Resources

24 pages, 4797 KB

Open AccessArticle

Layered Social Network Dynamics in Community-Based Waste Management Initiatives: Evidence from Colombo, Sri Lanka

by Randima De Silva and Prasanna Divigalpitiya

Resources 2026, 15(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010019 - 22 Jan 2026

Viewed by 192

Rapid urban growth in many Global South cities strains waste systems and slows the shift to circular economy (CE) practice. Colombo, Sri Lanka, exemplifies this challenge, where overstretched state-led services coexist with neighborhood groups, NGOs, and informal collectors driving circular activities. This study [...] Read more.

Rapid urban growth in many Global South cities strains waste systems and slows the shift to circular economy (CE) practice. Colombo, Sri Lanka, exemplifies this challenge, where overstretched state-led services coexist with neighborhood groups, NGOs, and informal collectors driving circular activities. This study adopts a layered social network diagnostic framework to examine how community-based waste management networks operate and how they might be reshaped to enable a city-wide CE. Using survey and interview data from 185 actors, information-sharing, collaboration, and resource-exchange networks are analyzed separately and in combination. The results reveal three principal findings: (i) Social-capital forms operate largely in parallel, with limited conversion between information, collaboration, and material exchange; (ii) the network exhibits “thin bridges and thick clusters,” in which a small number of NGO hubs mediate most cross-cluster connectivity; (iii) layers operate with mismatched coordination logics, producing gaps between awareness, collective action, and resource mobilization. As a result, ideas circulate widely but rarely translate into joint projects, local teams coordinate effectively yet remain isolated, and material flows depend on a narrow and fragile logistics spine. By diagnosing these structural misalignments, this study demonstrates a key novelty: scalable circular economy adoption depends not only on technology and policy but also on the design and alignment of underlying coordination networks. Full article

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19 pages, 1214 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Advancing Sustainable Development Through Circularity Metrics: A Comprehensive Indicator Framework for Assessing Progress on SDG 12 Across Sectoral Drivers

by Ionela Gavrila-Paven, Ramona Giurea and Elena Cristina Rada

Resources 2026, 15(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010018 - 21 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This study provides an integrated assessment of progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by applying a multivariate, indicator-based framework to a comprehensive set of EU-27 performance metrics. Rather than proposing new indicators, the analysis advances SDG 12 monitoring by [...] Read more.

This study provides an integrated assessment of progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by applying a multivariate, indicator-based framework to a comprehensive set of EU-27 performance metrics. Rather than proposing new indicators, the analysis advances SDG 12 monitoring by systematically integrating official indicators of material efficiency, circularity, waste generation, consumption-based environmental pressure, and environmental economic activity with key cross-sectoral drivers. Using harmonized statistical data, the study examines raw material consumption, circular material use rates, hazardous chemical consumption, consumption footprints, hazardous waste generation, and the economic value added of the environmental goods and services sector, complemented by energy productivity and average CO₂ emissions from new passenger cars. Through z-score normalization, correlation analysis, and exploratory factor analysis, the research identifies structural interdependencies and latent systemic regimes that characterize responsible consumption and production dynamics in the EU. The results reveal a persistent divergence between efficiency- and circularity-oriented improvements and ongoing material and waste pressures, highlighting structural constraints within current sustainability pathways. By offering a replicable and integrative analytical framework, the study contributes to the literature by supporting evidence-based policymaking and identifying priority areas for advancing resource efficiency and circular economy transitions. Full article

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24 pages, 343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Social Factors Affecting Solar Energy Transition in the Mining Sector

by Josephine Mutwale, Ephraim Zulu, Francis Mulolani and Sambo Lyson Zulu

Resources 2026, 15(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010017 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 212

Abstract

This study examines the social factors shaping solar energy transitioning in Zambia’s mining sector, a key contributor to the national resource economy. It focuses on how policies, incentive systems, communication channels, training and skills development, and stakeholder engagement and partnership influence the sector’s [...] Read more.

