoring systems, and future industrial wearable platforms.
Keywords: wearables; ergonomics; motion capture; soft sensors; stretch sensors; industry wearables; ergonomics; motion capture; soft sensors; stretch sensors; industry

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Talegaonkar, P.; Saucier, D.; Bani Khaled, L.; Tillery, E.; Turner, A.J.; Lowell, R.; Weinstein, J.; Ball, J.E.; Chander, H.; Smith, B.K.; et al. Validation of Soft Wearable Sensors for Wrist and Elbow Kinematics During Simulated Industrial Tasks. Electronics 2026, 15, 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112453

AMA Style

Talegaonkar P, Saucier D, Bani Khaled L, Tillery E, Turner AJ, Lowell R, Weinstein J, Ball JE, Chander H, Smith BK, et al. Validation of Soft Wearable Sensors for Wrist and Elbow Kinematics During Simulated Industrial Tasks. Electronics. 2026; 15(11):2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112453

Chicago/Turabian Style

Talegaonkar, Purva, David Saucier, Laith Bani Khaled, Erin Tillery, Alana J. Turner, Russell Lowell, James Weinstein, John E. Ball, Harish Chander, Brian K. Smith, and et al. 2026. "Validation of Soft Wearable Sensors for Wrist and Elbow Kinematics During Simulated Industrial Tasks" Electronics 15, no. 11: 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112453

APA Style

Talegaonkar, P., Saucier, D., Bani Khaled, L., Tillery, E., Turner, A. J., Lowell, R., Weinstein, J., Ball, J. E., Chander, H., Smith, B. K., & Burch V, R. F. (2026). Validation of Soft Wearable Sensors for Wrist and Elbow Kinematics During Simulated Industrial Tasks. Electronics, 15(11), 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15112453

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