This study examines the social factors shaping solar energy transitioning in Zambia’s mining sector, a key contributor to the national resource economy. It focuses on how policies, incentive systems, communication channels, training and skills development, and stakeholder engagement and partnership influence the sector’s readiness to adopt solar energy and support more reliable operations. A quantitative design was used, with a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire administered to 192 respondents from mining companies, regulatory bodies, energy suppliers and local authorities. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, reliability tests and hierarchical regression. The results show that stakeholder engagement and partnership and incentive systems are the strongest predictors of transition intentions, underscoring their role in improving energy security and supporting sustainable production. Policies, communication and training had weaker effects, indicating the need for stronger institutional coordination and targeted capacity building. Overall, the findings illustrate how social conditions shape renewable energy adoption and contribute to more resilient mining activities. Full article

25 pages, 3009 KB

Open AccessArticle

Participatory Energy Diagnosis for the Design of Sustainable Rural Energy Systems: Evidence from an Indigenous Community in Mexico

by Luis Bernardo López-Sosa, Carlos A. García, Ana Yésica Martínez Villalba and Ricardo González Cárabes

Resources 2026, 15(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010016 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 284

Abstract

The study of energy needs in rural areas continues to be an active field of research. Although numerous gaps hinder the achievement of a sustainable energy transition in these areas, it is necessary to develop comprehensive strategies that integrate local participation with the [...] Read more.

The study of energy needs in rural areas continues to be an active field of research. Although numerous gaps hinder the achievement of a sustainable energy transition in these areas, it is necessary to develop comprehensive strategies that integrate local participation with the implementation of efficient and appropriate energy technologies. This research analyzes local energy needs using a community participatory approach and considers four main stages, including a participatory diagnosis at the community level to identify energy needs, defining priority energy needs from the community’s viewpoint, estimating a baseline of the identified needs, their economic costs, and environmental impacts, constructing a scenario with a 20-year projection, and the benefits of implementing more efficient technologies. The results show that 98.9% of energy is destined for residential needs, 0.6% for community needs, and 0.5% for productive needs, and the economic expenditure follows the same hierarchy, while total emissions are estimated annually at just over 30,000 tCO_2e and 3 tPM_2.5. With the proposed scenario, at the end of year 20, a reduction in consumption of just over 200 TJ is estimated, together with present value savings of USD 490,000, and a decrease in emissions of approximately 27,000 tCO_2e and 2.7 tPM_2.5. This proposal is expected to contribute to encouraging research with broad community participation and to the formulation of strategies that enable a sustainable energy transition in rural contexts. Full article

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17 pages, 3964 KB

Open AccessReview

Green Hydrogen and Its Contribution to Environmental Sustainability: A Review

by Pablo Fernández-Arias, Antonio del Bosque, Georgios Lampropoulos and Diego Vergara

Resources 2026, 15(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010015 - 14 Jan 2026

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Green hydrogen has become a fundamental pillar in the transition towards a low-carbon economy, due to its ability to produce energy without polluting emissions and from renewable sources such as solar and wind. Unlike other hydrogen production technologies, green hydrogen is obtained through [...] Read more.

Green hydrogen has become a fundamental pillar in the transition towards a low-carbon economy, due to its ability to produce energy without polluting emissions and from renewable sources such as solar and wind. Unlike other hydrogen production technologies, green hydrogen is obtained through water electrolysis using renewable electricity, which makes it a clean and sustainable fuel, ideal for hard-to-decarbonized sectors such as heavy industry and long-distance transportation. The main objective of this review is to analyze the evolution, trends, and knowledge gaps related to the sustainability of green hydrogen, identifying the main research focus areas, scientific actors, and emerging opportunities. To do this, 1935 scientific articles indexed in Scopus and WOS were examined under PRISMA 2020. Among the most relevant results, an exponential growth in scientific production on hydrogen and sustainability is observed, with Asian authors leading due to strong national commitments. The main challenges identified by the scientific community are related to efficiency, profitability, optimization, integration into sustainable energy systems, and emission reduction. Green hydrogen technologies are central to future energy, and success depends on international collaboration, innovation, and stable policies that support large-scale, sustainable clean energy adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Optimization of Energy Efficiency)

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32 pages, 2027 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Livelihood Vulnerability of Farm Households Through Climate-Smart Agriculture in North-Western Himalayan Region

by Sonaly Bhatnagar, Rashmi Chaudhary, Yasmin Janjhua, Akhil Kashyap, Pankaj Thakur and Prashant Sharma

Resources 2026, 15(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010014 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 587

Abstract

Climate change brings considerable danger to India’s economic progress, with the agricultural sector and farmers’ livelihoods being particularly vulnerable. Himachal Pradesh is especially susceptible owing to its reliance on climate-sensitive economic activities and limited capacity to adapt to climate variability. Strengthening adaptation strategies [...] Read more.

Climate change brings considerable danger to India’s economic progress, with the agricultural sector and farmers’ livelihoods being particularly vulnerable. Himachal Pradesh is especially susceptible owing to its reliance on climate-sensitive economic activities and limited capacity to adapt to climate variability. Strengthening adaptation strategies in Himachal Pradesh is crucial for fortifying the resilience of communities reliant on environmental resources for their sustenance and economic well-being. This study examines the extent of adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs), identifies the factors influencing their uptake, and assesses their impact on the livelihood vulnerability of farm households in the temperate region of Himachal Pradesh. Using a multistage random sampling framework, data were collected from 432 farm households through primary surveys and secondary sources. The analysis employs descriptive statistics, a composite livelihood vulnerability index, and Ordinal Logistic and Multiple Linear Regression models. Results show higher adoption of low-cost practices such as composting, fruit-based agroforestry, crop–livestock integration, and mulching, while capital-intensive practices like micro-irrigation were limited due to financial constraints. Adoption is positively influenced by education, extension access, farming experience, financial resources, and climate information exposure. Importantly, CSAPs adoption is found to significantly reduce livelihood vulnerability, indicating enhanced resilience and reduced exposure to climate-induced risks among farm households. The findings highlight climate-smart agriculture as an effective adaptation strategy and underscore the need for policies that strengthen extension services, improve access to credit, and promote affordable climate-smart technologies to enhance resilience in vulnerable hill regions. Full article

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23 pages, 699 KB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Treatment of Municipal Landfill Leachate in Sewage Treatment Plants: A Model Based on a Literature Review

by Julio Cesar Wasserman and Tácila Oliveira Pinto de Freitas

Resources 2026, 15(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010013 - 7 Jan 2026

Viewed by 441

Abstract

The management of landfill leachate remains a persistent environmental issue for municipalities globally. Although dedicated treatment in engineered landfills mitigates environmental contamination, it is often cost-prohibitive. Co-treatment of landfill leachates in sewage treatment plants has been broadly studied, but there are a lot [...] Read more.

The management of landfill leachate remains a persistent environmental issue for municipalities globally. Although dedicated treatment in engineered landfills mitigates environmental contamination, it is often cost-prohibitive. Co-treatment of landfill leachates in sewage treatment plants has been broadly studied, but there are a lot of issues associated with it. Sewage treatment plants apply physical, chemical, and biological processes, and the co-treatment of leachates—contaminated with metals, pesticides, emerging contaminants, and other toxic compounds—can impair the biological equilibrium of the system and compromise the quality of effluents and sludges. In the present research, the processes leading to the formation of landfill leachates and the processes that promote the removal of contaminants in sewage treatment plants were discussed. A theoretical, early screening level mixing model, incorporating removal rates and leachate concentrations from the literature, was employed to simulate effluent concentrations from a co-treatment process involving sequential decantation and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). Under a conservative worst-case scenario obtained from the literature, the model predicts that adsorption of contaminants onto the particulate phase enables removal of metals from the solution. However, considering the volumes of sludge involved, the predictions indicate that concentrations should be lower than naturally occurring in the sediments. It is proposed that continuous monitoring follow-up is a mandatory safeguard for any co-treatment operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances and Innovations in Waste Management)

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26 pages, 9426 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Concession-Scale Carbon Stock Prediction in Oil Palm Using Machine Learning and Multi-Sensor Satellite Indices

by Amir Noviyanto, Fadhlullah Ramadhani, Valensi Kautsar, Yovi Avianto, Sri Gunawan, Yohana Theresia Maria Astuti and Siti Maimunah

Resources 2026, 15(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010012 - 6 Jan 2026

Viewed by 505

Abstract

Reliable estimation of oil palm carbon stock is essential for climate mitigation, concession management, and sustainability certification. While satellite-based approaches offer scalable solutions, redundancy among spectral indices and inter-sensor variability complicate model development. This study evaluates machine learning regressors for predicting oil palm [...] Read more.

Reliable estimation of oil palm carbon stock is essential for climate mitigation, concession management, and sustainability certification. While satellite-based approaches offer scalable solutions, redundancy among spectral indices and inter-sensor variability complicate model development. This study evaluates machine learning regressors for predicting oil palm carbon stock at tree (CO_tree, kg C tree⁻¹) and hectare (CO_ha, Mg C ha⁻¹) scales using spectral indices derived from Landsat-8, Landsat-9, and Sentinel-2. Fourteen vegetation indices were screened for multicollinearity, resulting in a lean feature set dominated by NDMI, EVI, MSI, NDWI, and sensor-specific indices such as NBR2 and ARVI. Ten regression algorithms were benchmarked through cross-validation. Ensemble models, particularly Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost, outperformed linear and kernel methods, achieving R² values of 0.86–0.88 and RMSE of 59–64 kg tree⁻¹ or 8–9 Mg ha⁻¹. Feature importance analysis consistently identified NDMI as the strongest predictor of standing carbon. Spatial predictions showed stable carbon patterns across sensors, with CO_tree ranging from 200–500 kg C tree⁻¹ and CO_ha from 20–70 Mg C ha⁻¹, consistent with published values for mature plantations. The study demonstrates that ensemble learning with sensor-specific index sets provides accurate, dual-scale carbon monitoring for oil palm. Limitations include geographic scope, dependence on allometric equations, and omission of belowground carbon. Future work should integrate age dynamics, multi-year composites, and deep learning approaches for operational carbon accounting. Full article

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22 pages, 1159 KB

Open AccessArticle

Domestic Financial Investment, Resource-Backed Capital Flows, and Economic Growth in Niger: An ARDL Approach

by Nesrine Gafsi

Resources 2026, 15(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010011 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 436

Abstract

Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model cointegration framework, this paper examines the long- and short-run impact of domestic financial investment and natural resource rents on economic growth in Niger within the period 1990–2021. The Bounds test confirms a long-run relationship among variables: [...] Read more.

Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model cointegration framework, this paper examines the long- and short-run impact of domestic financial investment and natural resource rents on economic growth in Niger within the period 1990–2021. The Bounds test confirms a long-run relationship among variables: F = 4.646 > 3.79 at 5%. Long-run results indicate that increasing domestic investment by 1% raises real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita by approximately 0.30%, whereas 1% increase in natural resource rents leads to a reduction in growth by approximately 0.06%. At the same time, exports have a positive but very small effect, while imports and labor have negative long-run influences. Short-run dynamics further support a significant positive impact of domestic investment, at p = 0.0007, and a lagged effect of natural resources at p = 0.0308. The error-correction term is negative and significant, at −0.75, showing rapid adjustment toward equilibrium. Diagnostic tests confirm an absence of serial correlation and heteroskedasticity, while stability is confirmed by CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests. The findings reveal a dualism in the growth path of Niger in that domestic financial investments favor sustainable expansion, whereas resource-based revenues undermine the growth process in the long run and call for financial market deepening and improved governance of resource revenues. Full article

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23 pages, 1493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chelator-Assisted Phytoextraction and Bioenergy Potential of Brassica napus L. and Zea mays L. on Metal-Contaminated Soils

by Agnieszka Pusz, Dominik Rogalski, Arkadiusz Kamiński, Peter Knosala and Magdalena Wiśniewska

Resources 2026, 15(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010010 - 4 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This study investigates the accumulation potential of Brassica napus L. and Zea mays L. cultivated on soils contaminated with Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb, using HEDTA—Hydroxyethyl Ethylenediamine Triacetic Acid—to enhance metal mobility. The research addresses a gap in the literature regarding the dual-purpose [...] Read more.

This study investigates the accumulation potential of Brassica napus L. and Zea mays L. cultivated on soils contaminated with Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb, using HEDTA—Hydroxyethyl Ethylenediamine Triacetic Acid—to enhance metal mobility. The research addresses a gap in the literature regarding the dual-purpose use of energy crops for assisted phytoextraction and bioenergy recovery. Two pot experiments were conducted on soils of different textures, with HEDTA applied at 2.5 and 5 mmol·kg⁻¹. Metal concentrations in soil and plant tissues were measured, and indices such as the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), bioconcentration factors (BCF), translocation factor (TF), metal tolerance index (MTI), crop growth rate (CGR) and higher heating value (HHV) were calculated. Results showed that HEDTA significantly increased Cd and Zn mobility, leading to higher accumulation in rapeseed shoots. Maize demonstrated phytostabilization by retaining metals in roots. Rapeseed biomass exhibited a higher HHV (up to 20.6 MJ·kg⁻¹) and greater carbon and hydrogen content, indicating suitability for thermochemical conversion. Maize, with lower ash content, showed potential for bioethanol production. The findings support the integration of chelate-assisted phytoextraction with energy recovery from biomass. Full article

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28 pages, 4199 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Low-Carbon Green Hydrogen Strategies for Sustainable Development in Senegal: A Wind Energy Perspective

by Astou Sarr, Mamadou Simina Dramé, Serigne Abdoul Aziz Niang, Abdoulkader Ibrahim Idriss, Haitham Saad Mohamed Ramadan, Ali Ahmat Younous, Kharouna Talla, John Robert Bagarino, Marissa Jasper and Ismaila Diallo

Resources 2026, 15(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010009 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 704

Abstract

This study presents the first comprehensive techno-economic assessment of wind-based green hydrogen production across Senegal, a country highly dependent on fossil fuel imports. Using a novel integrated approach combining 30 years of ERA5 reanalysis data (1993–2023), turbine performance modeling and electrolyzer comparison, it [...] Read more.

This study presents the first comprehensive techno-economic assessment of wind-based green hydrogen production across Senegal, a country highly dependent on fossil fuel imports. Using a novel integrated approach combining 30 years of ERA5 reanalysis data (1993–2023), turbine performance modeling and electrolyzer comparison, it fills an important gap for renewable hydrogen development in West Africa. Wind resources were analyzed at multiple altitudes, revealing strong potential in both coastal and northeastern regions, particularly during the dry season, with higher wind speeds at higher turbine heights. Four turbines (Vestas_150, Goldwind_155, Vestas_126 and Nordex_N100) and two electrolyzer types (alkaline and PEM) were evaluated. The alkaline system performed best. Vestas_150 and Goldwind_155 achieved the highest hydrogen yields of 241 and 183 tons/year and CO₂ reductions of 2951 and 2241 tons/year, generating carbon credits of 0.118 M$ and 0.089 M$, respectively. Their levelized cost of electricity remained low (0.042 and 0.039 $/kWh), while smaller turbines showed higher costs. Vestas_150 also had the shortest payback period of 2.16 years, making it the most competitive option. Sensitivity analyses showed that longer system lifespans and high-performance turbines significantly reduce the levelized cost of hydrogen. Priority investment zones include Saint-Louis, Matam, Louga and Tambacounda, with levelized cost of hydrogen values as low as 3.4 $/kg. Full article

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26 pages, 4485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cultivation and Preservation of Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods: Effects on Biomass Quality for Food Applications

by Giulia Castanho, Kiril Bahcevandziev, Leonel Pereira, Olga Filipe and João Cotas

Resources 2026, 15(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010008 - 29 Dec 2025

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Salicornia spp. is a halophytic plant with great potential in sustainable agriculture due to its ability to thrive in saline environments where conventional crops cannot grow. This study investigated Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods cultivated under two systems: hydroponics and substrate environments. The plants [...] Read more.

Salicornia spp. is a halophytic plant with great potential in sustainable agriculture due to its ability to thrive in saline environments where conventional crops cannot grow. This study investigated Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods cultivated under two systems: hydroponics and substrate environments. The plants produced were subsequently preserved for food applications and chemically characterized within biorefinery processes. Analyses were performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry, and Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC). The hydroponic system proved to be the most promising cultivation method, promoting superior aerial growth ranging from 14% to 50% higher than substrate-grown plants throughout the cultivation period and achieving a higher biomass yield. Regarding pigment preservation, freezing best maintained compound integrity, as observed through TLC analysis, while desiccator and vacuum storage at room temperature were most suitable for hydroponically grown samples. Under vacuum storage, pigments pheophytin A and B and chlorophyll A showed an estimated 33% higher retention compared with desiccator storage. Both cultivation methods demonstrated potential for large-scale applications, highlighting Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods as a valuable crop for saline agriculture and sustainable food production. Full article

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15 pages, 4385 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach to Palaeontological Exhibition in Public Space: Revitalizing Disappearing Knowledge of Extinct Species

by Anna Chrobak-Žuffová, Marta Bąk, Agnieszka Ciurej, Piotr Strzeboński, Ewa Welc, Sławomir Bębenek, Anna Wolska, Karol Augustowski and Krzysztof Bąk

Resources 2026, 15(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010007 - 29 Dec 2025

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Abstract

This paper presents an innovative concept for the musealization of everyday public space through the use of natural stone cladding as an in situ palaeontological exhibition. Polished slabs of Holy Cross Mts marble, widely used as flooring in public buildings, contain abundant and [...] Read more.

This paper presents an innovative concept for the musealization of everyday public space through the use of natural stone cladding as an in situ palaeontological exhibition. Polished slabs of Holy Cross Mts marble, widely used as flooring in public buildings, contain abundant and well-preserved Devonian marine fossils, offering a unique opportunity to revitalize public engagement with palaeontology and geoheritage. The proposed exhibition transforms passers-by into active observers by integrating authentic fossil material directly into daily circulation routes, thereby emphasizing the educational and geotouristic potential of ordinary architectural elements. The case study focuses on the main hall of the University of the National Education Commission (Kraków, Poland), where over 1000 m² of fossil-bearing limestone flooring is used as a continuous exhibition surface. The target audience includes students of Earth sciences, zoology, biological sciences, pedagogy, social sciences, and humanities, for whom the exhibition serves as both an educational supplement and a geotouristic experience. The scientific, educational, and touristic value of the proposed exhibition was assessed using a modified geoheritage valorization method and compared with established palaeontological collections in Kraków and Kielce. The expert valuation method used in the article enables a comparison of the described collection with other similar places on Earth, making its application universal and global. The results demonstrate that polished stone cladding can function as a valuable geoheritage asset of regional and global significance, offering an accessible, low-cost, and sustainable model for disseminating palaeontological knowledge within public space. Full article

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18 pages, 2850 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Native Potato and Carrot Discards in the Elaboration of Edible Films: Study of Physical and Chemical Properties

by David Choque-Quispe, Sandra Diaz Orosco, Carlos A. Ligarda-Samanez, Fidelia Tapia Tadeo, Sofía Pastor-Mina, Miriam Calla-Florez, Antonieta Mojo-Quisani, Lucero Quispe Chambilla, Rosa Huaraca Aparco, Hilka Mariela Carrión Sánchez, Jorge W. Elias-Silupu and Luis H. Tolentino-Geldres

Resources 2026, 15(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010006 - 29 Dec 2025

Viewed by 510

Abstract

Growing concern about the environmental impact of traditional packaging has driven the development of biodegradable edible films made from natural and functional biopolymers. Various by-products generated during harvesting can be subjected to valorization. Potato, a tuber with high starch content, and carrot, rich [...] Read more.

Growing concern about the environmental impact of traditional packaging has driven the development of biodegradable edible films made from natural and functional biopolymers. Various by-products generated during harvesting can be subjected to valorization. Potato, a tuber with high starch content, and carrot, rich in β-carotene, represent important sources of polymeric matrix and bioactive compounds, respectively. Similarly, the use of biodegradable plasticizers such as pectin and polysaccharides derived from nopal mucilage is a viable alternative. This study assessed the physical and chemical properties of edible films composed of potato starch (PS), cactus mucilage (NM), carrot extract (CJ), citrus pectin (P), and glycerin (G). The films were produced by means of casting, with three mixtures prepared that had different proportions of CJ, P, and PS. The experiments were adjusted to a simple mixture design, and the data were analyzed in triplicate, using Pareto and Tukey diagrams at 5% significance. Results showed that adding CJ (between 5 to 6%), P (between 42 to 44%) and PS (between 43 to 45%) significantly affects all of the evaluated physical and chemical properties, resulting in films with luminosity values greater than 88.65, opacity ranging from 0.20 to 0.54 abs/mm, β-carotene content up to 26.11 μg/100 g, acidity between 0.22 and 0.31% and high solubility with a significant difference between treatments (p-value < 0.05) and low water activity (around of 0.47) (p-value > 0.05). These characteristics provide tensile strength up to 5.7 MPa and a suitable permeability of 1.6 × 10⁻² g·mm/h·m²·Pa (p-value < 0.05), which ensures low diffusivity through the film. Similarly, increasing the CJ addition enables the functional groups of the other components to interact. Using carrot extract and potato starch is a promising approach for producing edible films with good functional qualities but with high permeability. Full article

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28 pages, 11072 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Coal Quality and Trace Elements of the Karagandy Coal Formation (Kazakhstan): Implications for Resource Utilization and Industry

by Medet Junussov, Geroy Zh. Zholtayev, Ahmed H. Moghazi, Yerzhan Nurmakanov, Mohamed Abdelnaby Oraby, Zamzagul T. Umarbekova, Moldir A. Mashrapova and Kuanysh Togizov

Resources 2026, 15(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010005 - 25 Dec 2025

Viewed by 503

Abstract

The Carboniferous coal seams in Northeast Kazakhstan remain insufficiently investigated, with a lack of comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical assessments necessary to understand the geological processes controlling coal quality. This study examines 15 coal samples from the Karagandy Coal Formation (KCF) at the Saradyr [...] Read more.

The Carboniferous coal seams in Northeast Kazakhstan remain insufficiently investigated, with a lack of comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical assessments necessary to understand the geological processes controlling coal quality. This study examines 15 coal samples from the Karagandy Coal Formation (KCF) at the Saradyr and Bogatyr mines using proximate and ultimate analyses, FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDS, ED-XRF, and ICP-OES, providing the first detailed comparison of mineralogical and geochemical characteristics—including depositional signals and inorganic constituent distribution—between these mines within the KCF. The coals exhibit an average ash yield of 24.1% on a dry basis, volatile matter of 21.6% on a dry and ash-free basis, and low moisture content of 1.1% (air-dry), with low sulfur levels of 0.7% in whole coal across both mines. Mineralogical composition is dominated by quartz and clay minerals, with minor pyrite, apatite, chalcopyrite, and rutile. Major oxides in the coal ash average 68.2% SiO₂ and 19.5% Al₂O₃, followed by Fe₂O₃, K₂O, and TiO₂ (3–12.1%). Among the 24 identified trace elements, Sm is the most abundant at 6.3 ppm with slight enrichment (CC = 2.8), Lu remains at normal levels (CC < 1), and most other elements are depleted (CC < 0.5). The Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratios (3.8–10.8) indicate contributions from intermediate to mafic parent materials. The detrital mineralogy, parting compositions, and elevated ash content indicate significant accommodation space development during or shortly after peat accumulation, likely within a vegetated alluvial plain depression. These findings provide new insights into the depositional environment and coal-forming processes of the KCF and contribute to regional assessments of coal quality and resource potential. Full article

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7 pages, 203 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Circular Water Resources Integrating Sustainability and Innovation in Wastewater and Water Management

by Barbara Ruffino, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik and Giuseppe Campo

Resources 2026, 15(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010004 - 24 Dec 2025

Viewed by 442

Abstract

Accessible freshwater, which is already limited, is threatened by overdemand and mismanagement, and the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution is pushing the hydrological cycle out of balance [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Water Resources)

26 pages, 2991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydro-Meteorological Drought Dynamics in the Lower Mekong River Basin and Their Downstream Impacts on the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (1992–2021)

by Dang Thi Hong Ngoc, Nguyen Van Toan, Nguyen Phuoc Cong, Bui Thi Bich Lien, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Nigel K. Downes, Pankaj Kumar and Huynh Vuong Thu Minh

Resources 2026, 15(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010003 - 23 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1027

Abstract

Climate change and river flow alterations in the Mekong River have significantly exacerbated drought conditions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Understanding the temporal dynamics and propagation mechanisms of drought, coupled with the compounded impacts of human activities, is crucial. This study analyzed [...] Read more.

Climate change and river flow alterations in the Mekong River have significantly exacerbated drought conditions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Understanding the temporal dynamics and propagation mechanisms of drought, coupled with the compounded impacts of human activities, is crucial. This study analyzed meteorological (1992–2021) and hydrological (2000–2021) drought trends in the Lower Mekong River Basin (LMB) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), respectively, complemented by Mann–Kendall (MK) trend analysis. The results show an increasing trend of meteorological drought in Cambodia and Lao PDR, with mid-Mekong stations exhibiting a strong positive correlation with downstream discharge, particularly Tan Chau (Pearson r ranging from 0.60 to 0.70). A key finding highlights the complexity of flow regulation by the Tonle Sap system, evidenced by a very strong correlation (r = 0.71) between Phnom Penh and the 12-month SDI lagged by one year. Crucially, the comparison revealed a shift in drought severity since 2010: hydrological drought has exhibited greater severity (reaching severe levels in 2020–2021) compared to meteorological drought, which remained moderate. This escalation is substantiated by a statistically significant discharge reduction (95% confidence level) at the Chau Doc station during the wet season, indicating a decline in peak flow due to upstream dam operations. These findings provide a robust database on the altered hydrological regime, underlining the increasing vulnerability of the VMD and motivating the urgent need for comprehensive, adaptive water resource management strategies. Full article

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11 pages, 1181 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Out of the Box: Let’s Talk About Invasive Biomass

by Joana Jesus, Cristina Máguas and Helena Trindade

Resources 2026, 15(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010002 - 23 Dec 2025

Viewed by 398

Abstract

The increasing challenges posed by climate change demand holistic approaches to mitigate ecosystem degradation. In Mediterranean-type regions—biodiversity hotspots facing intensified droughts, fires, and biological invasions—such strategies are particularly relevant. Among invasive species, Acacia longifolia produces substantial woody and leafy biomass when removed, offering [...] Read more.

The increasing challenges posed by climate change demand holistic approaches to mitigate ecosystem degradation. In Mediterranean-type regions—biodiversity hotspots facing intensified droughts, fires, and biological invasions—such strategies are particularly relevant. Among invasive species, Acacia longifolia produces substantial woody and leafy biomass when removed, offering an opportunity for reuse as soil-improving material after adequate processing. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of invasive A. longifolia Green-waste compost (Gwc) as a soil amendment to promote soil recovery and native plant establishment after fire. A field experiment was carried out in a Mediterranean ecosystem using Arbutus unedo, Pinus pinea, and Quercus suber planted in control and soils treated with Gwc. Rhizospheric soils were sampled one year after plantation, in Spring and Autumn, to assess physicochemical parameters and microbial community composition (using composite samples) through Next-Generation Sequencing. Our study showed that Gwc-treated soils exhibited higher moisture content and nutrient availability, which translated into improved plant growth and increased microbial richness and diversity when compared with control soils. Together, these results demonstrate that A. longifolia Gwc enhances soil quality, supports increased plant fitness, and promotes a more diverse microbiome, ultimately contributing to faster ecosystem recovery. Transforming invasive biomass into a valuable resource could offer a sustainable, win–win solution for ecological rehabilitation in fire-affected Mediterranean environments, enhancing soil and ecosystem functioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Waste Management Through Composting: Benefits, New Insights and Challenges, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Urban Land Surface Temperature on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Cabbage and Lettuce Across the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area

by Joyce Kumah, Benedicta Yayra Fosu-Mensah, Benjamin Dankyira Ofori, Millicent A. S. Kwawu and Christopher Gordon

Resources 2026, 15(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010001 - 22 Dec 2025

Viewed by 511

Abstract

This study assessed the concentrations and health risks of heavy metals in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivated across three urban land surface temperatures in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA): Atomic (low land surface temperature, LST), [...] Read more.

This study assessed the concentrations and health risks of heavy metals in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivated across three urban land surface temperatures in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA): Atomic (low land surface temperature, LST), Ashaiman (moderate LST), and Korle-Bu (high LST). The objective was to assess the influence of urban land surface temperature on heavy metal accumulation and associated human health risks. Results revealed that arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) levels were consistently low (≤0.002 mg/kg) and remained below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) at all sites. However, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) concentrations exceeded MRLs in both vegetables. Cd ranged from 1.40 ± 0.27 mg/kg (lettuce, Ashaiman) to 3.13 ± 0.99 mg/kg (cabbage, Atomic), while Pb varied between 0.90 ± 0.84 mg/kg (lettuce) and 2.62 ± 1.22 mg/kg (cabbage). Ni concentrations exceeded the permissible limit (0.2 mg/kg) across all LST zones, with the highest at Korle-Bu (0.65 ± 0.07 mg/kg). Cumulative heavy metal concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.005) with rising LST, particularly in cabbage. Noncarcinogenic risk assessment indicated that Cd and Ni were the dominant contributors to human health risk, with target hazard quotients (THQ) and hazard indices (HI) exceeding the safety threshold (HI > 1) for both adults and children, especially in Atomic and Korle-Bu. Children were more vulnerable, exhibiting higher exposure levels. Carcinogenic risk (CR) analysis further identified As, Cd, and Ni as the main carcinogens, with total cancer risk (TCR) values across all sites and age groups exceeding the USEPA acceptable range (1 × 10⁻⁶–1 × 10⁻⁴). The findings suggest that increasing urban temperatures exacerbate heavy metal accumulation in leafy vegetables, posing significant noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, particularly to children. Full article

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